• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-44
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• 1969

이상(以上)과 같이 조사(調査) 또는 실험(實驗)한 결과중(結果中) 그 중요(重要)한 것을 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 실험용(實驗用) 지상식(地上式) 양송이 재배사(栽培舍)의 효과(効果)에 관(關)하여는 이미 실험결과(實驗結果)및 그 분석(分析)에서 지적(指摘)된 바 있거니와 그 측벽(側壁)및 천정(天井)의 구조(構造)는 재배사(栽培舍)를 외계(外界)의 기상조건(氣象條件)에서 격리(隔離)하는데 충분(充分)한 효과(効果)가 있는 것으로 고려(考慮)된다. 2. 반지하실(半地下室)에 구축(構築)한 실험용(實驗用) 태양식(太陽式) 양송이 재배사(栽培舍)의 효과(効果)에 관(關)하여는 실험결과(實驗結果)및 그 분석(分析)에서 지적(指摘)한 바와 같거니와 태양열(太陽熱)을 이용(利用)하는데 있어 충분(充分)한 효과(効果)가 있는 것으로 고려(考慮)된다. 그러나 이것을 농가(農家)에 적용(適用)하기 위(爲)하여는 다음과 같은 제점(諸點)이 개선(改善)되어야 할 것으로 고려(考慮)된다. 즉 (1) 태양식(太陽式)의 지붕과 천정(天井)은 실험용(實驗用) 지상식(地上式) 재배사(栽培舍)의 그것과 동일(同一)히 하고 (2) 태양열(太陽熱) 수열장치(受熱裝置)는 적당(適當)히 재고(再考)되어야 할 것으로 고려(考慮)된다. 태양열(太陽熱) 수열장치(受熱裝置)는 그림 40과 같이 하면 유효(有效)할 것으로 구상(構想)된다. 3. 본실험연구(本實驗硏究)에서 실시(實施)한 각종(各種)의 환기법중(換氣法中) G.E.-C.V. 및 V.S.-C.V. 환기법(換氣法)이 가장 효과적(效果的)인 것으로 본다. 4. 측벽수직(側壁垂直)및 지중(地中) 환기장치(換氣裝置)는 이미 지적(指摘)된 바와 같이 농가(農家) 양송이 재배사(栽培舍)의 자연환기법(自然換氣法)으로 실용적(實用的) 가치(價値)가 충분(充分)하다. 그것은 이들 환기장치(換氣裝置)는 그 환기로(換氣路)를 통(通)하여 사내(舍內)에 유입(流入)되는 외기(外氣)의 온도(溫度)를 인공적(人工的)으로 가열(加熱)이나 또는 냉각(冷却)하지 않고 사내온도(舍內溫度)에 접근(接近)하도록 조절(調節)하는 효과(効果)가 있기 때문이다. 지금 외온(外溫)을 $X^{\circ}C$로 할 때 각종(各種) 환기로(換氣路)에 의(依)하여 흡수(吸收)되는 온도(溫度) $Y^{\circ}C$을 X의 흉수(凶數)로 하는 실험식(實驗式)은 다음과 같이 회귀직선(回歸直線)으로 표시(表示)된다. $$G.P.{\cdots}Y=0.9x-12.8$$ $$G.E.{\cdots}Y=0.96x-15.11$$ $$V.S.{\cdots}Y=0.94x-17.57$$ 5. 재배사내(栽培舍內)에 유입(流入)되는 공기(空氣)및 사외(舍外)로 배출(排出)되는 공기(空氣)에 관(關)한 실험식(實驗式)은 각각(各各) 다음과 같이 회귀직선(回歸直線)및 지수곡선(指數曲線)으로 표시(表示)된다. (1) 배출속도(排出速度) Ycm/Sec를 유입속도(流入速度)${\times}$cm/Sec의 흉수(凶數)로 하는 회귀직선식(回歸直線式) G.E.-C.V.(50%)법(法) $${\cdots}Y=1.01x-1.65$$ G.E.-C.V.(100%)법(法)$${\cdots}Y=0.42x+2.03$$ V.S.-C.V.(100%)법(法)Y=0.85x+0.96 (2) 배출량(排出量) Y $m^3/hr$ 유출량(流出量) ${\times}m^3/hr$의 함수(凾數)로 하는 회귀직선식(回歸直線式) G.E.-C.V.(50%)법(法)$${\cdots}Y=2.59x-10.88$$ G.E.-C.V.(10%)법(法)Y=2.16x+26.53 (3) 상면(床面) 공기이동(空氣移動) 속기(速氣) Y m/Sec를 배출공기(排出空氣) 속도(速度)${\times}$m/Sec의 함수(凾數)로 하는 회귀직선식(回歸直線式) G.E.-C.V.(50%)법(法)$${\cdots}Y=0.54x+0.84$$ (4) $Co_2$ 축적량(蓄積量)Y(%)를 상면(床面) 공기이동(空氣移動) 속도(速度)${\times}$cm/Sec의 함수(凾數)로 하는 회귀직선식(回歸直線式) G.E.-C.V(50%)법(法)$${\cdots}Y=114.53-6.42x$$ (5) $Co_2$ 축적량(蓄積量)Y(%)를 배출(排出) 공기량(空氣量) $m^3/hr$ 함수(凾數)로 하는 지수곡선식(指數曲線式) G.E.-C.V.(50%)법(法) -$$y=127.18{\times}1.0093^{-X}$$ (6) natural vontilation system에 있어서 양송이 생육(生育)에 적합(適合)한 환경적조건(環境的條件)을 마련하기 위(爲)한 환기구(換氣口)의 단면적(斷面績)은 재배사(栽培舍) 전용적(全容積)에 대(對)하여 다음과 같은 비율(比率)로 할 수 있다. G.E. (지중유입환기구단면적(地中流入換氣口斷面績) $${\cdots}0.3-0.5%$$(요조절(要調節)) C.V. (천정배출환기구단면적(天井排出換氣口斷面績) $${\cdots}0.8-1.0%$$(요조절(要調節)) (7) 본연구(本硏究)에서 실험(實驗)한 각종(各種)의 가열장치중(加熱裝置中) 무압(無壓) 증기수(蒸氣水) 보이라로 사용(使用)할 수 있는 온수(溫水) 보이라가 농가용(農家用) 양송이 재배사(栽培舍) 가열장치(加熱裝置)로서, 그 효과면(効果面)에 있어서나 또는 그가격면(價格面)에 있어서 최적합(最適合)하다는 것이 확인(確認)되고 있다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.165-203
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• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.211-250
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• 2007

1. The 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金娥), Yoshida Koton(吉田篁墩) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li '(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 1739${\sim}$1798) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai, Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 1749${\sim}$1787) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論) and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯) 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai 's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("傷寒論釋司"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("皇朝諸家治驗集要") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("傷寒雜病論類纂"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨") states that the Shi Gao(石膏) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from 'symptoms', and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("九折堂讀書記") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue", "Qian Jin Fang"("千金方"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("外臺秘要"). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research' and 'researching analysis'. 4) The ancestors of Mori Rits(森立之 1807${\sim}$ 1885) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋) and Isawaran Ken and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai, a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("神農本草經"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"(神農本草經) and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("遊相醫話") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("枳園漫錄") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"("枳園隨筆") that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"("說文解字") to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據). Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a 'half confucianist half doctor'(半儒半醫). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬 1804${\sim}$1876) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai, and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐園). He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju("醫方類聚") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("太平禦覽") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi" and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan" but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("傷寒論疏義") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 912-955) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠) inherited the Dian You Tou(典藥頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 1755-1810) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi" and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi" are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng" is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"("素問識"), "Ling Shu Shi"("靈樞識"), and the "Guan lu Fang Yao Bu"("觀聚方要補"). Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡)'s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 1789-1827), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"("難經疏證"), "Ti Ya"("體雅"), "Yao Ya"("藥雅"), "Ji Ya"("疾雅"), "Ming Yi Gong An"("名醫公案"), and "Yi Ji Kao"("醫籍考"). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元胤 1789-1827), Yuan Jian(元堅 1795-1857) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師) and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(樂匙). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("素間紹識"), "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("雜病廣要"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"(傷寒廣要), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("該腹要訣"). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(失數道明) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of 'research of ancient text', 'the founding of Ji Shou Guan and medical education', 'publication business', 'writing of medical text'. 5. The doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai ' based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship 'net'. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川) and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.68-86
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• 1976

1. 식품(食品) 섭취(攝取) 상태(狀態) 각(各) 지역별(地域別) 남녀(男女) 아동(兒童)의 전(全) 연령(年齡)을 통(通)한 1차(次) 및 2차(次) 조사(調査)의 1일(日) 1인당(人當) 평균(平均) 식품(食品) 섭취(攝取) 상태(狀態)는 다음과 같다. 1) 양구지역(楊口地域)의 아동(兒童)의 총(總) 식품(食品) 섭취량(攝取量)은 $508.1g{\sim}647.1g$ 범위(範圍)로서 이중(中) 식물성식품(植物性食品) 및 동물성식품(動物性食品)의 섭취비율(攝取比率)은 각각(各各) $83.0{\sim}91.3%$% 및 $5.5{\sim}11.7%$범위(範圍) 이었다. 2) 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)의 총식품(總食品) 섭취량(攝取量)은 $586.6g{\sim}697.9g$ 범위(範圍)로서 이중(中) 식물성식품(植物性食品) 및 동물성식품(動物性食品)의 섭취비율(攝取比率)은 각각(各各) $88.2{\sim}89.0%$ 및 $6.3{\sim}7.6%$ 범위(範圍) 이었다. 2. 영양소(營養素) 섭취(攝取) 상태(狀態) 각(各) 지역별(地域別) 남녀(男女) 아동(兒童)의 전(全) 연령(年齡)을 통(通)한 1차(次) 및 2차(次) 조사(調査)의 1일(日) 1인당(人當) 평균(平均) 각(各) 영양소(營養素)의 섭취(攝取) 상태(狀態)는 다음과 같다. 1) 열량(熱量) 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 1500 kcal에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $1120{\sim}1415kcal$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $1407{\sim}1556kcal$ 범위(範國)이었다. 2) 단백질(蛋白質) 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 45g 에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $33.1{\sim}42.6g$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $35.5{\sim}42.6g$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 그러나 이들 단백질(蛋白質) 섭취량중(攝取量中) $5.5{\sim}11.7%$만이 동물성(動物性) 단백질(蛋白質) 이였다. 3) 지방(脂肪) 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 20g 에 비(比)하며 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $13.9{\sim}24.3g$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州池域) 아동(兒童)이 $10.4{\sim}12.1g$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 4) 당질(糖質) 섭취량(攝取量)은 양구(楊口) 및 여주지역아동(麗州地域兒童) 각각(各各) 총열량(總熱量) 섭취량(攝取量) 의 $70.6{\sim}83.8%$ 범위(範圍)를 차지 하였다. 5) 칼슘 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 500 mg 에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $282.4{\sim}355.0mg$이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $284.6{\sim}429.0mg$ 이었다. 6) 철(鐵) 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 10mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $6.0{\sim}12.1mg$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $6.4{\sim}16.7mg$ 범위(範圍)로 상당수의 아동(兒童)이 권장량에 미달(未達) 되었다. 7) 비터민 A 섭취량(攝取量)은 양구지역(楊口地域)이 $703.4{\sim}1495.6\;IU$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $750.5{\sim}1521.2\;IU$ 범위(範圍)로서 ${\beta}-carotene$으로서의 권장량 5100 I.U,에 비(比)하여 매우 부족되었다. 8) 비타민 $B_1$ 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 0.8mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $0.6{\sim}0.8mg$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $1.0{\sim}1.3mg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 9) 비타민 $B_2$ 섭취량(攝取量) 0.9mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $0.4{\sim}0.7mg$ 범위(範圍) 이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $0.8{\sim}1.0mg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 10) 비타민 C 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 40mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $17.6{\sim}37.0mg$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $43.3{\sim}58.0mg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 11) 나이아신 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 10mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $9.3{\sim}15.2mg$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $10.8{\sim}16.9mg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 3. 체위(體位) 1) 신장(身長) : 양구지역(楊口地域) 남자아동(男子兒童)은 4세(歲) 및 5세(歲)에서 표준치(標準値)보다 다소(多少) 작았고 6세(歲)는 컸는데 여자아동(女子兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 모두 표준치(標準値) 보다컸다. 이에 비(比)하여 여주지역(麗州地域) 남자아동(男子兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 표준치(標準値)에 비(比)하여 컸으나 여자아동(女子兒童)은 5세(歲)에 다소(多少) 작았다. 2) 체중(體重) : 양구지역(楊口地域) 남자아동(男子兒童)은 4세(歲) 및 5세(歲)에서 표준치(標準値)보다 다소(多少) 미달(未達) 되었으나 6세(歲)는 높았는데 여자아동(女子兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 모두 표준치(標準値)와 비슷하였다. 이에 비(比)하며 여주지역(麗州地域) 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 표준치(標準値)와 비슷 하거나 다소(多少) 높았으나 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 다소(多少) 낮았다. 3) 상완위(上腕圍) : 남녀(男女) 아동(兒童)의 전(全) 연령(年齡)을 통(通)하여 1차(次) 및 2차조사(次調査) 성적(成績)은 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $15.1cm{\sim}16.8cm$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $15.6cm{\sim}16.6cm$ 범위(範圍) 이었다. 4) 흉위(胸圍) : 양구지역(楊口地域) 남녀(男子) 아동(兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 표준치(標準催)와 큰 차이(差異) 없었는데 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 다소(多少) 낮았다. 5) 좌고(座高) : 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)의 전(全) 연령(年齡)을 통(通)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)은 $54.2cm{\sim}61.8cm$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)은 $54.8cm{\sim}61.1cm$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 4. 임상증상(臨床症狀) 1) 양구지역(楊口地域) : 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)은 구각염이 약(約) 30% 충치가 약(約) 20%이었으며 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 전(全) 대상자(對象者) 31명중(名中) 1명(名)이 갑상선 비대 이었고 구각염이 약(約) 10%, 충치가 약(約) 20%이었다. 2) 여주지역(麗州地域) : 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)도 구각염이 약(約) 20%, 충치가 약(約) 22%이었으며 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 구각염이 약(約) 47%, 충치가 약(約) 20%이었다. 5. 생화학적(生化學的) 검사(檢査) 상태(狀態) 1) Hemoglabin 함량(含量)은 양구(楊口) 및 여주지역(麗州地域)의 전(全) 연령별(年齡別)을 통(通)하여 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)은 $11.0g{\sim}11.6g%$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 $10.3g{\sim}11.5g%$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 2) 빈혈해당치(貧血該當値)를 WHO 가 정(定)한 l1g/100ml 이하(以下)로 보았을때 양구지역(楊口地域)의 남자아동(男子兒童)은 $16.7%{\sim}26.7%$, 여자아동(女子兒童) $33.3{\sim}50.0%$ 및 여주지역(麗州地域)의 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)은 33.3%, 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 $73.3%{\sim}100.0%$가 빈혈해당자(貧血該當者)에 속했다. 그러나 빈혈(貧血)의 정도(程度)는 심(深)한 경우는 거의 없고 거의 대부분(大部分)이 경(輕)한 빈혈(貧血)임이 특이(特異)하였다. 3) Hematocrit 치(値)는 전(全) 대상자(對象者)를 통(通)하며 $39.9%{\sim}41.6%$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 4) 혈장단백질(血奬蛋白質) 함량(含量)은 전(全) 대상자(對象者)를 통(通)하여 평균(平均) $6.6{\sim}7.4%$ 범위(範圍)이었는데 ICNND의 결핍해당치(缺乏該當値) 6.0g% 이하(以下)에는 양구지역(楊口地域) 4세(歲) 여자아동(女子兒童) 1명(名) 뿐이었다. 6. 기생충 상태(狀態) 1) 양구지역(楊口地域) : 남자아동(男子兒童)은 회충이 약(約) 62%, 편충이 약(約) 62%이었고 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 회충이 약(約) 73%, 편충이 약(約) 60%가 충란이 검출(檢出)되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.97-114
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• 1977

1. Macrobrachium rosenbergi(de Man)의 효율적인 종묘생산의 방안을 모색하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 염분량이 유생에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 부화직후의 Zoea유생을 (1) 염분량 별로 9실험구:담수, $3.48\~4.42\%_{\circ}Cl,\;5.26\~6.45\%_{\circ}Cl,\;7.63\~8.23\%_{\circ}Cl,\;9.76\~10.52\%_{\circ}Cl,\;11.27\~11.94\%_{\circ}C1,\;13.12\~14.08\%_{\circ}Cl,\;16.13\~16.88\%_{\circ}Cl$ 및 $18.04\~18.92\%_{\circ}Cl$로 구분한 사육수에서 수온 $28^{\circ}C{\pm}1$ 및 여과유속 0.6l/min.로 고정한 순환식 수조(용량 25l)내에서 Artemia salina nauplii 투이하며 post-larva령기까지 변태되는 온도별 성장 속도와 그 변태율을 비교하여 본 유생의 생육여과도를 조사하였고, (2) 각 령기별유생의 각종 염분량에 대한 적응도와 선택기호성을 조사하기 위하여 1l 용량의 코니칼 비커속에 수온 $28^{\circ}C{\pm}1$, aeration (3-4기포/sec)을 약하게 유지한 12실험구 ; 담수, $2.21\~2.76\%_{\circ}Cl,\;4.12\~4.47\%_{\circ}Cl,\;5.58\~5.98\%_{\circ}Cl,\;8.23\~8.64\%_{\circ}Cl,\;10.11\~10.56\%_{\circ}Cl,\;11.85\~12.42\%_{\circ}Cl,\;13.05\~14.51\%_{\circ},\;14.75\~15.38\%_{\circ}Cl,\;16.86\~17.72\%_{\circ}Cl\;18.54\~19.08\%_{\circ}Cl$ 및 해수$(19.38\%_{\circ}Cl)$로 구분한 사육수에 제 1 Zoea 령기, 제 4 Zoea 령기, 제 6 Zoea 령기, 제 8 Zoea 령기, 제 10 Zoea령기 및 제 11 Zoea령기를 급격한 염도변화에 조우당함을 피하기 위하여 일정한 염도에 순화시킨 후 각각 이주시켜 Artemia salina nauplii를 투이하고 2일간격으로 실험구의 사육수를 치환하며 6일간을 사육한 후 각실험구별의 생잔유생수를 서로 비교하였다. (3) 수온 $28^{\circ}C{\pm}1$를 유지시키고 염도가 상이한 3종의 사육조 ; $3.82\~4.68\%_{\circ}Cl,\;7.14\~7.85\%_{\circ}Cl$ 및 $10.22\~11.05\%_{\circ}Cl$에서 사육, 성장시킨 제 2 Zoea, 제 4 Zoea, 제 6 Zoea 및 제 8 Zoea 령기의 유생을 별도로 염분별로 3실험구 : $3.68\~4.34\%_{\circ}Cl,\;7.42\~8.28\%_{\circ}Cl$ 및 $10.71\~11.53\%_{\circ}Cl$로 구분한 150 l 용량의 여과실험조에 서로 염도가 상이한 간격간을 이주 (Fig. 4)시켜 12일간을 Artemia salina nauplii를 투이하고 수온 $28^{\circ}C{\pm}1$을 유지시키며 사육한 후 이주시킨 유생의 령기별 및 사육도중에 이주한 염도의 간격차에 대한 생잔율을 서로 비교하여 사육도중에 조우하는 변동된 염도에 대한 각 령기별 유생의 적응도를 조사하였으며 이 실험을 위하여 수온 $28^{\circ}C{\pm}1$, 염분량 $5.28\%_{\circ}Cl$에서 갓 부화된 유생을 각사육조에 분양시켜 사육하였다. (4) post-larvarl 및 Juvenile의 염분량에 대한 성장률 및 서식적염도를 조사하기 위하여 수온 $28^{\circ}C{\pm}1$, 여과유속 $0.6\~0.8l\~min$를 유지시키며 염분별로 6실험구 ; 담수 $3.61\~4.25\%_{\circ}Cl$ 및 $16.87\~17.13\%_{\circ}Cl$로 구분하여 각실험별로 40일, 60일 및 120일의 성장도 및 그 생잔율을 상호 비교하였다. qs 실험기간중 투여한 이료는 반숙절편한 반지락을 사용하였다. 2. 본유생의 post-larva로 변태하기 위해서는 반드시 일정량의 염분량이 요하고 기호, 선택하는 염분량은 각령기에 따라 다소상이하나 대체로 염분량 $7.63\%_{\circ}Cl$에서 $14.42\%_{\circ}Cl$의 범위가 적염도로 생각되며 이 범위내에서는 염분량에 따른 변태속도의 차이는 거의 볼 수 없으나 염분량 $4.42\%_{\circ}Cl$이상의 보다 높은 염도에서는 현저한 지연현상이 나타나며 더욱이 높은 염도에 비하여 저염도인 경우가 더욱 늦어지는 경향을 보인다. 3. 각 Zeoa 령기별의 염분량에 대한 적응도는 대체로 염분량 $8.28\~12.42\%_{\circ}Cl$ 사이가 가장 크나 령기가 기호, 선택하는 염분량에 차이가 있으므로 그 적응도도 서로 상이하다. 보편적으로 전령기를 통하여 제8 Zoea기를 전환점으로 하여 이 보다 어린 령기의 유생일수록 비교적 높은 염도에 대한 적응도가 높은데 반하여 령기가 진전되어 post-larva 기로 근접해 갈수록 점차적으로 저염도에 대한 기호, 선택성이 커지는 경향을 보인다. 4. Post-larva기에 대한 서식적염도는 염분량 $8.08\%_{\circ}Cl$ 담수의 범위로서 Zoea 령기에 비하여 저염성을 나타내고 더우기 적정범위는 염분량 $4.25\%_{\circ}Cl$로서 담수에 가까울수록 그 성장도는 높다. 따라서 Zoea유생은 담수에서 보다 성장률이 높다. 한편 post-larva는 령기 의 개체가 해수($19.38\%_{\circ}Cl$ 이상)에서 1일이상을 생존치 못하는데 비하여 Zoea 유생은 6일이사을 적응할 수가 있다. 5. Zoea 유생은 염분량에 대한 특성이 령기의 진전에 따라 고염성으로부터 저염성으로 그 특성이 조금씩 이행됨은 제8 Zoea 령기를 지나므로써 post-larva 기가 가지고 제 특성으로 점차 이행되기 때문으로 생각되며 이같은 현상을 뒷받침하는 것은 형태적으로 제 8 령기를 전후하여 종전의 유생에 제1, 제2 보각에 협지가 형성됨과 동시에 유영피도 거의 완성되어 post-larve 기의 형태로 이행됨을 볼 수 있고 또한 생태적으로도 제10-제11령기에 이르러서는 종전의 유영층에서 점차로 저변으로 이행하여 유영동작도 훨씰 둔화되어 post-larvarl로 전환되는 과도기의 특성을 관찰할 수가 있다. 따라서 이같은 점을 결부하여 제 8 령기를 지남으로써 염분량에 대한 특성 및 적응도가 종전의 유생기와 상이해 짐을 이해할 수 있다. 6. 령기별 Zoea유생을 사육도중에 염분량 $3.68\~11.53\%_{\circ}Cl$ 범위내에서 고, 저염도간을 갑자기 이주시켜 조우한 염도변화에 대한 적응도를 조사하니 제 8 Zoea 령기를 전환점으로 하여 어린 령기일수록 저염도에서 높은 염도로 이주했을 때의 적응도가 크고, 령기가 진전되어 post-larva 기에 가까워 질수록 반대로 높은 온도에서 저염도로 이주했을 때의 적응도가 점차로 커져가는 경향을 보였다. 또한 특의한 현상은 상이한 두 염도간을 가역방향으로 이주시켰을 때의 적응도는 각각 상이하고 이같은 경우에도 제 8 Zoea 령기를 경계로 하여 이동된 염분량에 대한 령기별 유생의 적응도도 전환되는 현상을 나타내었다. 7. Zoea 유생을 사육하는 동안 사육수의 염분함유량에 비례하여 유생의 체표에 산재하는 색소포가 팽창되어 주로 붉은색을 나타내게 됨으로 염분함유량과 색소포의 확장과는 어떤 관계가 있는 듯 생각된다. 8. 령기별 Zoea 유생 및 post-larva 기의 염분량에 대한 기호, 선택성과 치하 및 성하의 서식분포역을 고려할 때 자연서식역의 하천에서는 왕부하는 생활사를 취하는 듯 생각된다. 9. 본종의 종묘생산을 효율적으로 영위하기 위해는 유생의 염분량에 대한 특성을 고려하여 제 8 Zoea 령기를 경계로 해서 어린 유생기에서는 대략 염분량 $8\%_{\circ}Cl$에서 $12\%_{\circ}Cl$를 유지시켜 사육하다가 제 8령기 이후 부터는 점차로 담수를 첨가시켜 염분량이 령기의 진전에 따라 $7\%_{\circ}Cl$에서 $4\%_{\circ}Cl$로 이행되게 하는 것이 능률적이며 또한 효과적인 사육법의 하나로써 Green water를 사용할 때도 사육환경의 변동에 민감한 어린 유생기에 단세포 녹조류를 충분히 번식시켜 사육수내이 생물학적 평형상태를 유지시켜 주는 것이 중요함으로 어린 령기에는 가능한 염도를 높여 Green water의 보존도 효과적으로 하는 것이 전망된다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.1-40
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• 2008

1.The 'Kao Zheng Pai'(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai(折衷派)' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金峨), Yoshida Koton(古田篁墩 $1745{\sim}1798$) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li'(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 $1739{\sim}1798$) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken(伊澤蘭軒) taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai(澀江抽齋), Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 $1749{\sim}1787$) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論") and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯). 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken(伊澤蘭軒) and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("傷寒論釋詞"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("皇朝諸家治驗集要") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("傷寒雜病論類纂"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨") states that the Shi Gao(石膏) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from 'symptoms', and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("九折堂讀書記") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue"("金匱要略"), "Qian Jin Fang"("千金方"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("外臺秘要"). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research' and 'researching analysis'. 4) The ancestors of Mori Ritsi(森立之 $1807{\sim}1885$) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋) and Isawaran Ken(伊澤蘭軒) and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai(狩谷掖齋), a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"("神農本草經") and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("遊相醫話") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("枳園漫錄") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"(枳園隨筆) that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"(說文解字) to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據), Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a 'half confucianist half doctor'(半儒半醫). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬, $1804{\sim}1876$) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai(安積艮齋), and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐園), He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju"("醫方類聚") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("太平禦覽") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi"("金匱要略疏義") and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan"(老醫巵言) but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("傷寒論疏義") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 $912{\sim}955$) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠) inherited the Dian You Tou(典藥頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 $1755{\sim}1810$) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi"("傷寒論輯義") and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi"("金匱要略輯義") are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng"("醫勝") is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"(素問識), "Ling Shu Shi"("靈樞識"), and the "Guan Ju Fang Yao Bu"("觀聚方要補"). Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡)'s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 $1789{\sim}1827$), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"(難經疏證), "Ti Ya"("體雅"), "Yao Ya"("藥雅"), "Ji Ya"(疾雅), "Ming Yi Gong An"(名醫公案), and "Yi Ji Kao"(醫籍考). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元胤 $1789{\sim}1827$), Yuan Jian(元堅 $1795{\sim}1857$) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師) and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(禦匙). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("素問紹識"), "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("雜病廣要"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"("傷寒廣要"), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("診腹要訣"). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(矢數道明) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of 'research of ancient text', the founding of Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) and medical education', 'publication business', 'writing of medical text'. 5. The doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship 'net'. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川) and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.111-137
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• 2010

본 연구는 서비스 시장에서의 지각된 품질과 개인가치간의 인과적 관계 및 고객의 인지욕구에 따른 온 오프라인상의 조절효과에 대해 실증분석하였으며 이를 통해 개인가치에 대한 서비스 전략과 마케팅 관리의 중요성을 제시하고 있다. 서비스 시장에서 서비스 제공자와 구매자간의 장기적 거래관계의 중요성이 크게 부각됨에 따라 관계구축 및 강화에 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 개인가치에 관한 연구는 학계뿐만 아니라 실무적으로도 고객관계관리의 관점에서 시사하는 바가 크다고 할 수 있다. 실증분석을 위해 대형마트(할인점)와 인터넷 쇼핑몰을 이용하는 고객을 대상으로 설문을 통해 데이터를 수집하였으며 온 오프라인의 비교분석을 통한 차이검증을 위한 인과적 구성모델에 대해 구조방정식 모델분석을 통해 가설검증하였다. 구성모델에 대한 분석결과 물리적 환경, 상호작용 품질, 그리고 결과품질로 구성된 지각된 품질은 안정적 삶, 사회적 인식, 사회적 통합으로 구성된 서비스 개인가치에 통계적으로 매우 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 집단간 차이효과분석을 통해서도 온 오프라인에 따른 조정효과는 온라인에서보다는 오프라인에서 더 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 온라인상에서의 서비스에 대한 인지욕구가 높을 때보다는 오프라인상에서의 서비스에 대한 인지욕구가 높을 때 개인가치에 더 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 구성모델에 대한 적합도 역시 수용할만한 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-44
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• 1973

국유림경영(國有林經營)은 어느 나라를 막론(莫論)하고 그 사명(使命)과 경영목적(經營目的)으로 봐서 중요시(重要視)되고 있다. 한국(韓國)의 국유림(國有林)도 또한 한국경제(韓國經濟)의 비약적(飛躍的)인 발전(發展)에 따라 목림수요(木林需要)의 계속적(繼續的)인 증가(增加)로 국가적(國家的)인 사명(使命)과 산업경제적(產業經濟的)으로 더욱 중요(重要)한 위치(位置)에 놓이게 되었다. 그러나 지금(只今)까지 한국임정(韓國林政)의 주요목표(主要目標)가 산림자원(山林資源)의 보존(保存)과 국토보전기능(國土保全機能)의 회복(回復)에만 급급(汲汲)한 나머지 임업(林業)의 경제생산성(經濟生產性)을 높이는 산업정책적의의(產業政策的意義)가 적었음을 우리는 부인(否認)할 수 없다. 그리하여 한국(韓國)의 임업(林業)도 한국경제구조중(韓國經濟構造中)의 일환(一環)으로서 산업적(產業的)으로 발전(發展)시킬 필요(必要)에 직면(直面)하게 되어 국유림(國有林)도 합리적(合理的)인 산림시업(山林施業)에 기초(基礎)를 둔 산림생산력(山林生產力)의 증강(增强)이 절실(切實)하게 되었고, 그렇게 하므로써 결과적(結果的)으로 우수(優秀)한 산림(山林)이 조성(造成)되어 자연(自然), 산림(山林)의 국토보전기능(國土保全機能) 기타(其他)의 공익적기능(公益的機能)도 발휘(發揮)될 수 있을 것으로 본다. 한국(韓國)의 국유림(國有林)은 1908년(年) 임적계출시(林籍屆出時)의 역사적(歷史的) 소산(所產)으로서 그 후(後) 국토보존(國土保存)과 산림경영(山林經營) 학술연구(學術硏究) 기타(其他) 공익상(公益上) 국유(國有)로 보존(保存)할 필요(必要)가 있는 요존림(要存林)과 이에 속(屬)하지 않는 부요존림(不要存林)으로 구분(區分)하고 요존국유림중(要存國有林中) 국가(國家)가 직접(直接) 임업경영(林業經營)을 목적(目的)으로 하는 산림(山林)은 3개영림서(個營林署)에서 관리(管理)하고 있으며 기타(其他)는 각시도(各市道) 및 타부처소관(他部處所管)으로 되어있는데 국유림(國有林)은 1971년말현재(年末現在) 전국산림면적(全國山林面積)의 19.5%(1,297,708 ha)를 점(占)하고 있으나 임목축적(林木蓄積)은 전국산림총축적량(全國山林總蓄積量)의 50.1%($35,406,079m^3$)를 점(占)하고 연간(年間) 국내용재생산량(國內用材生產量)의 23.6%($205,959m^3$)를 생산(生產)하고 있는 사실(事實)은 한국임업(韓國林業)에 있어 국유림(國有林)이 점(占)하고 있는 지위(地位)가 중요시(重要視)되고 있는 이유(理由)이다. 따라서 국유림경영(國有林經營)의 성패(成敗)는 한국임업(韓國林業)의 성쇠(盛衰)를 좌우(左右)한다고 단언(斷言)할 수도 있을 것이다. 산림(山林)이 가진 모든 기능(機能)이 가 중요(重要)하지만 특(特)히 목재생산(木材生產)은 한국(韓國)과 같이 매년(每年) 막대(莫大)한 외재도입(外材導入)(1971년도(年度)는 $3,756,000m^3$ 도입(導入)에 160,995,000불(弗) 지출(支出))을 필요(必要)로 하는 임업실정(林業實情)임에 비춰 더욱 중요시(重要視)되고 이에 대처(對處)하기 위(爲)한 산림생산력(山林生產力)의 증강(增强)은 시급(時急)한 과제(課題)인 것이다. 그러나 임업생산(林業生產)은 장기생산(長期生產)이기 때문에 경제발전(經濟發展)에 따른 급격(急激)한 목재수요(木材需要)의 증가(增加)에 직시(直時) 대처(對處)하기 어려우므로 장기적(長期的)인 전망(展望)밑에 자금(資金)과 기술(技術)을 효과적(効果的)으로 투입(投入)하고 국유림경영(國有林經營)을 합리화(合理化)하고 능률화(能率化)하여 생산력증강(生產力增强)을 기(期)하여야 할 것이다. 한국(韓國)의 국유림사업(國有林事業)에는 기술적(技術的) 재정적(財政的)인 애로(隘路)와 인건비(人件費)의 증대(增大) 노임(勞賃)의 상승(上昇) 행정제경비(行政諸經費)의 증가등(增加等) 많은 난관(難關)이 가로놓여있다 하겠으나 앞으로의 국유림(國有林)의 발전여부(發展與否)는 사회(社會) 경제(經濟)의 발전(發展)에 적응(適應)한 기술(技術)과 경영방식(經營方式)을 채용(採用)할 수 있느냐 없느냐에 달려있다고 본다. 이러한 관점(觀點)에서 본조사연구(本調査硏究)에서는 한국(韓國)의 국유림경영(國有林經營)의 실태(實態)를 파악분석(把握分析)하고 불합리(不合理)한 문제점(問題點)들을 찾아서 정책적(政策的) 기술적(技術的) 재정적면(財政的面)에서 개선(改善)할 수 있도록 하는데에 본연구(本硏究)의 목적(目的)이 있다. 본논문작성(本論文作成)에 있어 국유림(國有林)의 각종통계(各種統計)는 산림청(山林廳)이 1971년말현재(年末現在) 산림기본통계(山林基本統計) 및 1973년도(年度) 산림사업실적통계(山林事業實績統計)에 의거(依據)하였고 기타(其他)는 현지영림서(現地營林署)에서 얻은 자료(資料)를 인용(引用)하였다. 논자(論者)는 본연구결과(本硏究結果) 다음과 같은 국유림개선방안(國有林改善方案)을 제시(提示)코저 한다. 1) 국유림조직기구(國有林組織機構)에 있어 영림서(營林署)의 증설(增設)로 집약적(集約的)안 국유림경영(國有林經營)을 도모(圖謀)하고 경영계획계(經營計劃係)를 과기구(課機構)로 강화(强化)한다. 2) 보호직원(保護職員)의 증원(增員)으로 1인당책임구역면적(人當責任區域面積)을 1,000~2,000ha 정도(程度)로 축소(縮小)시킨다. 3) 국유림경영(國有林經營) 일선책임자(一線責任者)인 영림서장(營林署長)의 빈번(頻繁)한 인사이동(人事異動)으로 일관성(一貫性)있는 경영계획실행(經營計劃實行)에 차질(蹉跌)을 가져오지 않도록 한다. 4) 경영계획업무(經營計劃業務)에 있어 부실(不實)한 계획(計劃)이 되지 않도록 충분(充分)한 예산(豫算)과 인원(人員)을 배정(配定)하여 기초적(基礎的)인 조사(調査)를 면밀(綿密)히 한다. 5) 1영림서(營林署) 1사업구원칙(事業區原則)을 현실(現實)시키고 1사업구면적(事業區面積)은 평균(平均) 2만(萬) ha 이하(以下)로 한다. 6) 장기차입금(長期借入金)으로 조속(早速)히 미립목지(未立木地)를 입목지화(立木地化)하고 활엽수림(濶葉樹林)의 수종갱신(樹種更新)과 활엽수림(濶葉樹林)의 이용방도(利用方途)를 개발(開發)한다. 7) 조림(造林) 및 양묘사업(養苗事業)의 기계화(機械化) 약제화(藥劑化) 방안(方案)을 강구(講究)하고 실천(實踐)하므로써 노동력(勞動力) 부족(不足)에 대비(對備)한다. 8) 보호사업(保護事業)에 있어 산화피해율(山火被害率)이 외국(外國)에 비(比)하여 막대(莫大) 하므로 제도변(制度面)이나 장비면(裝備面)에서 개선(改善)되어야 하고 방화선(防火線)의 설치(設置) 및 유지(維持)에 필요(必要)한 최소한도(最小限度)의 예산(豫算)을 확보(確保)한다. 9) 제품생산사업(製品生產事業)을 강화(强化)하고 생산(生產) 가공(加工) 유통(流通)을 계열화(系列化)하여 지원민(地元民)에게 경제적혜택(經濟的惠澤)을 준다. 10) 임도망(林道網)의 시설정비(施設整備)와 치산사업(治山事業)은 국유림자체(國有林自體)의 개발(開發)을 위(爲)해서나 지방개발(地方開發)을 위(爲)해서 필요(必要)하므로 일반회계(一般會計)의 부담(負擔)으로 추진(推進)한다. 11) 임업(林業)의 기계화(機械化)는 목재수요(木材需要)의 증대(增大)와 노력부족(勞力不足)에 따라 필연적(必然的)이므로 가계도입(機械導入) 및 국산화(國產化), 사용자(使用者)의 양성(養成) 및 기계관리(機械管理)에 만전(萬全)을 기(期)한다. 12) 노무사정(勞務事情)은 악화(惡化)할 것이 예견(豫見)되므로 임업노동자(林業勞動者)의 확보(確保) 및 복리후생대책(福利厚生對策)을 수립(樹立)한다. 13) 경제변동(經濟變動)에 따른 수지악화시(收支惡化時)에도 일정규모(一定規模)의 지출(支出)을 보장(保障)하기 위(爲)하여 잉여금(剩餘金)의 일부(一部)은 기금(基金)으로 확보(確保)하고 나머지는 확대조림(擴大造林) 임도사업등(林道事業等) 선행투자사업(先行投資事業)에 사용(使用)한다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.105-133
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• 1974

본 연구는 목련에서 분리한 흰비단병균 Sclerotimu rolfsii Sacc.의 분화형을 밝히고 균계생장 및 균핵형성에 대한 영양생리를 구명코저 vitamin, 질소원, 탄소원의 효과를 검토했으며 또 본 균과 Penicillium sp.와의 생태적 관계를 해명하기 위한 기초적인 연구로서 본 균의 균계생장 및 균핵형성에 대한 Penicillium 배양여액의 촉진효과와 그 요인을 밝히려고 시도하였다. 본 연구결과를 종합해서 적요하면 다음과 같다. 1. 목연에서 분리한 흰비단병균 제1형, 축2형은 배지상의 성상이나 생리적 성질 펄 병원성이 상이하였다. 특히 목연 아카시아에 대한 병원성은 양자 동일하나 콩이나 오이에 대해서는 제2형균이 제1형균보다 더 강하였다. 2. 공시된 14종의 질소원중 $KNO_2$와 glycine을 제외하고는 모두 thiamine hydrochloride 10r/l가 첨가되었을 때 비로소 공시균의 균계생장 및 균핵형성에 이용되었다. 질소의 형태별로 보면 균계생장에 있어서는 $NO_3-N$보다는 $NH_4-N$이 훨씬 더 효과적이며 organic N은 화합물에 따라 상이하였다. 그러나 균핵형성에 있어서는 이와 반대로 $NO_3-N$이 효과적이었다. $NO_2-N$은 균계생장이나, 균핵형성에 전혀 효과가 없었다. 3. 공시 탄소원 7종도 대체적으로 thiamine이 존재하지 않는 한 균계생장이나 균핵형성에 아무런 효과가 없었다. thiamine이 첨가될 경우 균계생장에 있어서 glucose와 saccharose가 가장 효과적이고 maltose와 soluble starch는 효과가 적었으며 xylose, lactose, glyceline은 전혀 효과가 없었다. 균핵형성에 있어서는 loctose를 제외하고는 전구에서 균핵형성을 보였으며 모두 비슷한 효과를 나타냈다. 4. 배지중의 질소원이 동일수준이면 탄소원이 증가함에 따라 균계생장량이 증가하였다. 그러나 질소원의 량에는 한도가 있는 것으로 질소 0.5g/l이상에서는 오히려 균계생장이 억제되었다. 그러나 균핵형성에 있어서는 탄소원의 증가에 따라 균핵형성량이 저하하였다. 5. 공시균은 thiamine 결핍균으로서 균계생장 최적 thiamine 농도는 20r/l이고 이 농도를 초과하면 오히려 균계생장이 억제되는데 150r/l에서는 무첨가구와 거의 같은 정도로 억제되었다. 6. 공시균의 생장에 있어서 thiamine의 첨가에 따른 질소원리용도는 $NH_4NO_3>(NH_4)_2SO_4>asparagine>KNO_3$의 순위이며 질소원별 thiamine 최적요구량은 $KNO_3$인 경우 12r/l, asparagine인 경우 16r/l 정도였다. 균핵형성량에 있어서는 $KNO_3>NH_4NO_3>asparagine>(NH_4)_2SO_4$의 순위로서 thiamine 최적량은 $KNO_3,\;NH_4NO_3$인 경우 8r/l에서 전균핵생산량의 대부분이 형성되나 asparagine인 경우에는 16r/l 정도였다. 7. 배양액의 pH는 공시균이 생장을 개시하자마자 3.5정도로 급격히 떨어지나 그 이후부터는 생장량이 증가함에 따라 완만하게 떨어졌다. 그러나 pH2.2 이하로는 더 내려가지 않았다. 8. 공시균의 균계생장에 대한 각종 vitamin의 상호효과는 thiamine, biotin, pyridoxine, inositol의 4가지 조합에 있어서도 thiamine이 첨가되지 않은 곳에서는 거의 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 thiamine+pyridoxine, thiamine+inosital, thiamine+biotin+pyridoxine, thiamine+pyridoxine+inositol구에 있어서는 thiamine 단독 첨가구와 동등 혹은 그 이상의 효과를 나타내지만 thiamine+biotin과 thiamine+biotin+inosital구는 오히려 떨어졌다. 균핵형성에 있어서는 thiamine 단독구에 비하여 각구 모두 약간씩 증가하였다. 9. Penicillium 배양여액중에는 공시균의 균계생장을 촉진하는 물질이 존재하며 배양여액 6-15ml/50ml 배양액의 농도에서 거의 최고균계생장량에 달하였다. 10. 질소원으로서 첨가한 $NH_4NO_3$ 혹은 asparagine은 균계생장에 있어서 배양여액농도 여가에 관계없이 $NH_4NO_3$가 더 유효하였다. 11. 배양여액에 대한 일련의 처리에 있어서 휘발성물질분획, 비휘발성물질분획, 휘발산분획, ether 가용성유기산분획, ether 불용성물질분획, cation 흡착물질분획, cation 비흡착물질분획, anion 흡착물질분획 및 비흡착물질분획의 9분획중 비휘발성물질분획, ether 불용물질분획, cation 흡착물질분획 및 anion 비흡착물질분획에서만 균계가 잘 자랐다. 그러나 균핵은 오직 cation 흡착물질분획에서만 형성되었다. 12. 이 결과는 배양여액중에 균계생장물질, 균핵형성물질 및 균핵형성억제물질이 존재하며 이들 물질은 각각 별개의 물질로서 전2자는 비휘발성이고 ether 불용성이며 cation교환수지에는 흡착되지 않는 물질이며 후자는 비휘발성이고 ether 불용성이며 cation 및 anion 교환수지에 흡착되지 않는 물질임을 암시한다. 13. DNP-aminoacids paper chromatography에 의하여 cation 교환수지흡착분획중에서 aspartic acid, cystine, glycine, histidine, lycine, tyrosine 및 dinitroaniline 7종의 아미노산이 검출되었다. 14. S. rolfsii의 균계생장 및 균핵형성은 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cystine, histidine 및 glycine의 단독첨가나 혼합첨가에 의해서 촉진되지 않았고 다만 tyrosine에 의해서 약간 촉진되었다. 15. 균핵의 습열에 대한 저항성은 균핵의 수분함유량에 따라 다르며 수분함유량이 적은 것이 보다 더 강하였다. 배지에서 채취한 균핵은 제1,2형균 모두 $52^{\circ}C$에서 5분에 사멸하거나 155일간 $26{\circ}C$에서 건조시킨 것은 $52^{\circ}C$에 있어서 제1형균은 15분, 제2형균은 10분, $57^{\circ}C$에 있어서는 제1형균은 5분, 제2형균은 10분처리에 사멸하였다. 16. 배양균핵을 132일간 $26^{\circ}C$에서 건조시킨 것은 제1,2형균 모두 전부 발아하였고 기건상태에서 283일간 방치한 천연균핵도 제1,2균형 모두 발아하였으며 443일간처리한 것도 아직 제1형균 $20\%$, 제2형균 $16$의 발아율을 보지하고 있었다. 17. 저온에 대한 저항성은 균계, 균계괴, 균핵의 순으로 강하였는데 균계는 $-7--8^{\circ}C$ 1주간 처리에서 완전 사멸하였으나 균계괴는 $-17--20^{\circ}C$ 3주에서도 아직 사멸치 않은 것이 있었으며 균핵은 $-17--20^{\circ}C$ 3주에서 대부분 생존하였다. 18. 약제저항력은 승괴수 $0.05%$에 있어서 제1형균은 180분 제2형균은 240분, $0.1\%$에 있어서는 제1형균 60분, 제2형균 30분에 각각 사멸하였고, Uspulun 800배에 있어서는 제1형균은 120분에 사멸하나 제2형균은 180분에도 사멸치 않으며 500배에 있어서는 제1,2형균 모두 90분에 비로소 사멸하였다. 그러나 유산동 $5\%$ 240분, Ceresan 석탄, Mercuron 각 500배 80분처리에도 아무런 영향이 없었다. 19. Benlate와 Tachigaren의 농도가 증가함에 따라 균계생장 억제효과도 증가하였다. 처리 6째에는 Benlate 0.5ppm을 제외하고는 전농도에서 뚜렷한 억제효과를 나타내었으나 12일째에는 농도에 따라 현저한 차이를 나타냈다. Benlate 0.5ppm 처리는 대조구에 비하여 $66\%$, 2.0ppm은 $92\%$의 억제효과를, Tachigaren은 1ppm $54\%$, 1.5ppm과 2.0ppm은 $77\%$의 억제효과를 나타냈다. 양자 모두 500ppm에서는 거의 완전히 균계생장을 억제시켰다. 균핵형성은 Benlate 500ppm과 Tachigaren 500ppm 및 1000ppm에서 $100\%$ 억제되었다. 20. 일반적으로 균계생장량이 증가함에 따라 배지중의 glucose나 $NH_4-N$의 소비량도 증가하였으나 Benlate나 Techigaren을 처리할 경우 그 농도의 증가에 따라 이들의 소비량이 억제되었다. 그러나 Benlate 저농도(0.5ppm 및 1ppm)에 있어서는 $NH_4-N$의 소비가 무처리구보다 많았다. 21. glucose와 $NH_4-N$의 흡수이용효과 즉 glucose나 $NH_4-N$ 1mg을 소비하여 생산된 균계량은 Benlate나 Techigaren의 처리로 말미암아 크게 저하되었다. 그 정도는 농도에 관계없이 처리 3일째에 가장 심했고 이후 시일이 경과함에 따라 높아졌다. Benlate 처리의 glucose를 제외하고는 대체로 농도가 증가함에 따라 흡수이용효과가 저하되었다. 22. 토양배양에 있어서 $CO_2$ 배출량으로 측정한 균계생장은 어느 농도에서나 저지되지 않았고 다만 Tachigaren 100mg/g 토양에서만 현저하게 억제되었다. 균핵형성은 Benlate나 Tachigaren 10mg/g 토양에서 완전히 억제되었다. 23. Benlate와 Tachigaren 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, 1000ppm에 10분 및 20분간 침지처리한 결과 균핵의 발아억제효과를 인정할 수 없었다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.