• Title/Summary/Keyword: Production efficiency

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Crop Growth and Nutrient leaching from Soil with Application of Urea and Compost in Volcanic Ash Soil (화산회토에서 퇴비 및 요소시용에 따른 토양중 $NO_3$-N, 양이온의 용탈)

  • 강봉균;송창길
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.101-115
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    • 2001
  • Nitrogen applied as fertilizer for crop production is partly absorbed by plant , and the remaining nitrogen in soil might be leached out through complicated processes to the subsoil layer Especially, NO$_3$-N in leachate causes environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was focused on understanding of uptake of nutrients by plants, the behaviors of nutrients in soil and the possibility of leaching loss when nitrogen fertilizer and completely decomposed compost were applied. Lysimeters(Volume 0.15㎥, Diameter 62cm, Height 62.8cm) were installed for collecting leachate in the Jeju volcanic ash soils. Lysimeter study consisted of thirteen treatments : fallow, fallow with weeding, cropping without fertilizer and compost, three N fertilizer soil surface applications(16, 32, 64kg/10a), three N fertilizer and compost soil surface applications(16+800, 32+1600, 64+32kg/10a), two water dissolved N fertilizer applications(16, 32kg/10a), and low and high plant densities. N fertilizer was applied as urea. The growth of com(preceding crop) and potatoes(succeeding crop) and leaching loss were determined during the experimental period. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; With Increased N, pH of leachate tended to decrease and NO$_3$-N concentration of leachate increased. NO$_3$-N leaching loss was remarkably greater in soil from the bare plot without fertilization and the weed control than from plots with medium N rate and was least in the cropping plot without fertilization. NO$_3$-N concentration in leachates from the water dissolved N fertilizer application plots was 64% of that from the soil surface application plots. The concentration of Ca and K ions and the leaching loss of these ions were least from the cropping plot without fertilization and were greatest from bare plots(T1 and T2) without fertilization. The proportion of leaching and residual N in soil increased as N rate increased indicting that higher N rates increase the possibility of N leaching to subsoil layer The proportion of N leaching losses was lower at the low N rate and the high plant density. In future, fertilization prescription which can maximize fertilizer use efficiency and minimize the pollution of ground water will be needed for conserving the environments.

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Effects of Manipulation Conditions on Development of Nuclear Transplant Bovine Embryos Derived from In Vitro Matured Oocytes (미세조작조건이 소 핵이식배의 발달에 미치는 영향)

  • 최상용;노규진;공일근;송상현;조성근;박준규;이효종;박충생
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.293-302
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    • 1997
  • Follicular oocytes of Grade I and II were collected from 2~6 mm ovarian follicles and matured in vitro (IVM) for 24 hrs in TCM-199 su, pp.emented with 35$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml FSH, 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH, and 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml estradiol-17$\beta$ at 39$^{\circ}C$ under 5% CO2 in air. They were fretilized in vitro (IVF) by epididymal spermatozoa capacitated with heparin for 12 hrs. The zygotes were then co-cultured in vitro with bovine oviducted epithelial cells (BOEC) for 7 to 9 days. The optimal time for IVM, the successful enucleation of IVM oocytes by micromanipulation at different oocyte ages after IVM, and the ideal culture system for IVM for effective IVF and in vitro development of IVM-IVF embryos was examined for in vitro production of nuclear recipient oocytes and nuclear donor embryos. To improve the efficiency of nuclear transplantation (NT) of IVF embryo into IVM follicular oocytes, this study evaluated the optimal electric condition and oocytes age for activation of IVM oocytes and in vitro development of NT embryos. In vitro development of NT embryos with preactivation or non-preactivation in enucleation oocytes, cell number of IVN-IVF embryos, and NT embryos wre also examined. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The most suitable enucleation time was at 24 hpm (83.3%) rather than that of 28 hpm(69.6%) and 32 hpm(50.0%). 2. There was no difference among the fusion rates of NT embryos at the voltages of 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 kV/cm, but the in vitro development rates to morule and blastocyst were significantly (P<0.05) higher at the voltage of 0.75(12.5%) and 1.0kV/cm (12.6%) compared to 1.5kV/cm(0%). 3. No significant difference in activation rates were seen in NT embryos stimulated for 30, 60 and 120 $\mu$sec (71.7, 85.2 and 71.9%, respectively), but the in vitro development rates to morulae and blastocyst were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the oocytes stimulated for 30 $\mu$sec (11.6%) and 60 $\mu$sec(10.7%) than 120 $\mu$sec(0.0%). 4. The fusion rates (71.0 and 87.3%) and the in vitro development rates (9.1 and 12.7%) to morula and blastocyst were seen in the NT embryos stimulated at 28 and 32 hpm under the condition of 1.0 kV/ml, 60 $\mu$sec. However, at 24 hpm the fusion rates were 64.8% and the in vitro development to morula and blastocyst were not seen. 5. The fusion rates between the 8~12, 13~17 and 18~22-cell stage of IVM-IVF embryos were not significantly different. The in vitro development rates of the fused embryos to morula and blastocyst which were received from a blastomere of 8~12, 13~17 and 18~22-cell stages of IVM-IVF embryos were 14.9, 8.3 and 6.5%, respectively. 6. The in vitro development rate of the enucleated recipient oocytes with preactivation (24.2%) to morula and blastocyst was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of non-preactivation (12.8%). 7. The cell numbers of NT blastocyst and IVM-IVF blastocyst cultured during 7~9 days were 63$\pm$11 and 119$\pm$23, and then their the mean cell cycle number were 5.98 and 6.89, respectively.

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Studies on Dairy Farming Status, Reproductive Efficiencies and Disorders in New Zealand (II) A Survey on Reproductive Efficiencies and Disorders in Palmerston North Area (뉴질랜드 (Palmerston North) 의 낙농 현황과 번식 및 번식장해에 관한 연구 (II) Palmerston North 지역의 낙농 번식현 황과 번식장해에 관한 조사)

  • 김중계;맥도날드
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.19-33
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    • 2000
  • Eighty dairy farms (38 farms responded) in Palmerston North area of New Zealand were questioned by mail questionnaire on: 1) general characteristics, 2) milk yield and feed supplementary, 3) reproductive efficiencies (12 questions) and 4) reproductive disorders (12 questions) from February to July, 1998. Among those 4 items, the reproductive efficiencies (3) and disorders (4), various diseases and culling rates were surveyed and analyzed for Korean dairy farmers (especially in Cheju island) and compared with New Zealand. The results are as follows: 1. Fifteen farms in 38 dairy farms relied entirely on artificial insemination, the rest of 23 dairy farms (60.5%) raised 5∼6 bulls to increase conception rate. The dairy farmers in Palmerston North used artificial insemination from Oct 4th to Dec 10th for 42.8 days, and then used bulls from that point to coming Jan 10th for 41.4 days. The submission rate within 3, 6 and 10 weeks following the initiation of AI season was 84.7, 93.9 and 97.9% respectively. 2. The average age of heifers at the first estrus, pregnancy and calving was 11.0, 18.0 and 24.7 months respectively, and an average 1.4 estrus cycles were required for conception. The intervals of estrus recurrence and the following conception after calving were 38 and 68 days respectively. 3. Among inseminated cows, calving, abortion and empty cow was 90.9, 1.6 and 7.4% respectively. Calving rate decreased according to increasing farm size, while the number of empty cows decreased. 4. Stillbirth, retained placenta and delivery abnormalities were 5.3, 3.7 and 5.5% respectively, not different depend on herd size. 5. The incidence of milk fever, grass tetany, and ketosis was 3.6, 3.0 and 1.0%, respectively. The delivery abnormality and mastitis treated with medicine were 3.1 and 6.7%, but decreased according to farm size. Lameness was 8.6% on average, but over 10% in farms which has more than 400 milking cows. 6. Among the culled cows (15.5% of the total), those culled due to an old age, lameness and other diseases were 2.9, 1.8 and 4.3% respectively and those culled due to low milk production, reproductive abnormality reduced with farm size. 7. Compared with the data collected in Korea, the reproductive efficiency was better, and lameness, metabolic problem and culling rate were higher in New Zealand

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Superovulation Response by FSH Treatments in Hanwoo (FSH 투여 용량과 방법Ul 따른 한우의 과배란 처리 효율)

  • Choi, Soo-Ho;Park, Yong-Soo;Son, Woo-Jin;Lee, Joon-Hee;Rho, Gyu-Jin;Kim, Joo-Heon;Choe, Sang-Yong
    • Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.199-205
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    • 2007
  • The present study was carried out to assess the effect of superovulation response and efficiency of embryo production induced with injection of FSH dissolved in polyethylene glycol (PEG) in Hanwoo. Eighty-eight cows were divided into four groups. In group 1, cattle were intramuscularly treated with twice-daily administration of 50mg FSH for 4 days. Group 2 and 3 were subcutaneously single injection of 400mg and 200mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG, respectively. Group 4 were subcutaneously single injection of 200 mg FSH dissolved in 30% PEG at 7 day after CIDR insertion. The number of corpus luteum (CL) in group 2 resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to group 1, 3 and 4 (18.5 vs. 11.2, 13.1 and 13.9, respectively). However, the number of total ova $(7.9{\sim}10.4)$, transferable embryos $(3.7{\sim}4.7)$, degenerate embryos $(1.9{\sim}3.5)$ and unfertilized ova $(1.8{\sim}2.7)$ did not differ among treatment groups. No difference was observed in pregnancy rate after transferring the recovered embryos among groups $(36.0{\sim}50.0%)$. In addition, blood progesterone concentrations at embryo recovery did not differ among all groups. In conclusion, although no differences were observed in the number of total ova, transferable embryos and pregnancy rate after transfer, a single injection of reduced dose of FSH (200mg FSH) at 7 day after CIDR insertion is more practical for superovulation treatments than frequent injection because of reduction of stress in Hanwoo and decreases of cost and laber.

Agronomic and Genetic Evaluation on a Dull Mutant Line Derived from the Sodium Azide Treated 'Namil', a Non-Glutinous Japonica Rice (남일벼 돌연변이 유래 중간찰 계통의 작물학적 특성 및 배유특성 지배유전자위 표지)

  • Chun, Jae-Buhm;Jeung, Ji-Ung;Cho, Seong-Woo;Kim, Woo-Jae;Ha, Ki-Young;Kang, Kyung-Ho;Ko, Jae-Kwon;Kim, Hyun-Soon;Kim, Bo-Kyeong
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.60 no.4
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    • pp.448-457
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    • 2015
  • Developing rice lines with various amylose contents is necessary to diverse usages of rice in terms of raw materials for processed food production, and thereby to promote rice consumption in Korea. A rice mutant line, 'Namil(SA)-dull1' was established through sodium azide mutagenesis on 'Namil', a non-glutinous Korean Japonica rice cultivar. Namil(SA)-dull1' had dull endosperm characteristics and the evaluated amylose content was 12.2%. A total of 94 F2 progenies from a cross between 'Namil(SA)-dull1' and 'Milyang23', a non-glutinous Tongil-type rice cultivar, was used for genetic studies on the endosperm amylose content. Association analyses, between marker genotypes of 53 SSR anchor markers and evaluated amylose contents of each 94 F2:3 seeds, initially localized rice chromosome 6 as the harboring place for the modified allele(s) directing low amylose content of 'Namil(SA)-dull1'. By increasing SSR marker density on the putative chromosomal region followed by association analyses, the target region was narrowed down 0.94 Mbp segment, expanding from 28.95 Mbp to 29.89 Mbp, on rice chromosome 6 pseudomolecule. Among the SSR loci, RM7555 explained 84.2% of total variation of amylose contents in the $F_2$ population. Further physical mapping on the target region directing low amylose content of 'Namil(SA)-dull1' would increase the breeding efficiency in developing promising rice cultivars with various endosperm characteristics.

The Effects of High Air Temperature and Waterlogging on the Growth and Physiological Responses of Hot Pepper (고온 및 침수에 의한 고추의 생육 및 생리적 반응에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Hee Ju;Park, Sung Tae;Kim, Sung Kyeom;Choi, Chang Sun;Lee, Sang Gyu
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.69-78
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    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of waterlogging on the net photosynthetic rate, root activity and fruit yield of hot pepper. Plants were grown in two greenhouses: extractor fans and side ventilators began to operate when the inside temperature reached $25^{\circ}C$ in one greenhouse and $35^{\circ}C$ in the other. Waterlogging treatments were performed 54 days after transplanting (when fruit setting at the second flower truss was complete). The plot in each greenhouse was divided into five sections, and each section was watered for 0, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h using drip irrigation. Plants under $25^{\circ}C$ and non - waterlogging treatment exhibited in the greatest growth among treatments. Plant growth generally decreased as the waterlogging period increased. The net photosynthetic rate was highest under non - waterlogging and $25^{\circ}C$ treatment and lowest under 72 h waterlogging and $25^{\circ}C$ treatment. The root activity decreased as the waterlogging period increased, except for plants under 72 h waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$. The number and weight of red pepper fruits per plant were highest under non - waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$. The greatest fruit yield was also observed under non - waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$, with production reaching 3,697 kg / 10a. At the appropriate temperature for hot pepper ($25^{\circ}C$), yields were reduced by 25 - 30% under 12, 24 and 48 h waterlogging treatment compared to non - waterlogging treatment. These results indicate that longer waterlogging periods reduce the growth, net photosynthetic rate, root activity and yields of hot pepper. However, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of hot pepper plants grown under 72 h waterlogging treatment recovered nine days after growth under normal growth conditions.

Discontinuous Percoll Gradients Enrich X-Bearing Porcine Sperms and Female Embryos (불연속 Percoll 원심분리에 의한 돼지 X-정자와 자성배아에 관한 연구)

  • Shim, Dae-Yong;Yoo, Seong-Jin;Kang, Han-Seung;Yoo, Jeong-Min;Lee, Chae-Kwan;Kang, Sung-Goo
    • Development and Reproduction
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.47-52
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    • 2001
  • Predetermination of sex in livestock of offpring is in great demand and is of critical importance to providing for the most efficient production of the animal ariculture. Such a sexing techlology would also enhance the economy of conventional artificial insemination(AI) and aid the porcine industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of enriching X-bearing porcine sperm using discontinuous percoll gradients and PCR mefhod. Semen was collected from mature boars of proven fertility center (AI center KimHae). Sperm was leaded on the isotonic discontinuous percoll gradient and then it was centrifuged at 120 ${\times}$ g for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, sperm included in each fraction were recovered (7${\times}$10$^6$ sperms/ml) and then sperm genomic DNA was extractedfor the PCR. SRY gene was used to evaluate the ratio between X and Y sperm in the separated fractions. Ju viro ffrtilization wascarried out by adding the unseparated sperm (control) or separated (experimental poop) to the matured oocytes in TCM-199. Embryos for sex determination were obtained at 2 cell stage and then was used for SRY gene amplification. After centrifugation of discontinuous percoll gradient, the most motile sperm was obtained at 95% fiaction (94.4% ${\pm}$ 5.1%, p < 0.01). The PCR analysis evaluated that 30%, 50% and 65% fractions were Y sperm rich, whereas 80% and 95% fractions were X sperm rich. PCR analysis with each porcineembryo showed that 33.3% of control and 66.7% of experimental group were determined as female embryos. In conclusion, in vitro matured oocytes inseminated with sperms (95% fraction) prepared by percoll gradient centrifugation showed high fertilization rates and female embryos than control sperms.

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Treatment of Reproductive Dysfunctions and Reproductive Monitoring Using Ultrasonography in Dairy Cow (초음파 검사에 의한 젖소 번식 검진과 번식 장애 치료)

  • Lim, W.H.;Oh, K.S.;Seo, G.J.;Hwang, S.S.;Kim, B.S.;Bae, C.S.;Kim, S.H.;Kim, J.T.;Park, I.C.;Park, S.G.;Son, C.H.
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.217-223
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    • 2006
  • This study was carried out principally to obtain the basic data for the improvement of the reproductive performance and production using plasma progesterone assay and ultrasonography in dairy cow. The results obtained from this studies were as follows. The results of reproductive examination in 85,983 cows were ovarian diseases 40,399 (47.0%), uterine diseases 11,912 (13.9%), pregnancy or pregnant failures 26,587 (30.9%), adhesion of reproductive tracts 172 (0.2%), freemartin 8 (0.01%), and others 6,905 (8.3%), respectively. The treatment status of reproductive dysfunction in 30,241 cows were silent heat or error of estrus detection 14,909 (49.3%), follicular cysts 3,750 (12.4%), luteal cysts 907 (3.0%), inactive ovaries 665 (2.2%), granulosa cell tumor of ovary 3 (0.01%) and endometritis 6,986 (23.1%), respectively. The indices of reproductive efficiency after the periodical examination of reproductive status were as follows; the mean intercalving inteual was reduced from 475 days at the first examination to 381 days at the last examination of reproductive status, the mean interval calving to conception was reduced from 186 to 98 days, the mean interval calving to first service was reduced from 106 to 66 days, the cows showing heat by 60 days postpartum were increased from 32 to 90%, the mean conception rate to first service was increased from 42 to 64%, and the mean service per conception was reduced from 2.6 to 1.8 times, respectively.

Studies on the Quality and Utilization of Pumpkin Silages (호박 Silage의 품질(品質) 및 이용성(利用性)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Y.K.;Kim, S.K.
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.77-84
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    • 1976
  • The preservation efficiency, quality and utilization of silage from 3 species of pumpkins (Mammoth pumpkin, Queensland blue pumpkin, Korean pumpkin) without and with 10, and 20% wheat bran additive were studied in this experiment. Silages were analysised and tested the chemical composition, pH and quality of silages between at 40-60 days and egg performance were carried out with mammoth pumpkin silage without additive. The results were summaried as follows. 1. The losses of all silage ware lower and similar as about 15% at 6 monthes following after silage-making but all raw pumpkins were spoilaged during the winter storaging. 2. The moisture content of silages were higher as about 97% in mammoth pumpkin silage, 94% in Queensland pumpkin silage and 91% in Korean pumpkin silage without additive and all nutrient content of silage without and with additive were depended on its content of raw silage material of pumpkins and wheat bran. The contents of moisture and N-free extract were slightly decrease but not significantly difference during the silaging and other contents were not so much changed. 3. Good quality of silage were made from all pumpkins with and without additive. Organic acid contents were 2.09-2.93% of lactic acid, 0.68-1.71% of acetic acid and 0% of butyric acid and it was pH 3.8-4.0 in silages. 4. Feed intakes, egg production and quality of egg were showed good result in 5.0 and 7.5% silage feeding group as D.M. base for egg performance. (P<0.01) 5. It was concluded that good quality of silage were made from pumpkins with and without wheat bran additive and it was suggested that poor quality feedstuff may be improved it feeding value by extended palatability with pumpkin additive silage.

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EFFECT OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR GENE INJECTION ON THE NERVE REGENERATION IN RAT LINGUAL NERVE CRUSH-INJURY MODEL (백서 설신경 압박손상모델에서 신경성장인자 유전자 주입이 신경재생에 미치는 영향)

  • Gao, En-Feng;Chung, Hun-Jong;Ahn, Kang-Min;Kim, Soung-Min;Kim, Yun-Hee;Jahng, Jeong-Won;Lee, Jong-Ho
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.375-395
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.