• Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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• v.491 no.3
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• pp.4045-4056
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• 2020

We examine whether galaxy environments directly affect triggering nuclear activity in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) local spiral galaxies using a volume-limited sample with the r-band absolute magnitude M_r < -19.0 and 0.02 <z< 0.055 selected from the SDSS Data Release 7. To avoid incompleteness of the central velocity dispersion σ of the volume-limited sample and to fix the black hole mass affecting AGN activity, we limit the sample to a narrow σ range of 130 km s^-1 <σ< 200 km s^-1. We define a variety of environments as a combination of neighbour interactions and local density on a galaxy. After the central star formation rate (which is closely related to AGN activity level) is additionally restricted, the direct impact of the environment is unveiled. In the outskirts of rich clusters, red spiral galaxies show a significant excess of the AGN fraction despite the lack of central gas. We argue that they have been pre-processed before entering the rich clusters, and due to mergers or strong encounters in the in-fall region, their remaining gases efficiently lose angular momentum. We investigate an environment in which many star-forming galaxies coexist with a few starburst-AGN composite hosts having the highest [O_III] luminosity. We claim that they are a gas-rich merger product in groups or are group galaxies in-falling into clusters, indicating that many AGN signatures may be obscured following the merger events.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.227-251
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• 2012

This study analyzed Woori Investment and Securities' industry-leading marketing from both a brand management and a marketing decision-making perspective. By executing a different marketing strategy from its competitors, Woori Investment and Securities recognized recent changes in the asset management and investment markets as an open opportunity, and quickly responded to the market changes. First, the company launched the octo brand as a multi-account product, two years before its competitors offered their own products. In particular, it created a differentiated brand image, using the blue octopus character, which became familiar to the general financial community, and was consistently employed as part of an integrated marketing communications strategy. Second, it executed a brand expansion strategy by sub-branding octo in a variety of new financial products, responding to rapid changes in the domestic financial and asset management markets. Through this strategic evolution, the octo brand became a successful wealth management brand and representative of Woori Investment & Securities. Third, it has converged market research, demand and trend analysis, and customer needs acquired through various customer contact channels into a marketing perspective. Thus, marketing has participated in the product development stage, a rarity in the finance industry. Woori Investment and Securities has a leading marketing system. The heart of the successful product creation lies in a collaboration of their customer bases among the finance companies in the Woori Financial Group. The present study suggested a corresponding strategy for octo brand, which is expected to enter into the maturity stage of its product life cycle. In addition, this study found a need to modify the current positioning strategy in order to position and preserve sustainability in the increasingly competitive asset management market. It also suggested the need for an offensive strategy to counter the number one M/S company, and address the issue of cannibalism in the Woori Financial Group.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.167-197
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• 1991

This paper is intended as an introductory essay to explain endogenous changes in the scope of firm activities in the competitive structure of a deregulated, multi-product financial industry. Recently, the global financial industry has been experiencing a widespread reshuffling in its activities, reflecting both consolidation and specialization. The spread of the universal banking system, which involves the integration of various kinds of financial activities, has resulted in the so-called financial supermarket. At the same time, the traditional set of banking activities has been unbundled into so-called financial boutiques. A relevant question is where the current reshuffling process of integration and disintegration in financial activities might lead the financial industry. However, presently popular theories of the financial industry are not really appropriate for the analysis of this issue. This paper attempts to integrate the theory of specialization [George J. Stigler, "The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. LIX, No.3, June 1951] and the theory of the multi-product firm [William J. Baumol, John C. Panzar, and Robert D. Willig, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1982] and to apply the resulting hybrid theory, a theory on the scope of financial activity, to the financial industry. The implications of this theory for the issues raised above are formalized under five hypotheses on the reshuffling of financial activities as listed below: Hypothesis I: The differences in the organization of financial industries among countries are determined by differences in the size of the financial markets, other things being equal. Hypothesis II: A financial firm will separate those financial activities simultaneously having relatively strong economies of scale and relatively weak economies of scope (alternatively, diseconomies of scope) from other activities. Conversely, the firm will integrate those activities simultaneously having relatively weak economies of scale (alternatively, diseconomies of scale) and relatively strong economies of scope with incumbent activities. Hypothesis III: A competitive equilibrium in the deregulated financial industry will consist of both specialized and multi-product financial firms, resulting in a mixed form of specialized and universal banking systems. Hypothesis IV: As world financial markets fully integrate and all countries consequently face this single, common world market, the financial structures of individual countries will become increasingly similar. Hypothesis V: A more universal banking system will dominate the deregulated financial industry in countries with relatively small financial markets, while a more specialized banking system will dominate in countries with relatively large financial markets. However, equilibrium will ultimately be mixed, with specialized and universal banks coexisting, as stated in Hypothesis III. Based on these hypotheses, this paper interprets the historical development of specialized vs. universal banking systems in major industrial countries as a process driven by the evolution of the financial market in each country - i.e. the change in the size of the financial market over time. In addition, this paper anticipates that the final equilibrium of the world financial industry, which is currently under the pressure of financial innovations and deregulation, will be a mixed equilibrium with both specialized boutiques and universal supermarket-type financial firms, instead of an exclusively specialized or universal banking system. Future research should seek continued theoretical elaboration and empirical verification of this paper's hypotheses.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1981

In trying to predict the effect of genetics on the broiler in the year 2000, this is a relatively short period of time as far as broiler genetics in concerned. Modern broiler genetics started around 1945 and tremendous gains when made in past 35 years. Futher improvements on broiler will depend on the evolution and revolution: 1. Evolution: (1) Growth rate has been made 4-5% per year. (2) Feed conversion has improved approximately 1% per year. (3) Abdominal fat is becoming a major complaint in broiler. (4) Because of the changing life-style, broiler meat sales in the future will be more and more in cut-up form. (5) Breeding for stress resistance and selection for docile temperament can be important in order to funker improve fled efficiency. (6) In female parent stock, reproduction characteristics are in many can negatively correlated with the desired broiler traits. (7) Egg production and hatchability in moot commercial parent nod m at a fairly high level. (8) In male parent stock, the heavier and mon super-meat-type male lines are desired to Product better broilers. 2. Revolution: Trying to forecast revolutionary change in broiler genetics is highly speculative, as sudden change are aften unpredictable. (1) Species hybridization, such as a turkey-chicken cross (2) Biochemical tools, such as blood typing. (3) Mutation breeding by radiation or chemical mutagentia. (4) Broiler breeding would be to change the phenotypic appearance by single gene, such as naked, wingless. (5) Changes in production techniques. such as growing in cage or growing in filtered air positive pressure houses.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2014

Preliminary design in chemical process furnishes economic feasibility through calculation of both mass balance and energy balance and makes it possible to produce a desired product under the given conditions. Through this design stage, the process possesses unchangeable characteristics, since the materials, reactions, unit configuration, and operating conditions were determined. Unique characteristics could be very economic, but it also implies various potential risk factors as well. Therefore, it becomes extremely important to design process considering both economics and safety by integrating process simulation and quantitative risk analysis during preliminary design stage. The target of this study is LNG liquefaction process. By the simulation using Aspen HYSYS and quantitative risk analysis, the design variables of the process were determined in the way to minimize the inherent explosion risks and operating cost. Instead of the optimization tool of Aspen HYSYS, the optimization was performed by using stochastic optimization algorithm (Covariance Matrix Adaptation-Evolution Strategy, CMA-ES) which was implemented through automation between Aspen HYSYS and Matlab. The research obtained that the important variable to enhance inherent safety was the operation pressure of mixed refrigerant. The inherent risk was able to be reduced about 4~18% by increasing the operating cost about 0.5~10%. As the operating cost increases, the absolute value of risk was decreased as expected, but cost-effectiveness of risk reduction had decreased. Integration of process simulation and quantitative risk analysis made it possible to design inherently safe process, and it is expected to be useful in designing the less risky process since risk factors in the process can be numerically monitored during preliminary process design stage.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.109-135
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• 2021

his study classified the development process of artificial intelligence (AI) speakers through analysis of the news text of artificial intelligence (AI) speakers shown in traditional news reports, and identified the characteristics of each product by period. The theoretical background used in the analysis are news frames and topic frames. As analysis methods, topic modeling and semantic network analysis using the LDA method were used. The research method was a content analysis method. From 2014 to 2019, 2710 news related to AI speakers were first collected, and secondly, topic frames were analyzed using Nodexl algorithm. The result of this study is that, first, the trend of topic frames by AI speaker provider type was different according to the characteristics of the four operators (communication service provider, online platform, OS provider, and IT device manufacturer). Specifically, online platform operators (Google, Naver, Amazon, Kakao) appeared as a frame that uses AI speakers as'search or input devices'. On the other hand, telecommunications operators (SKT, KT) showed prominent frames for IPTV, which is the parent company's flagship business, and 'auxiliary device' of the telecommunication business. Furthermore, the frame of "personalization of products and voice service" was remarkable for OS operators (MS, Apple), and the frame for IT device manufacturers (Samsung) was "Internet of Things (IoT) Integrated Intelligence System". The econd, result id that the trend of the topic frame by AI speaker development period (by year) showed a tendency to develop around AI technology in the first phase (2014-2016), and in the second phase (2017-2018), the social relationship between AI technology and users It was related to interaction, and in the third phase (2019), there was a trend of shifting from AI technology-centered to user-centered. As a result of QAP analysis, it was found that news frames by business operator and development period in AI speaker development are socially constituted by determinants of media discourse. The implication of this study was that the evolution of AI speakers was found by the characteristics of the parent company and the process of co-evolution due to interactions between users by business operator and development period. The implications of this study are that the results of this study are important indicators for predicting the future prospects of AI speakers and presenting directions accordingly.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.7
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• pp.261-281
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• 2001

As a new environment, the Internet proposes to us the innovative change of our life. With difficulty, we can go after the Internet's potentiality and the growth speed of technology. In the new stream of innovation technology, we can probably feel the fear of tremendous changes, the reverse, also hope to get the opportunity that come out of Internet world. EC(Electronic Commerce) that out of the evolution of Internet technology gets a coporation changes to survive in 21st century. So the corporation must set the strategy to fit a Internet focused society. As one of them, a virtual store is opened on the Internet. Recently, there has been much attention to the Internet shopping mall as a new distribution channel and marketing tool. This study analyzed that the system environment, perceived product risk, easy of order, perceived security risk would have impact on the customer satisfaction in Electronic Commerce. The Purpose of this study is to develope the concept of the determinants of customer satisfaction and to test a theoretical framework that attempts to explain how the perception of satisfaction in Electronic Commerce. The proposed hypotheses were tested internet shopping mall users and the study results show all hypotheses are supported.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.51-58
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• 2013

Purpose - Nowadays, more than ever before, fierce competition, deep market segmentation, short product life cycles, and intensifying customer needs are putting increasing pressure on franchise's organizations to satisfy their customers by creating market-oriented relationships with and enhancing their market knowledge of them. One way that this might be achieved is by establishing deep ties (i.e., job commitment and job satisfaction) with their employees. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how two important constructs of franchises' strategic efforts, LO (learning orientation) and RMO (relationship marketing orientation), affect job satisfaction, given the mediating role of job commitment. A franchise system comprises a set of contractual arrangements by which mutual obligations are performed. An organizational learning goal motivates employees to improve their abilities and master the tasks they perform. Relationship marketing, in addition, is to identify, establish, maintain, and enhance relationships with customers and other stakeholders to ensure that the objectives of all parties are met and this is done through the mutual exchange of promises. In a relationship marketing orientation, then, a firm creates, maintains, and enhances a strong relationship with its customers by sustaining long-term ties. This study was designed to examine the evolution of various theoretical approaches to franchise systems in order to determine whether theories about firms have significantly affected the franchise system. To this end, the authors developed a structural model consisting of several constructs. Previous studies have suggested that franchises' learning and relationship marketing orientations are important occupational immersion dimensions driving job satisfaction. Research design, data, methodology - We empirically tested a process of how the learning orientation and the relationship marketing orientation influence job commitment and job satisfaction using survey data drawn from 150 responding franchisees who were interviewed about their individual tendencies. Results - The results of this study provide empirical evidence that learning orientation, relationship marketing orientation, and job commitment all influence franchisees' job satisfaction. The results of this study indicate that, first, learning orientation had a significant effect on job satisfaction; second, relationship marketing orientation was positively related to job commitment; third, job commitment had a significant effect on job satisfaction. We also found that relationship marketing orientation and job satisfaction were mediated by job commitment. Conclusions - The findings of this study confirm the importance of learning orientation and relationship marketing orientation in maintaining a positive marketing relationship between franchiser and franchisee from to the perspective of the market. This indicates that franchiser support such as educational programs provided by the franchiser will help franchisees attain higher business management achievement and satisfaction. Moreover, a positive relationship between franchisees and consumers can be maintained through tie effects. Our findings also suggest that learning orientation plays a critical role in job satisfaction within the franchise system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate changes in the flesh firmness, evolution of ethylene, cell wall components, and degradation and solubilization of polyuronide(PU) and polysaccharide(PS) in green(GP) and mature persimmon(MP) fruits according to testing time of ethylene(50${\mu}\ell$ㆍL$^{-1}$ ). When ethylene was treated in GP and MP, flesh firmness rapidly decreased and it was decreased more GP than MP. When ethylene were treated for 12 hours in GP, production of ethylene began after 3 days. The amount of ethylene product was maximum 16,000 ${\mu}\ell$ㆍL$^{-1}$ at 24 hours of ethylene treatment. However, ethylene was not producted until 7 days after 24 hours ethylene treatment at MP. The content of pectic substances decreased in the distilled- water, 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$,4M and 8M KOH-soluble fractions during softening according to increasing time of ethylene treatment. Arabinose and galactose were the major non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the 0.05M CDTA and 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$-soluble pectic fractions. Glucose, galactose and xylose were the major non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the 4M KOH- soluble hemicellulosic fraction. High molecular of PU and PS were degraded and solubilized in the distilled-water, 0.05M CDTA 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$ and 4M KOH-soluble fractions during time of ethylene treatment.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-147
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• 2014

This study is a case study of the process of emerging for creative products to lead world science and technology. The aim of the study is to understand the emerging process of scientific creative products, and is to provide the direction of gifted education that discovers and trains globally competitive science talents through this. To discuss the emerging process of creative products, this study has academically discussed the creativity of the complexity of dealing with theory of evolution, the real life settings, and self-organization of experience etc., and has methodologically adopted the qualitative research method through a case study to look at the structures and processes. Data collection has been formed through a discussion with 12 Korean scientists who have created selected creative products, greatly contributed for the world science and technology(12 areas). The analysis has been carried out by the latter part positivist methods. As a result, the emerging process of creative products in the field of science and technology were separated into four steps: (1)the foundation stage of knowledge, (2)the exploration stage of knowledge, (3)the construction stage of knowledge, and (4)the emerging stage of knowledge. Each stage has been revealed growing up through the macro-system and the self-organization of each micro-systems.