• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.154-161
• /
• 2015

A novel process has successfully been developed by overcoming major difficulties through the elimination of number of process steps involved in the Classical Transesterification reaction during the preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl/Ethyl Ester (FAME.FAEE) called biodiesel. The Classical process with cost intensive process steps such as the utilization of excess alcohol, needing downstream distillation for the recovery and reutilization of excess alcohol/cosolvent, unrecoverable homogenous catalyst which consumes vast quantity of fresh distilled water during the purification of the product and downstream waste water treatment before its safe disposal to the surface water body. The Novel Process FAME/FAEE is produced from any vegetable oil irrespective of edible or inedible variety using sonication energy. The novelty of the finding is the use of only theoretical quantity of alcohol along with a co-solvent and reduced quantity of homogeneous catalyst. Under this condition neither the homogeneous catalyst goes to the FAME layer nor is the distillation needed. The same ester also has been prepared in high pressure high temperature reactor without using catalyst at sub critical temperature. The quality of prepared biodiesel without involving any purification step meets the ASTM standards. Blended Biodiesel with Common Diesel Fuel (CDF) and FAME is prepared, characterized and used as fuel in the Kirloskar make CI Engines. The evaluation of the engine performance result of pure CDF, B05 biodiesel, B10 biodiesel of all types of biodiesel prepared by using the feedstock of Soybean (Glycine max) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnate) oil along with their mixed oil provides useful information such as brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, etc, and established it as ideal fuel for unmodified CI engine.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 2012

Classification of human thought is an emerging research field that may allow us to understand human brain functions and further develop advanced brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. In the present study, we introduce a new approach to classify various mental states from noninvasive electrophysiological recordings of human brain activity. We utilized the full spatial and spectral information contained in the electroencephalography (EEG) signals recorded while a subject is performing a specific mental task. For this, the EEG data were converted into a 2D spatiospectral pattern map, of which each element was filled with 1, 0, and -1 reflecting the degrees of event-related synchronization (ERS) and event-related desynchronization (ERD). We evaluated the similarity between a current (input) 2D pattern map and the template pattern maps (database), by taking the inner-product of pattern matrices. Then, the current 2D pattern map was assigned to a class that demonstrated the highest similarity value. For the verification of our approach, eight participants took part in the present study; their EEG data were recorded while they performed four different cognitive imagery tasks. Consistent ERS/ERD patterns were observed more frequently between trials in the same class than those in different classes, indicating that these spatiospectral pattern maps could be used to classify different mental states. The classification accuracy was evaluated for each participant from both the proposed approach and a conventional mental state classification method based on the inter-hemispheric spectral power asymmetry, using the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). An average accuracy of 68.13% (${\pm}9.64%$) was attained for the proposed method; whereas an average accuracy of 57% (${\pm}5.68%$) was attained for the conventional method (significance was assessed by the one-tail paired $t$-test, $p$ < 0.01), showing that the proposed simple classification approach might be one of the promising methods in discriminating various mental states.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.166-174
• /
• 2012

Introduction: After 17 years since the first production of humidifier disinfectants in Korea, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) announced that the odds ratio of lung injury related with humidifier disinfectant usage was 47.3 (95% confidence interval 6.0-369.7) according to a case-control study with 18 adult cases, including 8 pregnant women at a university hospital in Seoul. Results: From September 2011 to April 2012, one-hundred and seventy four victim cases have been reported to an environmental non-governmental group (NGO). We summarized timetable of humidifier disinfectants accidents, analyzed health outcomes (death, lung or lung and heart transplantation, pulmonary disease) of reported victims, and classified some information for humidifier disinfectants with health outcomes, and government action for this accident. Among the victims, number of death cases are 52 (30.0%), including 26 babies less than 3 years old. Sixty-nine victims come from twenty-seven family with 2 to 4 members per family. About twenty types of humidifier disinfectant products and about 600,000 product items a year have been sold. Fifty-two death cases used 7 different types of disinfectant products, including imported goods and some private brands of well-known supermarkets. KCDC confirmed inhalation toxicity of 6 products through an animal experimental test, and based on this observation recalled disinfectants containing PHMG (polyhexamethylene guanidine) and PGH (Oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride). Discussions: The use of these biocides involved highly fatal consequences among biologically vulnerable victims, such as pregnant women, several family member victims after semi-acute exposure. This is the first biocide disaster in Korea with non-specific targets, and unknown scale of victims, warranting concerns on use of biocides in the living environment. Conclusions: Special administrative agency for chemical safety and compensation act for environmental health victims are needed to prevent similar problems.

• Journal of KIISE
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.596-605
• /
• 2016

Since the Denial of Service Attack against multiple targets in the Korean network in private and public sectors in 2009, Korea has spent a great amount of its budget to build strong Internet infrastructure against DDoS attacks. As a result of the investments, many major governments and corporations installed dedicated DDoS defense systems. However, even organizations equipped with the product based defense system often showed incompetency in dealing with DDoS attacks with little variations from known attack types. In contrast, by following a capacity centric DDoS detection method, defense personnel can identify various types of DDoS attacks and abnormality of the system through checking availability of service resources, regardless of the types of specific attack techniques. Thus, the defense personnel can easily derive proper response methods according to the attacks. Deviating from the existing DDoS defense framework, this research study introduces a capacity centric DDoS detection methodology and provides methods to mitigate DDoS attacks by applying the methodology.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.49-59
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this research is to study the semantic characteristics of men's cosmetics brand names by analyzing 51 brand names in the domestic market, so as to find ways to develop strategic brand names. In order to investigate this area, the study looked at the Interbrand Company's Name Spectrum, and the results are as follows. The men's cosmetics brand names turned out to be freestanding brand names, descriptive brand names, and associative brand names, in that order. The freestanding brand names were found to be the initial combinations of the words that have the desired benefits in the concepts of the pertinent brands; in other words, coined brand names that were made by synthesizing words such as nice men, naturalism, eco-friendly plant-derived materials and ideal skin. Associative brand names are generally used to express the effect of enhancing brand awareness by considering the phonetic image of the word or prompting a masculine and favorable image. Descriptive brand names use language symbols such as men, homme, man, monsieur and gentle to represent specific business and product categories for men, and also use stem, plant, flower, skin, beauty, moisturizing, tosowoong and so on to provide the properties and beneficial information related to the products. In conclusion, the men's cosmetics brand names embody an important factor that symbolizes the concepts, functions or features of the brand, and there is a need for men's cosmetic brands to develop more unique and distinctive brand names to promote their brand names as constitutional factors that can build brand power and strengthen brand image.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.109-124
• /
• 2018

This study focused on the accessory of clothes of minority groups in Yunnan province to further the research about specific accessories' development in the future. Among the minorities in Yunnan, this study centralized characteristics of ornaments, hats and belts among five minority groups such as the Bai, Zhuang, Hani, Dai, and the Zang as representatives to study in detail because these five ethnicities have a relatively long history and plentiful information. The results are as follows: First, exaggeration means large gorgeous patterns that attract attention. Generally, there are many natural resources that can be used in places where these minority groups live such as gems, gold, silver shells and animals' horns, bone, teeth and the like. Headdress includes combs, loops, hairpins and other similar articles. Second, nature is a very fundamental part that people rely on for existence and development. The production and living that people need in life all depend on nature. The design of accessories is made from animal forms and patterns of clothes are presented through embroidery and wax printing. Designers always tried to add natural elements to their works. Third, symbolism consists of two aspects: One is the people's imagination, which related to actual materials, and the other is the product of imagination that provides better conditions to inspire people when they design. In China, most minority groups believe in Buddhism. The symbols in the clothing show their devout faith. Even the method of wear has many special implications like the use of accessories and length of clothing. The pattern of dragons and use of golden, red and other colors all have a proper symbolic significance in modern designs.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.151-168
• /
• 2015

Shippers face uncertainty and risks until the delivery of goods to the buyer (importer). To avoid these uncertainty and risks, shippers use the abroad logistics center and then try to construct continuous contract relations. From this viewpoint, this study examines the motivations of shippers to take advantage of the logistics center and perception difference for service quality according to the characteristics of shippers. For this purpose, T-test and ANOVA analyses are conducted using SPSS 21.0. The results suggest the following implications. First, there are no differences in perception regarding the motivation to take advantage of the logistics center for the size and characteristics of products. Second, the main motivating factors are maneuver to competitors and meeting buyers' demands by using the abroad logistics center. Furthermore, there is the level of perception for service quality regarding packaging and labeling in the logistics center. In contrast, the problem process and the quality of the order progress information is higher. Finally, specific logistics services are required depending on individual products because each product's characteristics are different.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.103-115
• /
• 2001

This paper proposes the two algorithms which generate a minimal decision rule and approximate inference operation, adapted the rough set and the factor space theory in fuzzy knowledge base. The generation of the minimal decision rule is executed by the data classification technique and reduct applying the correlation analysis and the Bayesian theorem related attribute factors. To retrieve the specific object, this paper proposes the approximate inference method defining the membership function and the combination operation of t-norm in the minimal knowledge base composed of decision rule. We compare the suggested algorithms with the other retrieval theories such as possibility theory, factor space theory, Max-Min, Max-product and Max-average composition operations through the simulation generating the object numbers and the attribute values randomly as the memory size grows. With the result of the comparison, we prove that the suggested algorithm technique is faster than the previous ones to retrieve the object in access time.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.59-63
• /
• 2008

A theoretical model was developed to describe the flow behavior of a filled polymer in the packing stage of reaction injection molding and predict the residual stress distribution of thin injection-molded parts. The model predictions were compared with experiments performed for phenol-formaldehyde resin filled with wood dust and cured by urotropine. The packing stage of reaction injection molding process presents a typical example of complex non-isothermal flow combined with chemical reaction. It is shown that the time evolution of pressure distribution along the mold cavity that determines the residual stress in the final product can be described by a single 1D partial differential equation (PDE) if the rheological behavior of reacting liquid is simplistically described by the power-law approach with some approximations made for describing cure reaction and non-isothermality. In the formulation, the dimensionless time variable is defined in such a way that it includes all necessary information on the cure reaction history. Employing the routine separation of variables made possible to obtain the analytical solution for the nonlinear PDE under specific initial condition. It is shown that direct numerical solution of the PDE exactly coincides with the analytical solution. With the use of the power-law approximation that describes highly shear thinning behavior, the theoretical calculations significantly deviate from the experimental data. Bearing in mind that in the packing stage the flow is extremely slow, we employed in our theory the Newtonian law for flow of reacting liquid and described well enough the experimental data on evolution of pressure.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.651-656
• /
• 2009

The formation of ${\beta}$-amyloid peptide ($A{\beta}$) is initiated from cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by a family of protease, ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, and ${\gamma}$-secretase. Sub W, a substrate peptide, consists of 10 amino acids, which are adjacent to the ${\beta}$-cleavage site of wild-type APP, and Sub M is Swedish mutant with double mutations on the left side of the ${\beta}$-cleavage site of APP. Sub W is a normal product of the metabolism of APP in the secretary pathway. Sub M is known to increase the efficiency of ${\beta}$-secretase activity, resulting in a more specific binding model compared to Sub W. Three-dimensional structures of Sub W and Sub M were studied by CD and NMR spectroscopy in water solution. On the basis of these structures, interaction models of ${\beta}$-secretase and substrate peptides were determined by molecular dynamics simulation. Four hydrogen bonds and one water-mediated interaction were formed in the docking models. In particular, the hydrogen bonding network of Sub M-BACE formed spread over the broad region of the active site of ${\beta}$-secretase (P5-P3'), and the side chain of P2- Asn formed a hydrogen bond specifically with the side chain of Arg235. These are more favorable to the cleavage of Sub M by ${\beta}$-secretase than Sub W. The two substrate peptides showed different tendency to bind to ${\beta}$-secretase and this information may useful for drug development to treat and prevent Alzheimer's disease.