• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.981-991
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate (CSL) performance as an exogenous emulsifier together with lipase for broiler diets. Methods: In total, 252 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to give 6 replications per treatment with 7 birds in each cage. There were six dietary treatments representing a 2×3 factorial arrangement consisted of two energy levels (standard energy [positive control, PC] and -100 kcal/kg of the requirement level [negative control, NC]) and three dietary treatments (without additives [CON], CON+CSL [CSL], and CON+CSL+lipase [CSL-Lipase]). Corn and soybean meal-based experimental diets containing vegetable oil were formulated. Growth performance, blood parameters, visceral organ weights, ileal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and cytokine gene expression were measured. Results: Birds fed a diet including CSL increased (p<0.05) lipase level in blood compared to birds fed a diet including CSL-Lipase on day 21. Similarly, higher (p<0.05) liver weight was observed in birds fed a diet including either CSL or CSL-Lipase on day 21. Birds fed NC diet with CSL improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility compared to the NC diet on day 21. However, birds fed a diet supplemented with CSL or CSL-Lipase did not affect (p>0.05) the weight gain, feed efficiency, ileal morphology, and cytokine concentrations during the experiment period, regardless of dietary energy levels. Conclusion: Our results indicated that CSL has a role in improving nutrient digestibility in young birds when supplemented to a corn-soybean meal based broiler diet.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.9-25
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• 2020

레이저 스캔과 사진측정법 등의 기술이 3D 모델링에 광범위하게 적용됨에 따라 리토폴로지는 3D 모델링 프로세스에서 매우 중요한 부분이 되었다. 하지만 리토폴로지 사용방법이 부적당한 경우 제작과정에서 많은 시간의 낭비를 초래한다. 3D 모델링의 유형에 따라 각각 가장 적합한 리토폴로지 방식과 소프트웨어를 선택하여 3D 모델링의 리토폴로지 효율성을 높이는 방안을 탐구하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 시장에 현존하는 리토폴로지 소프트웨어에 따라 수동식, 자동식, 래핑식 세 가지로 분류하였다. 이를 기반으로 이 세 가지 리토폴로지 방식의 특성과 각각 포함한 소프트웨어의 특징을 살펴보았다. 스태틱메시, 스켈레탈메시, 하드서페이스 모델링에 대해서 위의 세 가지 리토폴로지 방식으로 사례 제작을 진행했다. 세 가지 리토폴로지 방식이 각이 포함한 소프트웨어의 장단점을 요약하고 수동식의 결과가 좋고 자동식의 속도가 빠르며, 래핑식은 미리 존재하는 베이스 메시가 필요로 하며 유형별 3D 모델링에 가장 적합한 리토폴로지 방식을 제공한다. 본 연구는 리토폴로지 작업 및 3D 모델링의 제작 효율 높이기에 도움이 된다고 기대한다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.189-202
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermenting temperature on the applicability of Lactobacillus plantarum for production of fermented sausages as starter cultures, and its applicable efficiency was also compared with those inoculated with commercial starter culture or non-inoculated control. The L. plantarum isolated from a naturally-fermented meat, identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and again identified by de novo Assembly Analysis method was used as a starter culture. Six treatments: 3 with L. plantarum at different fermenting temperatures (20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$), and other 3 treatments (1 with commercial starter culture, 1 with its mixture with L. plantarum and 1 non-inoculated control) fermented under the same conditions ($25^{\circ}C$) were prepared. Results revealed that the fermenting temperature considerably affected the pH change in samples added with L. plantarum; the highest pH drop rate (1.57 unit) was obtained on the samples fermented at $30^{\circ}C$, followed by those at $25^{\circ}C$ (1.3 unit) and $20^{\circ}C$ (0.99 unit) after 4 days fermentation. Increasing the temperature up to $30^{\circ}C$ resulted in significantly lower spoilage bacteria count (5.15 log CFU/g) and lipid oxidation level in the products inoculated with L. plantarum. The sensory analysis also showed that the samples added with L. plantarum at $30^{\circ}C$ had significantly higher odor, taste and acceptability scores than those fermented at lower temperatures. Under the same processing condition, although the L. plantarum showed slightly lower acidification than the commercial starter culture, however, it significantly improved the eating quality of the product.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.635-640
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• 2016

미생물연료전지(MFC)는 하 폐수내의 유기물로부터 전기를 생산할 수 있는 획기적인 기술이지만, 실용화를 위해서는 하 폐수 내의 질소를 제거할 수 있어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 두 개의 대면적 SEA (separator electrode assembly)로 구성된 평판형 외기환원전극 미생물연료전지(FA-MFC)를 이용하여 질산화 전배양의 유무와 식종원에 따른 총질소제거율을 평가하였다. 질산화 전배양 단계에서 FA-MFC의 질산화율은 식종원과는 무관하게 99% 이상을 나타냈다. 질산화 및 탈질 단계에서 300 mg-COD/L 이하의 낮은 유기물 농도에서는 전배양을 하지 않은 조건의 총질소제거율이 가장 높았다. 유기물 농도가 증가할수록 더 높은 총질소제거율을 나타냈으며, 유기물제거율은 모든 조건에서 95% 이상을 나타냈지만, 종속영양탈질에만 이용되지는 않은 것으로 판단된다. FA-MFC의 전기 발생량은 매우 낮았지만, 유기물과 질소를 동시에 제거할 수 있다는 장점이 있기 때문에 획기적인 하 폐수처리공법으로 발전시킬 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.797-803
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• 2017

Objective: Effects of nitrogen supplementation associated with different levels of starch on voluntary intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage (Brachiaria decumbens hay, 7.4% crude protein, CP) were evaluated using ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers. Methods: Five European${\times}$Zebu young bulls (186 kg body weight, BW) were distributed according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square. The following treatments were evaluated: control, supplementation with 300 g CP/d (0:1), supplementation with 300 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (1:1), supplementation with 600 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (2:1), and supplementation with 900 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (3:1). A mixture of nitrogenous compounds provided 1/3 from true protein (casein) and 2/3 from non-protein nitrogen (mixture of urea and ammonium sulphate, 9:1) was used as the nitrogen supplement. In order to supply energy a unique source of corn starch was used. Results: Supplements increased (p<0.05) dry matter intake, but did not affect (p>0.05) forage intake. There was a cubic effect (p<0.05) of starch on voluntary intake. This was attributed to the highest forage intake (g/kg BW) when using the 2:1 starch:CP ratio. Supplements increased (p<0.05) organic matter (OM) digestibility, but did not affect (p>0.05) neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) digestibility. There was a positive linear effect (p<0.05) of the amount of starch supplemented on OM digestibility. Total NDFap digestibility was not affected (p>0.05) by the amount of supplemental starch. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in supplemented animals, however, a negative linear effect (p<0.05) of amount of starch was observed. Supplements increased (p<0.05) the nitrogen balance (NB) and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. These effects were attributed to increased body anabolism, supported by higher (p<0.05) serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1. Increasing the amount of starch tended (p<0.06) to linearly increase the NB. In spite of this, there was a highest NB value for the 2:1 starch:CP ratio amongst the treatments with supplementation. Conclusion: Nitrogen supplementation in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage increases nitrogen retention in the animal's body. An additional supply of starch increases nitrogen retention by increasing energy availability for both rumen and animal metabolism.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2017

유전자총을 이용한 형질전환 체계와 PPT (D-L-phosphinothricin) 선발을 통하여 나리 인편조직으로부터 형질전환 식물체가 획득되었다. 본 연구에서 나리 '레드플레임' 품종의 인편조직에 선발유전자로 제초제저항성 유전자인 bar 유전자 그리고 내염성과 내건성의 복합환경저항성을 나타내는 AtSIZ 유전자를 목적유전자로 가지고 있는 플라스미드를 금입자에 코팅해서 유전자총을 이용해서 형질전환 하였다. 이러한 형질전환 체계 확립을 위해 헬륨가스 압력은 1,100 psi, 금 입자크기는 $1.0{\mu}m$ 그리고 목적 절편체까지의 거리는 6 cm 그리고 유전자총 처리 24시간 전과 후에 0.2 M sorbitol과 0.2 M mannitol을 혼합해서 MS배지에 첨가한 프로토콜로부터 우수한 형질전환 결과를 나타내었다. 유전자총 발사 처리 후, 1주간 선발제로 사용되는 PPT가 없는 MS 배지로 이식하여 배양 후, PPT 10 mg/l이 첨가된 선발배지에서 4주 간격의 계대배양을 통해 8-12주간 선발과정을 거친다. PPT 선발 배지에서 생존한 신초가 형성된 형질전환 나리 인편 조직들을 호르몬이 없는 MS 배지로 다시 옮겨주면 발근 및 추가 생육이 이루어진다. 생존한 형질전환 나리 기내 소식물체들로부터 PCR 검정을 통해 선발유전자인 bar 유전자 그리고 목적유전자인 AtSIZ 유전자의 도입이 확인되었다. 결론적으로 100여개의 나리 인편조직을 본 연구에서 확립된 유전자총 실험프로토콜을 이용하면 대략적으로 형질전환 나리 17-18 개체를 획득할 수 있으며 본 연구에 기술된 유전자 총 매개 형질전환 체계는 추가적인 보완이 이루어지면, 향후 나리 육종 프로그램에 기여할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1314-1322
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment investigated the effect of dietary net energy (NE) concentrations on growth performance and NE intake of growing gilts. Methods: Five diets were formulated to contain 9.6, 10.1, 10.6, 11.1, and 11.6 MJ NE/kg, respectively. A metabolism trial with 10 growing pigs (average body weight [BW] = $15.9{\pm}0.24kg$) was conducted to determine NE concentrations of 5 diets based on French and Dutch NE systems in a $5{\times}5$ replicated Latin square design. A growth trial also was performed with five dietary treatments and 12 replicates per treatment using 60 growing gilts (average BW = $15.9{\pm}0.55kg$) for 28 days. A regression analysis was performed to predict daily NE intake from the BW of growing gilts. Results: Increasing NE concentrations of diets did not influence average daily gain and average daily feed intake of growing gilts. There was a quadratic relationship (p = 0.01) between dietary NE concentrations and feed efficiency (G:F), although the difference in G:F among treatment means was relatively small. Regression analysis revealed that daily NE intake was linearly associated with the BW of growing gilts. The prediction equations for NE intake with the BW of growing gilts were: NE intake (MJ/d) = $1.442+(0.562{\times}BW,kg)$, $R^2=0.796$ when French NE system was used, whereas NE intake (MJ/d) = $1.533+(0.614{\times}BW,kg)$, $R^2=0.810$ when Dutch NE system was used. Conclusion: Increasing NE concentrations of diets from 9.6 to 11.6 MJ NE/kg have little impacts on growth performance of growing gilts. Daily NE intake can be predicted from the BW between 15 and 40 kg in growing gilts.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2017

본 연구는 마이크로파 저온진공건조 기술을 이용하여 고효율 인삼개발을 하고자 하였다. 홍삼 제조 공정에서 증삼 후 $60-70^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 동안 건조하고 다시 $40^{\circ}C$에서 72시간동안 건조한 열풍 건조 홍삼과 증삼 후 마이크로파 저온진공건조기에서 900 watt, 2.45 MHz, 50 mmHg 조건으로 5시간동안 건조하고 다시 750 mmHg로 2시간동안 건조한 홍삼으로 조직 관찰, 관능평가, 진세노사이드 및 조사포닌 함량 변화 등을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 마이크로파 저온진공 홍삼은 색도가 밝은 색으로, 표면적은 다공성 조직으로 변화하였으며, 향미를 높이고 쓴 맛을 크게 감소시킴과 동시에 단 맛을 증가시켜 종합적인 선호도를 높였다. 또한, 단시간에 진세노사이드 $Rg_1$과 $Rb_1$ 함량을 열풍 건조 홍삼에 비해 1시간대에서 약 6배, 8배가 증가되었으나, $Rg_3$ 함량에서는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 마지막으로 조사포닌 함량은 10-20분대부터 크게 증가하여 이후 지속적으로 높은 함량이 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합해보면, 마이크로파 저온진공홍삼은 열풍 건조 홍삼에 비해 다공성 조직 변화를 통해 단시간에 진세노사이드 및 조사포닌에 대한 추출 수율을 높이고 향미와 식감을 개선시켜 홍삼에 대한 선호도를 높일 수 있음을 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1470-1476
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• 2016

Octacosanol, which has prominent physiological activities and functions, has been recognized as a potential growth promoter in animals. A total of 392 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks with similar body weight were randomly distributed into four dietary groups of seven replicates with 14 birds each supplemented with 0, 12, 24, or 36 mg octacosanol (extracted from rice bran, purity >92%)/kg feed. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks and was divided into the starter (day 1 to 21) and the grower (day 22 to 42) phases. The results showed that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved in broilers fed a diet containing 24 mg/kg octacosanol compared with those fed the control diet in the overall phase (day 1 to 42, p = 0.042). The average daily gain and FCR both showed linear effects in response to dietary supplementation of octacosanol during the overall phase (p = 0.031 and 0.018, respectively). Broilers fed with 24 or 36 mg/kg octacosanol diet showed a higher eviscerated yield, which increased by 5.88% and 4.26% respectively, than those fed the control diet (p = 0.030). The breast muscle yield of broilers fed with 24 mg/kg octacosanol diet increased significantly by 12.15% compared with those fed the control diet (p = 0.047). Eviscerated and breast muscle yield increased linearly with the increase in dietary octacosanol supplementation (p = 0.013 and 0.021, respectively). Broilers fed with 24 or 36 mg/kg octacosanol diet had a greater (p = 0.021) $pH_{45min}$ value in the breast muscle, which was maintained linearly in response to dietary octacosanol supplementation (p = 0.003). There was a significant decrease (p = 0.007) in drip loss value between the octacosanol-added and the control groups. The drip loss showed linear (p = 0.004) and quadratic (p = 0.041) responses with dietary supplementation of octacosanol. These studies indicate that octacosanol is a potentially effective and safe feed additive which may improve feed efficiency and meat quality, and increase eviscerated and breast muscle yield, in broiler chicks. Dietary supplementation of octacosanol at 24 mg/kg diet is regarded as the recommended dosage in the broilers' diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.970-973
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• 2001

An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of feeding concentrate mixtures varying in bypass protein levels with urea-treated or untreated grass on the performance of twelve Red Kandhari calves (14 months of age and 78.15 kg body weight) for a period of 75 days. Dry grass was treated with 4 percent urea solution and ensiled for 30 days. The CP ($N{\times}6.25$) content in urea treated grass increased from 3.96 to 8.89 percent. Two iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrate mixtures (CM-I and CM-II) varying in RDP to UDP ratio viz., 65:35 and 55.45 were prepared. The calves in control group ($T_1$) were fed concentrate mixture-I with ad libitum untreated dry grass and those in experimental group ($T_2$) were fed concentrate mixture-II with ad libitum urea treated dry grass. The dry matter consumption in group $T_2$ was significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to group $T_1$. The total DMI in $T_1$ and $T_2$ was 146.92 and 166.95 kg respectively, whereas the DMI per day and per 100 kg body weight was 1.94 and 2.22 and 1.90 and 2.35 kg, respectively. The average total gain in body weight (kg) and average daily gain (g) of calves in $T_2$ was significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to those in $T_1$ the values being 28.66, 18.33 and 382.16, 244.44, respectively. Feed efficiency in terms of kg DM per kg gain in body weight was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group $T_1$ than in $T_2$. The cost of feed per kg gain in body weight for $T_2$ and $T_1$ group was Rs. 21.14, 28.22, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NDF and ADF were 59.60, 57.50, 53.00, 65.04, 45.82, 48.48, 52.48 and 55.73 for $T_1$ group. The coressponding values were 68.78, 67.80, 59.83, 71.41, 49.93, 53.37 and 57.81, respectively for $T_2$ group. The digestibility coefficients for all the proximate principles in $T_2$ were significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to $T_1$. However, NDF and ADF digestibilities were not significantly different. Nutritive value determined in terms of DCP and TDN for The experimental ration was significantly (p<0.01) higher than control ration, the values being 7.32 and 47.34 and 9.39 and 52.40% respectively. The blood urea nitrogen levels at 0, 3 and 6 h interval after feeding were significantly (p<0.01) lower in calves fed experiment ration as compared to control. The overall results indicated that in Red Kandhari calves an optimum growth can be economically achieved by feeding 4 percent urea treated dry and mature grass as basal roughage supplemented with a concentrate mixture containing 20 percent CP, 70% TDN and 45% UDP/bypass protein.