• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.81-102
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• 2017

This study examined the income and price elasticities of tourism demand model by using the ARDL models. This paper used the ARDL & ARDL-RECM model based on the annual number of tourists arrivals, GDP and CPI including tourists from the US, Japan and China entering Korea. First, the income elasticity of the US was inelastic and insensitive necessities for long-run US tourists in the ARDL model. China's income elasticity was elastically sensitive luxuries. Second, the US and China's own price elasticities were very elastic to tourism demand in both models. Third, the US's cross price elasticity showed the relationship between inelastic positive substitutes and inelastic negative complements in China in ARDL model. The cross price elasticities of the US and China showed inelastic positive substitutes in the ARDL-RECM model. Fourth, the coefficients of the error correction term were such that the actual sign and the expected sign of the US and China coincided with the negative sign in the ARDL-RECM model. Therefore, first, it can be established in a tourist policy or tourism strategy through income elasticity. Second, we can improve the quality and differentiation of products, recognizing that Korea's tourism price is more elastic than other markets through price elasticity.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.1056-1063
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• 2012

Recent rapidly growth in nanotechnolgies is promised novel benefits through the exploitation of their unique industrial and biomedical applications. With increasing utilization of nanomaterials in consumer products, the potential release of nanomaterials into the environment and their impacts on the ecosystem and human health have been the issues of concern. Nanomaterials that was exposed unintentionally in environment might be accumulated in various environmental media, and finally it will be influenced to human and ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to understand the fate and behavior of nanoparticles for understanding effects on environmental media (air, water, and soil phase). Therefore, in this work, we investigated the several cases for environmental exposure of nanomaterials and suggested the direction of further research. In workplace, exposure to air media is dominant, but finally waste and wastewater was moved to the water and soil phase. In addition, we found the existing sewage treatment plant was not suitable to remove completely nanomaterials in wastewater flow. To deeper study, environmental monitoring tool must be developed additionally and we suggested the several analyzing method for aged and pristine physicochemical properties of nanomaterials exposed into environmental media. This review for nanomaterials' exposure to environmental media will be helpful to investigate the environmental fate of nanomaterials and define the suitable treatment method for nano-waste.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-64
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• 2007

The study is examined to illustrate Korea's status in service trade, including travel deficit, outbound travel market, and inbound travel market. This research will also illustrate what factors generate the growth of travel deficit and suggest some alternatives to solve it even if government notes a steady increase in exports of cultural products and programs and entertainment services, driven by the Korean Wave sweeping across Asia. The study suggested some possible alternatives such as growth of travel balance, improvement of low image on Korean tourism, aggressive participation of government, strengthened role of Korean Tourism Organization(KTO), and appropriate control on overseas studies to lessen an increase of travel deficit. In addition, the study concluded, even if a tourism industry includes a higher multiplier effect, the spontaneous participation intention by Koreans themselves and the strong supports from local governments should be another major successful factors to settle down the travel deficit.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.53-74
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• 2017

There have been growing concerns that Korea's products keep losing their international competitiveness. It is necessary to restore strong muscles of manufacturing sectors. Together, efforts must be made to strengthen the competitiveness of service sector. While wide consensus has been reached on the necessity that Korea's service sector needs overhaul for stronger global competitiveness, it is rather difficult to witness any remarkable improvements. Insufficient performances might result from the protection of the captive markets by the interested parties. The research starts from the proposition that the introduction of MDP will bring down the barriers between the segmented services and promote competition. We provide theoretical analyses and report better performances of major countries which introduced MDP in their soils. Considering the reality, we propose that in the foreseeable future, a MDP in the areas of tax, law and accounting be introduced in Korea because these areas seem to create least conflicts of disciplinary duties due to public purposes. Broader MDPs in other areas may take some more time. There exist, however, some limitations. As MDP has not been officially introduced in Korea, it is almost impossible to directly compare the performances between the pre- and post-MDP in Korea. Data scarcity of business performances of companies also limits the study.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.175-197
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• 2017

As a revision negotiation on the KORUS FTA has become a national pending issue, this study aims to analyze changes in the trade structure of Korean export industry before and after the KORUS FTA. For the analysis, this study used Market Comparative Advantage(MCA) and Intra-industry Trade(IIT) indexes. Results of the analysis are as follows: First, in analyzing the competitive and complementary relationships of export products using the MCA index, it was discovered that Korea has formed an export-oriented complementary relationship with the United States. Second, the results of analysing IIT showed that Korea has made a low-quality vertical IIT with the U.S. in some items while it has usually made a weak IIT with the U.S.. Based on the results above, this study proposes a few policy suggestions in the following areas: Improvement of competitiveness in trade-deficit service sector, achievement of the balance of profit and loss in goods and service sectors through the revision negotiation of the KORUS FTA, enhancement of competitiveness in competitive and comparative disadvantage items, reinforcement of ability to respond to consumption patterns in U.S. market, etc. in export-dominant items, and pursuit of horizontal-vertical division of labor in comparative advantage items and horizontal division of labor in comparative disadvantage items.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.127-145
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• 2017

The study focuses on the ICT industry, which is considered future growth engine. Tthe main objective of the research is to examine the extent of the competitiveness of the Chinese ICT industry, which is rapidly emerging as a competitor of the ICT industry in Korea. The ICT items subject to primary analysis of this study were computer and peripherals items. Analysis methods used were MSI (Market Share Index), EBI (Export Bias Index), and MCA (Market Comparative Advantage). The analysis period was from 2008 to 2016, and the analysis dater used were the export-import data provided by KITA. According to the study, Korean market share of Chinese computers and peripherals items has continued to increase, exports concentrated on the Korean market are intensifying, though the degree of competitiveness gained by the Korean market is quite strong. In particular, 852851, 847160 items have the largest competitiveness in the Korean market compared to other items used in this study. The implications of this study for the Korean market are as follows: i) improvement of quality with price ii) convergence product development between computer and peripherals items and consumer -friendly design development, and iii) marketing efforts to improve product awareness so that consumers recognize Korean computer and peripherals products.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.10-26
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• 1990

In Korean education, the health contents are scattered in various course subjects throughtout the primary and junior high school curriculum. So it is very difficult to provide systematic health education. The purpose of this study was to provide a guide for health education using health topic areas and major concepts that represent the scope of material that should be covered in health instruction. The steps used in selecting these health topic areas and major concepts were as follows: 1. A review of the literature related to health and health education was done to develop the rationale underlying this study. 2. Health topic areas basic to the growth and development characteristics of children, to human needs and to societal needs for healthful living were indentified. 3. The major concepts for each health topic area based on health sciences and children's growth and development levels were selected. 4. The major concepts selected were organized in sequence to guide health education from grade one to grade nine. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The identification of eleven health topic areas essential for health education. These include: personal habits and health healthy growth and development nutrition and health prevention of disease and disorders drugs and health mental health family life and health sex education accident prevention consumer health community health 2. The identification of the major concepts(generalizations) for each health topic area: 33 major concepts were identified as a guide in determining the health content of health education programs. These are 1) body cleaniness, 2) health of the sensory organs, 3) dental health, 4) exercise and rest, 5) growth and development, 6) body structure and function, 7) developmental tasks, 8) balanced nutrition, 9) eating habits, 10) food preparation and food storage, 11) sources of disease and disorders, 12) disease preventive behavior, 13) care during illness, 14) drug use and misuse, 15) drug addiction, 16) emotional responses, 17) human relationship, 18) self concept, 19) social adjustment, 20) health habits of the family, 21) interdependence of family members, 22) origin of life, 23) characteristics of man and woman, 24) sexual instinct, 25) safety behavior, 26) emergency measures, 27) criteria for selection of health products, 28) proper use of health information, 29) utilization of health and medical services, 30) environmental conservation, 31) environmental pollution, 32) population control, 33) function of public health services. 3. The organization of the concepts(generalizations) in sequence and for continuity in health instruction at the primary and junior high school level.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.571-578
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• 2016

Recently, review on viability of various industrial by product and natural materials as raw material for concrete has been actively done in aspect of environment-friendly issue and depletion of natural resource. This study conducted fundamental study on the possibility of utilizing mud flat as admixture and filling material for concrete. First, chemical analysis on the viability of mud flat as admixture was done and the researchers compared it with the substance of fly ash and blast furnace slag. According to the result, substance content was proven to be inadequate. In addition, as the replacement rate of mud flat increased, compressive strength and tensile strength decreased. According to the estimated result of chemical substance analysis, possibility of utilizing mud flat as admixture was low. According to the result of experiment done as filling material, 10% ~ 30% replacement rate of mud flat manifested more than 8 Mpa of compressive strength of block which may be utilized for secondary product. However, additional experiment such as making block is required afterward. According to the result of flow experiment, as the replacement rate of mud flat increased, flow value decreased, and through chloride content analysis test, it was proven that mud flat is inappropriate to be applied as steel beam using structure since it has high content of sodium. It may be utilized as products that does not use steel beam such as internal brick.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2015

Portland cement production is under critical review due to high amount of $CO_2$ gas released to the atmosphere. Attempts to increase the utilization of a by-products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag to partially replace the cement in concrete are gathering momentum. Many researchs on alkali-activated concrete that does not need the presence of cement as a binder have been carried out recently. Instead, the sources of material such as fly ash, that are rich in Silicon(Si) and Aluminium(Al), are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the binder. Hence concrete with no cement is effect reduction of $CO_2$ gas. In this study, we investigated the influence of the fluidity, air content and compressive strength of mortar on alkaline activator in order to develop cementless fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag based alkali-activated mortar with superplasticizer. In view of the results, we found out that Pn of fluidity and compressive strength is the best in four type of superplasticizer, and PNS of powder type of fluidity is better than that of liquid type in the case of AA.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.135-153
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• 2015

The aromatic amino acids, which are composed of $\small{L}$-phenylalanine, $\small{L}$-tyrosine and $\small{L}$-tryptophan, are general components of protein synthesis as well as precursors for a wide range of secondary metabolites. These aromatic amino acids-derived compounds play important roles as ingredients of diverse phenolics including pigments and cell walls, and hormones like auxin and salicylic acid in plants. Moreover, they also serve as the natural products of alkaloids and glucosinolates, which have a high potential to promote human health and nutrition. The biosynthetic pathways of aromatic amino acids share a chorismate, the common intermediate, which is originated from shikimate pathway. Then, tryptophan is synthesized via anthranilate and the other phenylalanine and tyrosine are synthesized via prephenate, as intermediates. This review reports recent studies about all the enzymatic steps involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways and their gene regulation on transcriptional/post-transcriptional levels. Furthermore, results of metabolic engineering are introduced as efforts to improve the production of the aromatic amino acids-derived secondary metabolites in plants.