• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.172-185
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• 2021

As the era of autonomous driving approaches, it is expected to have a significant impact on our lives. When autonomous driving cars emerge, it is necessary to develop an index that can evaluate autonomous driving cars as it enhance the productive value of the car by reducing the burden on the driver. This study analyzed how the autonomous driving era affects commuting time and commuting time satisfaction among office goers using a car in Gyeonggi-do. First, a nonlinear relationship (V) was derived for the commuting time and commuting time satisfaction. Here, the factors affecting commuting time satisfaction were analyzed through a binomial logistic model, centered on the sample belonging to the nonlinear section (70 minutes or more for commuting time), which is likely to be affected by the autonomous driving era. The analysis results show that the variables affected by the autonomous driving era were health, sleeping hours, working hours, and leisure time. Since the emergence of autonomous driving cars is highly likely to improve the influencing variables, long-distance commuters are likely to feel higher commuting time satisfaction.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.133-155
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• 2019

The economic growth has made our lives more prosperous than the past, and the development of science fueled the era of 100-year lifespan. It is now distinct to us that preparation for life after retirement is not a choice but an imperative. In the meantime, outplacement programs have driven many to challenge and start a new chapter in life. This paper measures the characteristics of outplacement programs based on the self-determination factors; empirically examines how those characteristics influence on learning performance through self-efficacy and psychological well-being; concludes by proposing effective and productive ways for young adults and senior employees who are in search for new jobs. To test the research hypothesis, a survey was conducted among job searchers who have been previously provided with outplacement programs. The results are as follows: First, self-perceived autonomy has significant influences on self-efficacy and psychological well-being. Second, self-perceived competency has significant influences on self-efficacy and psychological well-being. Third, perceived relationship has no significant influence on self-efficacy and psychological well-being. Fourth, self-efficacy showed significant influences on psychological well-being, while not showing on learning performance. Fifth, psychological well-being has no significant influence on learning performance. This paper finds its academic significance in its theory-based approach to outplacement service program; research variables and examination are not based on researcher's arbitrary choice. This paper is also practically significant in that it discovered that outplacement service alleviates psychological stress caused by job relocation, and guarantees stable life after retirement.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.7-17
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to empirically explore micro and macroeconomic factors affecting the Pakistani sugar industries and searching the energy potential of this industry, through the survey of literature. The empirical part has been explored by employing Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger Causality tests and simultaneous equation models through quarterly data for the period of 1991q2-2008q4. The study also aims to devise policies for the development of sugar industries and identify its growing importance for the energy sector of Pakistan. Empirical tests applied on the domestic prices of sugar, domestic interest rates, and exchange rate, productive capacities of sugar mills, per capita income, world sugar prices on cultivable area and sugar production reveal very useful results. Results reveal an improvement of productive capacity of the sugar mills of Pakistan on account of increasing crushing capacity of this sector. Negative effect of rising wholesale prices on the harvesting area was also observed. Profit earnings of the sugar mills significantly increase with the rise of sugar prices but the system does not exist for the farming community to share the rising prices of sugar. The models indicate positive and significant effect of local prices of sugar on its volume of import. Another of the findings of this study positively relates the local sugar markets with the international prices of sugar. Additionally, the causality tests results reveal exchange rate, harvesting area and overall output of sugarcane to have significant effects on the local prices of sugar. Similarly, import of sugar, interest rate, per capita consumption of sugar, per capita national income and the international prices of sugar also significantly affect currency exchange rate of Pakistani rupee in terms of US$. The study also finds sugar as an essential and basic necessity of the Pakistani consumers. That is why there are no significant income and price effects on the per capita consumption of sugar in Pakistan. All the empirical methods reiterate the relationship of variables. Economic policy makers are recommended to improve governance and management in the production, stock taking, internal and external trading and distribution of sugar in Pakistan using bumper crop policies. Macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, exchange rate per capita income and consumption are closely connected with the production and distribution of sugar in Pakistan. The cartelized role of the sugar industries should also be examined by further studies. There is need to further explore sugar sector of Pakistan with the perspective of energy generation through this sector; cartelized sugar markets in Pakistan and many more other dimensions of this sector. Exact appraisal of sugar industries for energy generation can be done appropriately by the experts from applied sciences.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1695-1699
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• 2004

The antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and free radicals assessment were made of the effects of selenium, copper and magnesium on bovine endemic fluorosis under high fluoride, low selenium and low copper productive conditions. Thirty-two beef cattle were selected from high fluoride area, and randomly divided into four groups with eight cattle each as follows: (1) high fluoride control group (HFC); (2) supplemented group with 0.25 mg/kg selenium (HFSe); (3) supplemented group with 15 mg/kg copper (HFCu) and (4) supplemented group with 0.25 mg/kg selenium+15 mg/kg copper+1 mg/kg magnesium (HFSeCuMg) per day for 83 days. Moreover, eight beef cattle were selected from non-high fluoride area as normal control group. Blood samples were collected from cattle on 0 d, 30 d and 83 d respectively, to analyze the enzyme activities and concentration of GSH-px, CAT, SOD, MDA and free radicals. The results showed that the contents of free radicals and MDA in HFC group were significantly higher, and the whole blood GSH-px, CAT, erythrocyte SOD activities were lower than the normal control group. Free radicals, metabolic imbalance and antioxidant disorder therefore, play an important role in fluorosis. However, GSH-px, CAT and SOD activities in HFSe group and HFSeCuMg group at 30 d and 83 d were markedly higher than the same groups at the 0 d and the HFC group at the same time. Likewise, there was a corresponding reduction in the contents of free radicals and MDA. These findings indicated that supplementation with selenium, copper and magnesium elevated high fluoride bovine antioxidant enzymes, and decreased MDA and free radicals contents. But, the activities of supplementation selenium group did not increase until day 83. These results demonstrated that fluorosis was associated with lower serum Se and Cu levels than in the control, and it was therefore concluded that fluorosis is associated with decreased serum levels of these minerals. Long-term high fluoride intake under productive condition enhances oxidative stress in the blood, thereby disturbing the antioxidant defense of cattle. Increased oxidative stress could be one of the mediating factors in the pathogenesis of toxic manifestations of fluoride. It is benefical for high fluoride cattle supplemented with proper selenium, copper and magnesium to increase fluoride excretion and obtain the protective impact of the activity of oxidative enzymes, and to decrease lipid peroxidation and free radicals contents.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.99-113
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• 2004

Problems and current situation of public health globally and domestically were analyzed in this study and based on these findings, ways to improve from western medicine and Oriental medicine can be deduced as follows: 1. Current problems of public health in Korea and the world 1) Increase of diseases resulted from daily habits and infectious diseases, many are at the brink of being ill. Quality of life from extended life span and unbalanced health care must be solved. 2) Natural and societal factors including host factors, public health service, and other external and internal factors play an important role in deciding healthy and being ill. 3) Some of the limits and problems of modem medicine include insufficient academic knowledge and incomplete theory, as well as misled approach to the treatment. Human itself isn't perfect organism and other realistic problems hinder one's well-being. 4) Regardless of western medicine or Oriental medicine, patients were approached as someone with diseases and disorders, and wholistic approach was disregarded. Lack of clinical training, absence of clear educational philosophy and goal are some of the reasons why the education isn't under concrete system 2. Important factors for the medical education and proper direction for the education of Oriental medicine 1) Important factors for medical education - Education should not be limited on the human health and illness, but also cover qualities such as well-being, social welfare, service, and happiness. Every aspects of human life must be considered and attended for more productive outcome. - Basic understanding of humanity must be included in the educational curriculum - Foundation of human diseases and pain are associated with inner life and surrounding causes including family, society, nature, race, culture, religion, politics, and etc., thus the education must be approached to recognize aforementioned criteria. 2) Proper direction for the education of Oriental medicine - Values of Oriental medicine for medical principles and importance of lifehood must be educated. - Educational goal, limits, and levels must be established for the school of Oriental medicine - Respect for life must be the top priorities of educational direction which should lead to solution based education for the human health. Latest medical theory and technology should be accommodated as well as prevention, treatment, and balancing of basic courses and clinical training for optimal education.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 1992

The nitrogen fixation activity and environmental factors of Lespedeza bicli!oy Turcz, forming annual root nodules by symbiotic Rhizobium sp. were analyzed in the field conditions during the growing period. Seasunal changes of $N_2-fixation$ activity showed the maximum value of $120\;\mu\textrm{M}\;C_2_H4{\cdot}noduie\;g\;fw^{-1}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$ during the active growing period (June) and varied significantly depending on the growth phase and environmental factors. The maximum activities were attained at the conditions of pH 7, $30^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 18 Kpa of oxygen partial pressure and inhibited by water stress and nitrogen sources. The habitat soil was weak acidic and poor in nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter contents. The leaf area ratios and chlorophyll contents were ranged from 442 to $48;\textrm{cm}^2{\cdot}g\;dw^{-1}$ and from 33 to $38\;\mu\textrm{g}\;chI{\cdot}\textrm{cm}^2$. Nitrogen contents in each organ showed the maximum of 46, 19 and $11\;mg{\cdot}g\;dw^{-1}, respectively for leaf, rool and stem in the early period. The highest phosphorus contents were 4.2, 1.2 and $0.6\;mg{\cdot}g\;dw^{-1}$, respectively for leaf. root and stem in early growing period. The allocation ratios of nitrogen quantity showed 60% for leaves and 73% for roots during the active and late growth period, and 22% [or stems in average. The allocalion ralios o[ phosphorus quantity showed 58% for leaves during the most productive period, 70% for roots in the pre-growth stage and 26% for stems in average.verage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.477-482
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• 2007

Forest biomass became a topic because we have growing interest in global environmental issues and environment-friendly energy resources. This study was carried out to estimate the forest biomass and develop a program for biomass information management in Korea. The total forest biomass (million ton) were 521 for gross forest, 403 for productive forest and 201 for commercial forest in 2005. Also, the annual biomass production in forest was 20 million ton which was equivalent to 94,290 Gkcal of heating value and about 9 billion won of paraffin oil. The biomass growing rate (every 10year) increased from 4.95% in 1985 to 5.30% in 1995 but turn down 4.46% in 2005. The factors that the forest stock could be converted to the forest biomass have developed according to forest type. Therefore, it is impossible to estimate the exact biomass by tree species. In this reason, the demands of the development of the factors by tree species was raised. In addition, it is on time to develop an equation for estimation of biomass by species using dbh and height as independent factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.756-764
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• 2009

Provision of an optimal environment for the calf is critical to establishing the patterns of growth and development essential to allow the heifer to express its genetic potential for milk output and reproductive capacity during its productive life. Maternal nutrition during gestation is now recognised as a key to genetic programming in utero and this influence is extended through the complexity of hormones, growth factors and immunostimulants incorporated into colostrum and milk consumed by the neonatal calf. This natural process is most often disrupted as calves are weaned abruptly to maximise milk output for commercial exploitation. The key then is to accelerate the rate of maturation of the ruminal epithelium through the provision of concentrate starter rations and high quality forage, which promote VFA production. Management systems to promote these processes in Holstein Friesian cattle are well developed, however, little is known of these processes with buffalo and Bos indicus dairy cattle such as the Sahiwal. The development of methods to program the neonate to grow faster to puberty in these species will be important to improving their productivity for the dairy industries in tropical and sub-tropical environments in the future.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.243-260
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• 2006

The continuing enlargement, deepening integration of EU and penetration of extra-EU enterprise into EU market are forming a new geographical restructure of the production system. In this paper, I analyse the changing geography of the EU automotive production system. The globalization and regionalisation of production activity intensify a competition among the enterprise. The European automotive production system changes to a platform system and a modular system for a diminution of productive costs, a development of various products and a frequent innovation of products. The European automotive enterprise is restructuring geographically the production functions and products in order to promote efficiency on a new production system, enlarged production space and intensified economic integration. The European automotive industry tends to a spatial specialization and agglomeration according to the locational factors of production functions and products and the locational condition of regions. This intensifies the geographical hierarchic structure of production activity between the core and the periphery.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.151-161
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• 2013

This paper proposes a strategic model of linkage between productivity metrics and financial accounting metrics to properly evaluate the financial effect of TPM activities and the business performance. This linkage strategy provides a connection tool for clear communication between factory-level and headquarters that the metrics proposed by this paper ultimately improves a quality of support from the management by receiving the factors required for productivity activities in the practical field. This factor includes such as equipment, raw materials and labors. Here, we propose that chain reaction models using break down structure of productivity metrics and financial metrics enhance the knowledge sharing of KPI (Key Performance Indicator) which generally tend to create oversimplified communication between management in headquarters and employees in the practical fields. The productivity metrics include OEE(Overall Equipment Effectiveness) of TPM (Total Productive Maintenance), OLE (Overall Labor Effectiveness) of PAC(Performance and Analysis and Control) activities, and OYE (Overall Yield Effectiveness) of TMM(Total Material Management) activities. The financial accounting metrics include ROE(Return on Equity), ROA(Return on Asset), and AVR(Added-Value Rate). The suggested chain reaction model selects the financial metrics as initial stage and branch down until final stage of productivity metrics. When demand exceeds supply, an ideal speed rate, the lean OEE strategy can be initially applied to reduce the gap between the demand and supply, then apply variable costing to estimate correct amount of operating profit. In addition, the paper presents a new type of model for linkage between financial accounting metrics including CAPEX(Capital Expenditure), OPEX(Operating Expenditure), EVA(Economic Added Value), DCL(Degree of Combined Leverage), and TPM productivity activities including AM(Autonomous Maintenance), PM(Preventive Maintenance), MP(Maintenance Prevention) and QM(Quality Maintenance). In order to support the evidence of proposed linkage strategy, a case analysis on 52 projects from national TPM contest from 2011 to 2012 is analyzed. The case presents the classification of CAPEX and OPEX activities from TPM, and proposes the correct implementation of financial effect for TPM projects.