• Title/Summary/Keyword: Probability of Area

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Pedagogical Implications for Teaching and Learning Normal Distribution Curves with CAS Calculator in High School Mathematics (CAS 계산기를 활용한 고등학교 정규분포곡선의 교수-학습을 위한 시사점 탐구)

  • Cho, Cheong-Soo
    • Communications of Mathematical Education
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.177-193
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study is to explore normal distribution in probability distributions of the area of statistics in high school mathematics. To do this these contents such as approximation of normal distribution from binomial distribution, investigation of normal distribution curve and the area under its curve through the method of Monte Carlo, linear transformations of normal distribution curve, and various types of normal distribution curves are explored with CAS calculator. It will not be ablt to be attained for the objectives suggested the area of probability distribution in a paper-and-pencil classroom environment from the perspectives of tools of CAS calculator such as trivialization, experimentation, visualization, and concentration. Thus, this study is to explore various properties of normal distribution curve with CAS calculator and derive from pedagogical implications of teaching and learning normal distribution curve.

Factors Influencing to Select Types of U.S. Hospital Network (미국 병원의 네트워크 유형 선택에 영향을 미치는 요인분석)

  • 김양균
    • Health Policy and Management
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2004
  • The study purpose was to find which factors affect selection of hospital network types. This study used the 1998 American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database from Health Forum. Among these U.S. hospitals, the researcher selected hospitals located in Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Therefore the final observation cases for analysis are 1,971 Metropolitan Statistical Area hospitals in the United States. To identify significant variables influencing hospital network types, the study used proportional odds logistics regression model on population size, Health Maintenance Organization penetration rate, and market competition rate of area including a hospital, types of hospital ownership, hospital bed size, proportion of Medicare patients and Medicaid patients in total hospital patients, and occupancy rate. Contrary to conventional wisdom, selection of hospital network types was influenced by population size of area which a hospital located, types of ownership, hospital bed size, and proportion of medicare patients rather than Health Maintenance Organization penetration. Population size 1,000,000-2,499,999 had the highest probability of selecting type IV (clinical-vertical integration) from an independent hospital, and a religious group owned hospitals and for-profit owned hospitals had the highest probability of selecting Type IV (clinical-vertical integration) from an independent hospital. A bed size had positive relation on selecting Type IV (clinical-vertical integration) from an independent hospital. Unlikely general belief that the selecting types of hospital network was determined by the change of health insurance policy such as Health Maintenance Organizations and Preferred Provider Organizations, the types of hospital network were influenced by community characteristics such as population size, and hospital characteristics.

Construction of experimental data to calculate the arrival time of the rescue ship (구조선의 도착시간 산출을 위한 실험 데이터 구축)

  • Jeong, Jae-Yong;Jung, Cho-Young
    • Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.111-117
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    • 2017
  • The arrival time of rescue ships is very important in the event of distress. This paper presents the development of experimental data to calculate the arrival time of rescue ships. The ship's traffic probability distribution was used. Mokpo Port was selected as the area of study, and AIS data for a 1 year period were used. For the ship's traffic probability distribution, a gateline was established. The lateral range distribution was calculated and fitted to the normal distribution and two Gaussian mixture distributions (GMD2), and each parameter was extracted. After the locations of ${\mu}$, ${\mu}{\pm}1{\sigma}$ of the normal distribution and ${\mu}_1$ of the two Gaussian mixture distribution(GMD2) were set as waypoints, the location and probability were determined. A scenario was established in relation to each type of parameter. Thus, the arrival time can be calculated.

A Deterministic Transit Assignment Model for Intercity Rail Network (지역간 철도의 결정적 통행배정모형 구축 연구)

  • Kim, Kyoung-Tae;Rhee, Sung-Mo;Kwon, Yong-Seok
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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    • v.11 no.6
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    • pp.550-561
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of this paper is to propose a new transit assignment model for intercity rail networks. The characteristics of intercity rail are different from that of public transit in urban area. Line selection probability on route section is introduced to include the characteristics of intercity rail into transit assignment model. Network expansion is more simplified by a assumption line selection probability is externally given. The generalized cost is used to decide the volume of each transit line in most of existing transit assignment models. But, many variables have influence on the volume of each line such as time schedule of transit lines, inter-station distance, passengers' income, seasonal variation of demand and regional characteristics. The influence of these variables can be considered to decide the volume of each line by introducing line selection probability on route section. The tests on a small scale network show that the model proposed in this paper is superior to existing models for predicting intercity rail demand. Proposed model is suitable to consider the complicated fare structure of intercity rail and to draw inter-station demand directly as a result of assignment procedure.

Non-Gaussian feature of fluctuating wind pressures on rectangular high-rise buildings with different side ratios

  • Jia-hui Yuan;Shui-fu Chen;Yi Liu
    • Wind and Structures
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.211-227
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    • 2023
  • To investigate the non-Gaussian feature of fluctuating wind pressures on rectangular high-rise buildings, wind tunnel tests were conducted on scale models with side ratios ranging from 1/9~9 in an open exposure for various wind directions. The high-order statistical moments, time histories, probability density distributions, and peak factors of pressure fluctuations are analyzed. The mixed normal-Weibull distribution, Gumbel-Weibull distribution, and lognormal-Weibull distribution are adopted to fit the probability density distribution of different non-Gaussian wind pressures. Zones of Gaussian and non-Gaussian are classified for rectangular buildings with various side ratios. The results indicate that on the side wall, the non-Gaussian wind pressures are related to the distance from the leading edge. Apart from the non-Gaussianity in the separated flow regions noted by some literature, wind pressures behind the area where reattachment happens present non-Gaussian nature as well. There is a new probability density distribution type of non-Gaussian wind pressure which has both long positive and negative tail found behind the reattachment regions. The correlation coefficient of wind pressures is proved to reflect the non-Gaussianity and a new method to estimate the mean reattachment length of rectangular high-rise building side wall is proposed by evaluating the correlation coefficient. For rectangular high-rise buildings, the mean reattachment length calculated by the correlation coefficient method along the height changes in a parabolic shape. Distributions of Gaussian and non-Gaussian wind pressures vary with side ratios. It is inappropriate to estimate the extreme loads of wind pressures using a fixed peak factor. The trend of the peak factor with side ratios on different walls is given.

Wind Fragility for Urban Street Tree in Korea (강풍 발생 시 국내 가로수의 취약성 분석)

  • Sim, Viriyavudh;Jung, WooYoung
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.298-304
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    • 2019
  • In this paper, the analytical method to derive wind fragility for urban street tree in Korea was shown. Monte Carlo Simulation method was used to determine the probability of failure for urban street tree. This probability result was used to determine wind fragility parameters for four types of tree based on the study of street tree species in urban area in Daegu, Korea. Wind fragility for street tree was presented in terms of median capacity and standard deviation of the natural logarithm of the capacity. Results showed that the dominant factor affecting the probability of failure of tree under wind load was their diameter. Moreover, amongst the four types of tree chosen, the tree with height 7m and diameter 35cm had the lowest probability of failure under wind loading, whereas the tree with height 8m and diameter 30cm could resist the least wind loading. The median failure wind speed for urban street tree with height 7m were 43.8m/s and 50.6m/s for diameter 30cm and 35cm, respectively. Also, for tree with height 8m, their median failure wind speeds were 38.7m/s and 45.4m/s for tree with diameter 30cm and 35cm, respectively.

Characteristics of Multipath Delay Spread in Domestic Cellular Environment (국내 이동전파환경에서의다중경로에 의한 지연확산특성)

  • Dong-Doo Lee
    • The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.47-63
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    • 1994
  • An important parameter in characterizing mobile communication channel is delay spread. This paper presents the results of measured delay profiles and calculated distribution funcations of delay spread for typical cellular service environments at Taejon and vicinities. The measurement system uses 1023 chip length, 5 Mbps PN code and sliding correlation method. It has been evaluated by using commercial hardware channel simulator for reliability of out data. As results the value of mean delay spread is 2.08 $\mu\textrm{s}$for suburban area. 2.12 $\mu\textrm{s}$ for urban area and 1.3 $\mu\textrm{s}$ for national/local road. Delay spread is less then 3.4$\mu\textrm{s}$, 2.8$\mu\textrm{s}$ and 1.5 $\mu\textrm{s}$ for probability of 50% and 4.5$\mu\textrm{s}$, 4.2$\mu\textrm{s}$ and 2.9$\mu\textrm{s}$ for probability of 90% at each tested site. The difference of delay spread is within 7% between going and returning status along same street. In this experiment, we found delay spread for suburban area is larger than reported foreign test results.

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A Study on Pk(Probability of Kill) Calculation Method of the Direct Fire Weapon System using ANN (인공신경망을 적용한 직사화기 무기체계의 살상확률(Pk) 산출방법론 연구)

  • Jang, Young Cheon;Han, Hyun Jin;Lee, Ki Teak;Song, Mi Jin;Lee, Hwi Yeong;Kim, Jong Heon
    • Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.99-107
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    • 2019
  • Until now it has had the limitation of the target in the US JMEM to calculate the Pk with the existing method by our study. In this study, we focused on deriving a method to calculate the Pk of the actual targets except JMEM targets using ANN. We study the initial predictive model of ANN(Artificial Neural Network) from the targets data of the specification and the vulnerable area in the US JMEM(Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manuals), and calculate the actual targets vulnerable area by using this method. Finally, we propose a method to calculate the Pk by applying those data to the existing method of us.

Field Measurements of Ground Movements Around Tunnel (현장계측에 의한 터널주변지반의 변위연구)

  • 홍성완;배규진
    • Geotechnical Engineering
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.41-54
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    • 1985
  • Generally, ground settlements and lateral displacements are accompanied by underground excavation associated with open-cut or tunnling. These ground movements cause a harmful influence upon nearby super.structures and sub-structures. Occasionally, the ground movements may pose serious problems as the function of the nearby structures may be disrupted. Therefore, prior to the subway construction in an urban area, it is necessary to identify the causes of ground settlements and estimating the extent St the magnitude of ground movements since any potential damage to the nearby structures such as gas lines, water mains, high buildings and cultural assets must be assessed. The research was performed mainly on ground movements such as surface settlements, lateral displacements, subsurface settlements and crown settlements to predict the maximum settlement and settlement zone, and to identify the causes of ground settlements in NATM sections of Busan subway. As a result, it was found that lateral distribution of settlements could be approximated reasonably by a Gaussian normal probability curve and longitudinal distribution of settlements by a cumulative Gaussian probability curve, and that the early closure of temporary invert was very important to minimize ground settlements.

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Performance of Detection Probability with Adaptive Threshold Algorithm for CR Based on Ad-Hoc Network (인지 무선 기반 애드 혹 네트워크에서 적응적 임계치 알고리즘을 이용한 센싱 성능)

  • Lee, Kyung-Sun;Kim, Yoon-Hyun;Kim, Jin-Young
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.632-639
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    • 2012
  • Ad-hoc networks can be used various environment, which it is difficult to construct infrastructures, such as shadowing areas, disaster areas, war area, and so on. In order to support to considerable and various wireless services, more spectrum resources are needed. However, efficient utilization of the frequency resource is difficult because of spectrum scarcity and the conventional frequency regulation. Ad-hoc networks employing cognitive radio(CR) system that guarantee high spectrum utilization provide effective way to increase the network capacity. In conventional CR based ad-hoc network, it uses constant threshold value to detect primary user signal, so the results become not reliable. In this paper, to solve this problem, we apply adaptive threshold value to the CR based ad-hoc network, and adaptive threshold is immediately changed by SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio). From the simulation results, we confirmed that proposed algorithm has the greatly better detection probabilities than conventional CR based ad-hoc network.