• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2014

This paper considers a reverse supply chain with simultaneous recovery of used products and manufacturing of brand-new ones. Recovered products are downgraded and have to be sold in a market different from that of brand-new products at a different price. In case of a shortage of recovered product inventory, a brand-new item, if available, can be offered at the price of a recovered product. In other words, one-way demand substitution is allowed. We address the joint decision of when to manufacture brand-new product, when to recover returned product, and how to control demand substitution to maximize the hybrid production system's profits. To this end, we propose a Markov decision Process model and investigate the structure of the optimal policy. Performance comparison is numerically implemented between the models with and without downward demand substitution option under different operating conditions of the system parameters.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

Yield management, which originated from the U.S. service industry, uses pricing techniques and information systems to make demand management decisions. Demand uncertainty is an important factor in the area of demand management. A key strategy to reduce the effects of demand uncertainty is substitution. The most generally known type of substitution is inventory-driven substitution, in which consumers substitute an out-of-stock product by buying a similar or other type of product. Another type of substitution is the price-driven substitution, which occurs as a result of price changes. In this research, we consider two market segments that have unique perishable products. We develop yield management optimization models with stochastic demand based on the newsvendor model where inventory-driven and price-driven substitutions are allowed between products in the two market segments. The most significant contribution of this research is that it develops analytical procedures to determine optimal solutions and considers both types of substitution. We also provide detailed theoretical analysis and numerical examples.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.29-64
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• 2011

상품의 이용가능성은 소비자 욕구를 충족시킬 수 있는 중요한 점포 능력 중의 하나이다. 그러나 구매하고자 하는 상품이 없는 품절(stockouts)상황이 발생했을때 소비자는 구매의사 결정의 어려움에 직면하고 이러한 어려움은 소비자의 부정적인 반응, 예컨대 점포에 대한 불만족을 야기한다. 본 연구에서는 상품의 이용가능성 상설, 즉 품절상황에서의 소비자 대체선택행동을 이끌어 내는 결정요인들을 파악하여, 이러한 변수들이 품절에 대한 소비자반응과 행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 규명하고자 한다. 세부적으로 본 연구에서는 기존 연구들과 달리 구매환경의 상황적인 특성(예: 구매 긴급성, 당황정도), 점포 특성(예: 상품구색, 매장편의성), 소비자 특성(예: 브랜드애호도, 점포애호도) 등에 초점을 맞추어 이러한 요인들이 품절시 소비자반응(상품대체, 구매연기, 점포전환 등의 대체선택행동)에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 밝히는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 선행연구에 비해 상품구색, 전반적인 점포 가격 이미지 등의 점포특성 변수들을 추가적으로 고려하여 분석하였다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 대형할인마트, 슈퍼마켓 등의 다양한 소매업태에서 품절상황을 경험하고 나오는 353명의 소비자들로부터 자료를 수집하여 다항로짓분석(multinomial logit analysis)을 이용하여 연구모형과 연구가설을 검증하였다. 소비자 선택행동에 대한 MNL 모델 추정결과 품절상황에서 상품대체, 구매연기, 점포전환 행동에 대해 구매의 긴급성, 당황 정도, 구매량, 사전 계획구매, 상품구색, 전반적 점포가격 이미지, 브랜드애호도, 점포애호도 요인들이 소비자 선택행동에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 품절상황시 소비자의 점포 내 상품대체행동을 이끄는 결정요인으로 구매의 긴급성, 당황정도, 구매량, 사전 계획구매, 상품구색의 다양성, 저렴한 점포가격이미지, 브랜드애호도, 점포애호도 등이 유의하였으며, 구매연기를 유도하는 결정요인으로 구매의 긴급성, 구매량, 브랜드애호도 등으로 판명되었다. 품절시 소비자가 다른 점포로 전환하게 하는 요인은 구매의 긴급성, 구매량, 사전 계획구매, 상품구색의 다양성, 저렴한 점포가격이미지, 브랜드애호도, 점포애호도 등으로 파악되었다. 마지막으로 품절시 점포 편의성과 판매원 서비스 요인들은 소비자 대체 행동에 유의한 영향을 주지 못하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1208-1254
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• 2002

Photoreaction of N-(o-halophenyl)acetamide in basic acetonitrile produces an intramolecular substituted product, 2-methylbenzoxazole in addition to reduced product, acetanilide, whereas photoreaction of N-(o-halobenzyl) acetamide affords a reduced product, N-benzylacetamide only. On the basis of preparative reaction, kinetics, and UV/vis absorption behavior, an electrophilic aromatic substitution of aryl halide with oxygen of its amide bond are proposed.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.99-104
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• 2001

Slag product has the possibility as alternative aggregate and sand under the circumstance of natural resource shortage. Copper slag is the by-product produced in process of copper industry. Recycling the slag in construction industry could give positive effects on the environmental preservation. This study presents that the fundamental properties of high strength concrete which used copper slag as alternative sand. Testing factors are concrete's slump, bleeding, air contents and compressive strength. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Mixing of W/C 30%, substitution rate 25% shows the best slump. As substitution rates are going up, concrete slump is uprising and air contents are downsizing. (2) The bleeding of concrete becomes more serious as substitution rates are going up. (3) The best compressive strength of copper slag concrete is achieved in mixing of W/C 30%, substitution rate 25%.

• 약학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.382-386
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• 1996

The compound of the 6,7-dichloroquinoline-5,8-dione has two asymmetric chloro radicals at the position of the C6 and C7. When the compound reacts with ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide, it is considered that C6 and/or C7 position of the compound can be substitued. The exact substitued position of the product (I) could not be identified by the NMR analysis in our experiment. Therefore, we synthesized the 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-1-N-propyl pyridino(2,3f)indole-4,9-dione by reaction of the product (I) with propylamine via intramolecular cyclization to identify the substitued position of the product (I) using the X-ray crystallographic structure analysis. The result demonstrates that the position of nucleophilic substitution of the product (I) is at the position of the C6.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2014

Due to their accessibility and 24-hr availability, convenience stores are an integral part of daily lives. Because they sell a limited number of products and have small shelf space, shelf space allocation and inventory replenishment are important considerations for inventory management that critically affect profit. In this paper, we propose five solutions for the vendor-managed inventory problem of convenience stores that maximize profit while considering stock-out-based product substitutions. The performance of the proposed solutions is evaluated via simulation to reflect the demand uncertainty and marketing activity.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.113-127
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• 1993

In this study, a substitution model of the evolutionary generations of technological products is presented. The purpose of the model is to examine the demand side mechanisms which generate successive product life cycles along the path of technological improvements. In the model, the nature of substitution processes is summarized dto the demand function which is derived from the consumer's udtility maximization problem. To describe the nature of technological substitution processes, the concept of the vertical differentiation and the consumption externalities are considered in the utility function. The former is used to characterize the result of technological improvement and the latter is used in explaining the inertia of demand. To show the validity of the model, an empirical study is carried out using the data of the world DRAM market.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1984

Alachlor의 토양중 분해산물인 2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide(분해산물 1)와 2-hydroxy-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethrl) acetanilide (분해산물 2)를 합성하였다. 분해산물 1은 실온에서 아연분말 존재하에 alachlor를 3N-염산과 반응시켜서 얻었고 분해산물 2는 alachlor를 중탄산소다의 포화용액과 $90^{\circ}C$에서 78시간 반응시켜 합성하였다. 분해산물 2는 $5{\times}10^{-4}M$와 $1{\times}10^{-3}M$의 농도에서 특히 어린벼에 alachlor와 거의 같은 독성을 보인 반면 분해산물 1은 그 약효를 상실하였다. 따라서 alachlor 구조중의 염소원자를 수산기로 치환해도 alachlor의 식물독성은 별 영향을 받지 않으나 수소원자로 치환할 경우는 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 1995

Photoreactions of pseudosaccharin ethers have been investigated. Pseudosaccharin 3-allyl ether undergoes a facile photoreaction via reaction pathways involving homolysis of bond between pseudosaccharyl oxygen and 3-allyl carbon, and excited nucleophilic substitution of allyloxy group by solvent which are not quenched by oxygen present in the reaction. Product yield demonstrates that the homolysis pathway predominates over the nucleophilic substitution in ca. 7:1 ratio. In contrast, pseudosaccharin alkyl ethers follow different reaction routes to produce two products, solvent-substituted pseudosaccharin alkyl ethers and reduction products, 3-alkoxy-1, 2-benzisothiazoles. The formations of reduction products, 3-alkoxy-1, 2-benzisothiazoles are completely quenched by oxygen.