• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.29-49
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• 2021

This paper proposes the Hunminjungum Keypad that applied the creation principle of Hunminjungum to the design of keypad. The proposed keypad arranged 28 letters of Hunminjungum to have correlations with each other between consonants, between vowels, and between consonants and vowels. That is, Consonant buttons are arranged by grouping letters of the same sound by sounds of five voices. And the vowel buttons are arranged at the bottom and the right side of the consonant area according to the position where a vowel is attached to the consonant. In the meantime, Hangul keypads have mainly used 12 button keypads in 4 lines and 3 columns. These keypads have structurally disadvantageous in the touch count and moving distance. Recently, keypads with many letter buttons such as QWERTY and single-vowel are also used a lot. If the number of letter buttons provided in the keypad increases, touch count decreases. And If the letter buttons are arranged to have a correlation with each other, the moving distance becomes smaller. The experimental results show that the proposed keypad has high efficiency in all evaluation factors such as touch count, moving distance and input time.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.67-77
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose an algorithm for open/closed eye detection based on modified Hausdorff distance. The proposed algorithm consists of two parts, face detection and open/closed eye detection parts. To detect faces in an image, MCT (Modified Census Transform) is employed based on characteristics of the local structure which uses relative pixel values in the area with fixed size. Then, the coordinates of eyes are found and open/closed eyes are detected using MHD (Modified Hausdorff Distance) in the detected face region. Firstly, face detection process creates an MCT image in terms of various face images and extract criteria features by PCA(Principle Component Analysis) on offline. After extraction of criteria features, it detects a face region via the process which compares features newly extracted from the input face image and criteria features by using Euclidean distance. Afterward, the process finds out the coordinates of eyes and detects open/closed eye using template matching based on MHD in each eye region. In performance evaluation, the proposed algorithm achieved 94.04% accuracy in average for open/closed eye detection in terms of test video sequences of gray scale with 30FPS/$320{\times}180$ resolution.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.133-160
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• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.83-89
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• 2004

The electronic distance measurement instrument, first introduced in the 1950s has, since those early days, undergone continual refinement. Rapid advances in related technologies have provided lighter, smaller and more precise equipment. Understanding for the principle, the standardized observation technique and the precision of EDM instrument is mostly important to improve the quality and the reliability of by-product in the field of engineering and industrial surveying. Simple and accurate calibration is regularly and periodically necessary to maintenance the precision of EDM instrument. This paper describes the calculated example of zero error and scale error as a correction of EDM by applying the least square method to baseline observations. Here we deals also with the testing criteria for precision instrument testing according to different types of EDM instruments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.30-36
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• 2015

The principle of an illumination and projection system including LED light sources for a spot type stage lighting system was presented, and its optical system was designed with optimizing parameters by the analytical methods. A dichroic mirror incorporated with an illumination system to optimizing LED source positions and to obtain the compact system. The projection system was optimized with specific constraints such as a chromatic aberration, distortion aberration and angle of incidence angles. Optimized design system has a beam angle from $10^{\circ}$ to $45^{\circ}$, and its illuminance was 4,500lux at distance of 6m on the work plane.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.1 s.173
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• pp.232-239
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• 2000

The paper describes the parametric instability of free-free beams subjected to a controlled pulsating follower force. The beam has a tip rigid body not a mass point, and the direction of pulsating follower force is controlled by the direction control sensor. Equations of motion are derived by Hamilton's principle and the instability regions are obtained by finite element formulation. The effects of magnitude, rotary inertia, the distance between free end of the beam and the center of gravity of the rigid body on the instability types and regions are investigated by the change of the constant and periodic part of the follower force.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.725-734
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• 2009

Maxwell stress tensor is one of the methods which are generally used for electromagnetic force calculation. In this paper, it is presented that Maxwell stress tensor T and n${\cdot}$T have no physical meaning and therefore should not be used as sources of mechanical force for deformations or dynamics. The divergence of Maxwell stress tensor ${\nabla}{\cdot}T$ is the one which can acquire a physical identity and is electromagnetic body force density by an action at a distance like a gravity. This result can be derived from the principle of power balance, and also verified by some thought experiments. The virtual air-gap approach is proposed as a valid solution for the calculation of the body force.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

The elimination of a pole sensor is desirable due to the low-cost requirement, the compactness, and the applied drives. This paper proposes the algorithm for the initial pole-position estimation of a surface permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PM-LSM), which is carried out under the closed loop control without a pole sensor and is insensitive to the motor parameters. This algorithm is based on the principle that the initial pole position (IPP) is estimated by the trigonometric function of the two reference currents. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is confirmed by testing a surface PM-LSM with large disturbance, which result shows that IPP is well estimated within a satisfied moving-distance and a shorter estimation taken-time even if large disturbance such as cogging and friction is existed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.125-130
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• 1977

This is a dimensionless analysis of interior ballistics for the design of gun tube. One of the characteristics of this analysis is to ues the .ETA.$_{j}$ number which means a relative quantity of virtual work to the kimetic energy of projectile at the muzzle. In order to apply the concept of virtual work, it is assumed that the projectile is moved from the beginning to the end of bore under constant pressure of the certain travel distance of projectile. The principle of the analysis is induced from the Le Duc equation, which expresses velocity as a function of projectile travel and is based on the translation of a hyperbolic curve. From this non-dimensional analysis, the optimum design parameters of pressure in the bore, velocity and acceleration of projectile can be obtained from the table of figure without computation. This method was verified by the experimental work.k.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.164-181
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• 2014

As the boundary between fashion and architecture is getting blurred, the interactions of the two fields are turning out abundant as well as essential. This study investigates the tectonic strategies in architectural fashion design as a novel aesthetic in the 21st century by combining literary survey and case analysis on architecture and contemporary fashion. The tectonic strategies in the works of architectural fashion designers were categorized as follows: organic geometry, technological garment construction, and independent space. Organic geometry transforms basic geometric shapes into subtle organic forms after being thrown on the body. Technological garment construction explores the garment structure and volume by applying the structural principle of suspension and fractal geometry. Independent space refers to maintaining the firm three-dimensionality of garment structure which keeps the distance from the body, assuming the similarity to architecture.