• Computers and Concrete
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.195-216
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• 2008

This paper presents a new hypoelasticity model which was implemented in a nonlinear finite element formulation to analyze reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The model includes a new hypoelasticity constitutive relationship utilizing the rotation of material axis through successive iterations. The model can account for high nonlinearity of the stress-strain behavior of the concrete in the pre-peak regime, the softening behavior of the concrete in the post-peak regime and the irrecoverable volume dilatation at high levels of compressive load. This research introduces the modified version of the common application orthotropic stress-strain relation developed by Darwin and Pecknold. It is endeavored not to violate the principal of "simplicity" by improvement of the "capability" The results of analyses of experimental reinforced concrete walls are presented to confirm the abilities of the proposed relationships.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2002

The fatigue crack growth under mixed mode condition has been discussed within the scope of linear fracture mechanics such as maximum tangential stress, maximum tangential principal stress and minimum strain energy density. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of fatigue test crack growth in 304 stainless steel under mixed node. The fatigue test results carried out by using inclined pre-crack specimens was compared to both of the theoretical predictions of the criteria, maximum tangential stress and stain energy density. As difference from theoretical analysis, the transition region from mixed mode to mode I appeared in the fatigue test. There is deep relationship between the angle of slanted pre-crack and transition. Therefore, as applying the different stress intensity factor to each node I+II and mode I, the directions and rates of fatigue crack growth are evaluated more accurately under mixed mode.

• 연구논문집
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• 통권26호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1996

The transmission system of a washing machine which is called by the clutch is one of the most important components to preserve the performance. The clutch housing has a role to guard and mount the transmission system on the frame of the machine. The load which is applied on the clutch housing depends on the operating conditions. Nowadays the dehydration speed is higher and higher in order to improve the efficiency. In this study, the strains on the predicted weak positions were measured using the strain gage and its measuring equipment. The relationships between the dehydration speeds and the maximum principal strains were obtained. Finite element analysis is executed to acquire the effect of the dehydration speed on the stress of the clutch housing. The distributions of the equivalent stress and the maximum stresses under the various speeds, the various loading directions and the various thickness of the clutch housing were obtained.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1987

높은 압력을 받는 다공질 재료의 압축에 대한 이론적 응력-변형의 구성 방정식이 제안되었다. 본 구성 방정식에는 소성이론을 근거로하여 하나의 yield function과 normality rule이 적용되고 공극을 (porosity)을 strain-hardening parameter로 사용하고 있다. 위 구성 방정식은 유한요소법을 이용한 2차원의 콤퓨터 프로그램에 삼입되어 다공질재료의 압축을 수치해석적으로 연구하는데 전였다. 특히 다공질 재료의 압축과 관현되어 발생되는 여러가지 현상을 규명하는데 수치해석적 연구의 중요 성이 인식되고 하중제거후에 압축된 재료에 발생되는 인장응력과 균열에 관한 현상을 고찰하였다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(I)
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• pp.139-142
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• 2005

This paper presents a deformable strut-and-tie model of determining the shear strengths and ultimate deformations of the shear-dominant reinforced concrete members. The proposed model originates from the strut-and-tie model concept and satisfies equilibrium, compatibility, constitutive laws, and the geometric conditions of shear deformation. This study attempts to apply deformation patterns to strut-and-tie models. The yielding of flexural reinforcements determines yielding states and the ultimate states of reinforced concrete coupling beam are defined as the ultimate compressive strain of struts and the degradation of compressive strength due to principal tensile strain of struts. The validity and accuracy of the proposed model is then tested against available experimental data. The parameters reviewed include the ratios of truss action and arch action, the reinforcement ratios, and the shear span-depth ratio. It is expected that this model can be applied to displacement-based design methods.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2006년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.233-240
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• 2006

An experimental investigation on the behavior of reinforced concrete coupling beams is presented. The test variables are the span-to-depth ratio, the ratio of flexural reinforcement and the ratio of shear rebar. The distribution of arch action and truss action which compose the mechanism of shear resistance is discussed. This study proposes the deformation model for reinforced concrete coupling beams considering the bond slip of flexural reinforcement. The yielding of flexural reinforcements determines yielding states and the ultimate states of reinforced concrete coupling beam are defined as the ultimate compressive strain of struts and the degradation of compressive strength due to principal tensile strain of struts. It is expected that this model can be applied to displacement-based design methods.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.545-560
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• 2021

An in situ experiment imaged via X-ray computed tomography was performed on a continuous glass fiber mat reinforced epoxy resin composite. The investigated dogbone specimen was subjected to uniaxial cyclic tension. The reconstructed scans (i.e., gray level volumes) were registered via Digital Volume Correlation. The calculated maximum principal strain fields and correlation residual maps exhibited strain localization areas within the material bulk, thus indicating damage inception and growth toward the specimen surface. Strained bands and areas of elevated correlation residuals were mainly concentrated in the narrowest gauge section of the investigated specimen, as well as on the specimen ligament edges. Gray level residuals were laid over the corresponding mesostructure to highlight and characterize damage development within the material bulk.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.619-637
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• 2015

A field based non-destructive hardness method is being developed to determine plastic strain in steel elements subjected to seismic loading. The focus of this study is on the active links of eccentrically braced frames (EBFs). The 2010/2011 Christchurch earthquake series, especially the very intense February 22 shaking, which was the first earthquake worldwide to push complete EBF systems into their inelastic state, generating a moderate to high level of plastic strain in EBF active links for a range of buildings from 3 to 23 storeys in height. Plastic deformation was confined to the active links. This raised two important questions: what was the extent of plastic deformation and what effect does that have on post-earthquake steel properties? A non-destructive hardness test method is being used to determine a relationship between hardness and plastic strain in active link beams. Active links from the earthquake affected, 23-storey Pacific Tower building in Christchurch are being analysed in the field and laboratory. Test results to date show clear evidence that this method is able to give a good relationship between plastic strain and demand. This paper presents significant findings from this project to investigate the relationship between hardness and plastic strain that warrant publication prior to the completion of the project. Principal of these is the discovery that hot rolled steel beams carry manufacturing induced plastic strains, in regions of the webs, of up to 5%.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.65-82
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• 1993

주응력회전시 모래의 응력-변형률 거동을 조사하기 위하여 Santa Monies해변의 모래에 대 한 비틀림전단시험이 여러가지 응력경로에 대해 실시되었다. 모래에 대한 비틀림전단시험에서는 점토에서와 달리 Torque의 작용방향을 시계방향과 반시계방향 모두에 대해 작용하였으며, 공시체의 측방변형량 측정도 내부압축실의 체적변형량으로부터 평균 변형량을 측정함으로 점토시 사용하였던 Clip gage를 제거하여 시험을 보다 편리하게 할 수 있었으며 어느 일부분에서 측정했던 측방변형을 대표값으로 사용하였던 단점을 보완하였다. 그리고 공시체의 제작은 모래를 공중낙하법에 의해 실시하여 밀도를 균등하게 만들었으며 공시체의 체적변형량은 COI 가스를 이용하여 체적변형량 측정을 보다 정확하게 할 수 있었다. 시험결과로부터 비틀림전단시험에 의한 모래의 응력 -변형률 거동이 조사되었으며 또한 주응력축 회전효과가 검토되었다. 그리고 연직응력이나 전단응력중 하나가 고정인 상태에서 다른 하중을 작용하였을시 선행하중에 의한 결합효과(coupling effect)에 의해 선행하중에 대한 전단변형률과 연직변형률이 계속 관찰되었다. 한편 축변형률에 대한 주응력비 o1/o3의 관계에서 파괴가 발생하는 축변형률의 위치는 축차주응력비 b(=(o2-o3)/(o1-o3))가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1638-1644
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• 2007

The effect of carbon sources on tacrolimus production by a mutant strain of Streptomyces clavuligerus CKD 1119, an isolate from soil, was examined. Among the carbohydrates and oils tested in this work, a mixed carbon source of soluble starch and com oil was the best. An analysis of the culture kinetics also showed that, in contrast to the carbohydrates, the com oil was consumed later in the antibiotic production phase, implying that the oil substrate was the principal carbon source for the biosynthesis of tacrolimus, and this was directly proven by experiments using $^{14}C$-glucose and $^{14}C$-oleate substrates. Furthermore, com oil induced the formation of lipase by the mutant strain, whereas the addition of glucose significantly repressed lipase activity. The lipase activity exhibited by the FK-506-overproducing mutants was also observed to be directly proportional to their tacrolimus yield, indicating that a high lipase activity is itself a crucial factor for tacrolimus production. A feasibility study with a 200-1 pilot-scale fermentor and the best strain (Tc-XII-15322) identified in this work revealed a high volumetric and specific productivity of about 495 mg/l and 0.34 mg/mg dry mycelium, respectively.