• Title/Summary/Keyword: Product Substitution

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Managing Inventories of Brand-New and Recovered Products in a Reverse Supply Chain with Downward Demand Substitution (하방 수요 대체가 허용되는 역공급망에서 신제품 및 재생제품 재고 관리)

  • Kim, Eungab
    • Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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    • v.39 no.2
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    • pp.97-109
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    • 2014
  • This paper considers a reverse supply chain with simultaneous recovery of used products and manufacturing of brand-new ones. Recovered products are downgraded and have to be sold in a market different from that of brand-new products at a different price. In case of a shortage of recovered product inventory, a brand-new item, if available, can be offered at the price of a recovered product. In other words, one-way demand substitution is allowed. We address the joint decision of when to manufacture brand-new product, when to recover returned product, and how to control demand substitution to maximize the hybrid production system's profits. To this end, we propose a Markov decision Process model and investigate the structure of the optimal policy. Performance comparison is numerically implemented between the models with and without downward demand substitution option under different operating conditions of the system parameters.

Yield Management Models for Two Substitutable Products (두 대체품에 대한 수익관리 모형 연구)

  • Kim, Sang-Won
    • Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2016
  • Yield management, which originated from the U.S. service industry, uses pricing techniques and information systems to make demand management decisions. Demand uncertainty is an important factor in the area of demand management. A key strategy to reduce the effects of demand uncertainty is substitution. The most generally known type of substitution is inventory-driven substitution, in which consumers substitute an out-of-stock product by buying a similar or other type of product. Another type of substitution is the price-driven substitution, which occurs as a result of price changes. In this research, we consider two market segments that have unique perishable products. We develop yield management optimization models with stochastic demand based on the newsvendor model where inventory-driven and price-driven substitutions are allowed between products in the two market segments. The most significant contribution of this research is that it develops analytical procedures to determine optimal solutions and considers both types of substitution. We also provide detailed theoretical analysis and numerical examples.

Determinants of Consumer Responses to Retail Out-of-Stocks (점포내 품절상황에서 소비자 반응행동유형별 결정요인)

  • Chun, Dal-Young;Choi, Jong-Rae;Joo, Young-Jin
    • Journal of Distribution Research
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.29-64
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    • 2011
  • Overview of Research: Product availability is one of important competences of store to fulfill consumer needs. If stock-outs which means a product what consumer wants to buy is not available occurs, consumer will face decision-making uncertainty that leads to consumer's negative responses such as consumer dissatisfaction on store. Stockouts was much studied in the field of academia as well as practice in other countries. However, stock-outs has not been researched at all in Marketing and/or Distribution area in Korea. The main objectives of this study are to find out determinants of consumer responses such as Substitute, Delay, and Leave(SDL) when consumer encounters out-of-stock situation and then to examine the effects of these factors on consumer responses. Specifically, this study focuses on situational characteristics(e.g., purchase urgency and surprise), store characteristics (e.g., product assortment and store convenience), and consumer characteristics (e.g., brand loyalty and store loyalty). Then, this study empirically investigates relationships these factors with consumers behaviors such as product substitution, purchase delay, and store switching.

    shows the research model of this study. To accomplish above-mentioned research objectives, the following ten hypotheses were proposed and verified : ${\bullet}$ H 1 : When out-of-stock situation occurs, purchase urgency will increase product substitution but will decrease purchase delay and store switching among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 2 When out-of-stock situation occurs, surprise will decrease product substitution and purchase delay but will Increase store switching among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 3 : When out-of-stock situation occurs, purchase quantities will increase product substitution and store switching but will decrease purchase delay among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 4 : When out-of-stock situation occurs, pre-purchase plan will decrease product substitution but will increase purchase delay and store switching among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 5 : When out-of-stock situation occurs, product assortment will increase product substitution but will decrease purchase delay and store switching among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 6 : When out-of-stock situation occurs, competitive store price image will increase product substitution and purchase delay but will decrease store switching among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 7 : When out-of-stock situation occurs, store convenience will increase product substitution but will decrease purchase delay and store switching among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 8 : When out-of-stock situation occurs, salesperson services will increase product substitution but will decrease purchase delay and store switching among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 9 : When out-of-stock situation occurs, brand loyalty will decrease product substitution but will increase purchase delay and store switching among consumer responses. ${\bullet}$ H 10 When out-of-stock situation occurs, store loyalty will increase product substitution and purchase delay but will decrease store switching among consumer responses. Analysis: Data were collected from 353 respondents who experienced out-of-stock situations in various store types such as large discount stores, supermarkets, etc. Research model and hypotheses were verified using multinomial logit(MNL) analysis. Results and Implications: is the estimation results of l\1NL model, and
    shows the marginal effects for each determinant to consumer's responses(SDL). Significant statistical results were as follows. Purchase urgency, purchase quantities, pre-purchase plan, product assortment, store price image, brand loyalty, and store loyalty were turned out to be significant determinants to influence consumer alternative behaviors in case of out-of-stock situation. Specifically, first, product substitution behavior was triggered by purchase urgency, surprise, purchase quantities, pre-purchase plan, product assortment, store price image, brand loyalty, and store loyalty. Second, purchase delay behavior was led by purchase urgency, purchase quantities, and brand loyalty. Third, store switching behavior was influenced by purchase urgency, purchase quantities, pre-purchase plan, product assortment, store price image, brand loyalty, and store loyalty. Finally, when out-of-stock situation occurs, store convenience and salesperson service did not have significant effects on consumer alternative responses.

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  • Photoinduced Intramolecular Substitution Reaction of Aryl Halide with Carbonyl Oxygen of Anide Group

    • Park, Yeong-Tae;Song, Myong-Geun;Kim, Moon-Sub;Kwon, Jeong-Hee
      • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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      • v.23 no.9
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      • pp.1208-1254
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      • 2002
    • Photoreaction of N-(o-halophenyl)acetamide in basic acetonitrile produces an intramolecular substituted product, 2-methylbenzoxazole in addition to reduced product, acetanilide, whereas photoreaction of N-(o-halobenzyl) acetamide affords a reduced product, N-benzylacetamide only. On the basis of preparative reaction, kinetics, and UV/vis absorption behavior, an electrophilic aromatic substitution of aryl halide with oxygen of its amide bond are proposed.

    The Study on the Property of High Strength Concrete Used Copper Slag (동제련 슬래그 잔골재를 이용한 고강도 콘크리트의 물성에 관한 연구)

    • 박정우;김상미;강태경;백민수;임남기;정상진
      • Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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      • 2001.11a
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      • pp.99-104
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      • 2001
    • Slag product has the possibility as alternative aggregate and sand under the circumstance of natural resource shortage. Copper slag is the by-product produced in process of copper industry. Recycling the slag in construction industry could give positive effects on the environmental preservation. This study presents that the fundamental properties of high strength concrete which used copper slag as alternative sand. Testing factors are concrete's slump, bleeding, air contents and compressive strength. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Mixing of W/C 30%, substitution rate 25% shows the best slump. As substitution rates are going up, concrete slump is uprising and air contents are downsizing. (2) The bleeding of concrete becomes more serious as substitution rates are going up. (3) The best compressive strength of copper slag concrete is achieved in mixing of W/C 30%, substitution rate 25%.

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    Nucleophilic Substitution of 6,7-Dichloroquinoline-5,8-dione by X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis (X-Ray 단결정체 분석에 의한 6,7-디클로로퀴놀린-5,8-디온의 친핵치환반응)

    • Seo, Myeong-Eun;George, Clifford
      • YAKHAK HOEJI
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      • v.40 no.4
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      • pp.382-386
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      • 1996
    • The compound of the 6,7-dichloroquinoline-5,8-dione has two asymmetric chloro radicals at the position of the C6 and C7. When the compound reacts with ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide, it is considered that C6 and/or C7 position of the compound can be substitued. The exact substitued position of the product (I) could not be identified by the NMR analysis in our experiment. Therefore, we synthesized the 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-1-N-propyl pyridino(2,3f)indole-4,9-dione by reaction of the product (I) with propylamine via intramolecular cyclization to identify the substitued position of the product (I) using the X-ray crystallographic structure analysis. The result demonstrates that the position of nucleophilic substitution of the product (I) is at the position of the C6.

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    Solutions for the Shelf Space Allocation and Inventory Replenishment of Convenience Stores with Product Substitution (제품대체를 고려한 편의점의 진열공간 할당과 재고보충을 위한 해법)

    • Yoon, Sung-Joon;Park, Yang-Byung
      • Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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      • v.37 no.1
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      • pp.141-150
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      • 2014
    • Due to their accessibility and 24-hr availability, convenience stores are an integral part of daily lives. Because they sell a limited number of products and have small shelf space, shelf space allocation and inventory replenishment are important considerations for inventory management that critically affect profit. In this paper, we propose five solutions for the vendor-managed inventory problem of convenience stores that maximize profit while considering stock-out-based product substitutions. The performance of the proposed solutions is evaluated via simulation to reflect the demand uncertainty and marketing activity.

    A Substitution Model of the Evolutionary Generations of Technological Products (기술적 진화재의 대체모형)

    • 임종인;오형식
      • Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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      • v.18 no.3
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      • pp.113-127
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      • 1993
    • In this study, a substitution model of the evolutionary generations of technological products is presented. The purpose of the model is to examine the demand side mechanisms which generate successive product life cycles along the path of technological improvements. In the model, the nature of substitution processes is summarized dto the demand function which is derived from the consumer's udtility maximization problem. To describe the nature of technological substitution processes, the concept of the vertical differentiation and the consumption externalities are considered in the utility function. The former is used to characterize the result of technological improvement and the latter is used in explaining the inertia of demand. To show the validity of the model, an empirical study is carried out using the data of the world DRAM market.

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    Degradation of the Herbicide Alachlor by Soil Microorganisms II. Synthesis and Phytotoxicity of Major Degradation Products (제초제 Alachlor 의 토양미생물에 의한 분해 II. 주요 분해산물의 합성과 식물독성)

    • Lee, Jae-Koo
      • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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      • v.3 no.1
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      • pp.1-9
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      • 1984
    • Two of the degradation products of alachlor in soil. product 1, 2,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide and product 2,2-hydroxy-2',6'-diethyl-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide were synthesized from alachlor reacting with 3N-hydrochloric acid in the presence of zinc powder at room temperature and a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution at $90^{\circ}C$ for 78 hr, respectively. At the concentrations of both $5{\times}10^{-4}M\;and\;1{\times}10^{-3}M$, product 2 exhibited almost the same phytotoxicity to rice seedlings, in particular, as alachlor, whereas product 1 lost its phytotoxic effectiveness. It seems that substitution of chlorine atom by hydroxyl group did not affect the phytotoxicity of alachlor, whereas substitution by hydrogen atom did.

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    PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF PSEUDOSACCHARIN 3-ALLYL ETHER (PROBENAZOLE) AND ITS ALKYL ETHER

    • Yoon, Ung-Chan
      • Journal of Photoscience
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      • v.2 no.2
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      • pp.77-81
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      • 1995
    • Photoreactions of pseudosaccharin ethers have been investigated. Pseudosaccharin 3-allyl ether undergoes a facile photoreaction via reaction pathways involving homolysis of bond between pseudosaccharyl oxygen and 3-allyl carbon, and excited nucleophilic substitution of allyloxy group by solvent which are not quenched by oxygen present in the reaction. Product yield demonstrates that the homolysis pathway predominates over the nucleophilic substitution in ca. 7:1 ratio. In contrast, pseudosaccharin alkyl ethers follow different reaction routes to produce two products, solvent-substituted pseudosaccharin alkyl ethers and reduction products, 3-alkoxy-1, 2-benzisothiazoles. The formations of reduction products, 3-alkoxy-1, 2-benzisothiazoles are completely quenched by oxygen.

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