• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.191-201
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this methodological study was to examine the validity and reliability of a translated Korean version of The Oncology Patients' Perception of the Quality of Nursing Care Scale. Methods: The translated scale was pilot tested and then administered to 360 patients with cancer. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were utilized to assess the factor structure. Internal consistency reliability was determined using coefficient ${\alpha}$. Results: Two of the 40 items were deleted with a principal component method of exploratory factor analysis because they did not meet the factor-loading criterion. The 38 items were again analyzed and, four factors were validated (KMO=.96, Bartlett ${\chi}^2=10809.81$, df=780, p<.001). The four factors accounted for 60.9% of the variance. Factor loadings of the scale on the four subscales ranged from .65 to .91. The scale showed reliable internal consistency with a Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, total 38 items (${\alpha}=.96$) in four subscales: individualization (18 items, ${\alpha}=.96$), proficiency (10, .91), responsiveness (7, .90), and coordination (3, .80). Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the scale has satisfactory construct validity and reliability to measure quality of cancer nursing care from the patient's perspective in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 2008

In this study, volatile compounds were isolated from traditional and commercial fermented soybean pastes according to different heating temperatures (room temperature, $50^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$) using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The compounds were then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 51 volatile components, including 18 esters, 3 alcohols, 6 acids, 8 pyrazines, 5 volatile phenols, 6 aldehydes, and 5 miscellaneous compounds, were identified. Esters and acids such as ethyl hexadecanoate, acetic acid, and 2/3-methyl butanoic acid were the largest groups among the quantified volatiles. By applying principal component analyses to the GCMS data sets, differences were observed in the volatile components of the soybean pastes as to the different heating temperatures. A large variation was shown between the volatile components of the traditional and commercial soybean pastes by increasing the heating temperature. Commercial samples had significantly higher levels of longer chain ethyl esters, aldehydes, and thermal degradation products such as maltol and 2-acetyl pyrrole, while traditional samples showed higher concentrations of acids and pyrazines.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-159
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• 2011

A high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed to determine simultaneously eight marker constituents of Forsythiae fructus, and subsequently applied it to classify its two botanical origins. The marker compounds of Forsythia suspensa were phillyrin, pinoresinol, phillygenin, lariciresinol and forsythiaside; those of F.viridissima were arctiin, arctigenin and matairesinol. Separation of the eight analytes was achieved on a phenyl-hexyl column (150${\times}$2.0 mm i.d., 3 ${\mu}M$) using gradient elution with the mobile phase: (A) 10% acetonitrile in 0.5% acetic acid, (B) 40% aqueous acetonitrile. A few fragment ions specific to the types of lignans, among the product ions generated by collisonally induced dissociation (CID) of molecular ion clusters, such as [M-H]$^-$ or [M+OAc]$^-$ were used not only for fingerprinting analysis but for the quantification of each epimer by using multiple-reaction monitoring mode. It was shown good linearity ($r^2{\geq}$ 0.9998) over the wide range of all analytes; intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD, %) were within 9.14% and the accuracy ranged from 84.3 to 115.1%. The analytical results of 40 drug samples, combined with multivariate statistical analyses - principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) - clearly demonstrated the classification of the test samples according to their botanical origins. This method would provide a practical strategy for assessing the authenticity or quality of the herbal drug.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2018

Aconiti Kusnezoffii Tuber has been traditionally used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and joint pain. The main constituents are diterpenoid alkaloids such as benzoylmesaconine, benzoylaconine, mesaconitine, aconitine, and hypaconitine. In Korea, Aconiti Kusnezoffii Tuber is officially defined as the tubers of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb., A. ciliare Decasisne, and A. triphyllum Nakai. On the other hand, only the tuber of A. kusnezoffii is to be used in China. In order to identify the botanical origin of Aconiti Kusnezoffii Tuber circulated in Korea, we analyzed 24 samples of Aconiti Kusnezoffii Tuber obtained from local markets for comparative DNA analysis. The sequence analysis of nrRNA ITS 1 was useful to distinguish Aconitum species and revealed that the roots of A. karakolicum were circulated in Korean markets without discretion. HPLC quantitative analysis showed that aconitine was detected at the highest amount in A. karakolicum. Authentic diterpenoid alkaloids were coinjected for quantification of aconitine-type ingredients. All data were statistically grouped by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This study suggests that both molecular and chemical analyses should be utilized for the standardization and the quality control for Aconiti Kusnezoffii Tuber.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2007

Vitellaria paradoxa commonly called shea is an important agro forestry and fruit-bearing species present in four agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. The goal of this work was the morphological characterization of certain populations of V. paradoxa which will serve as a necessary step for a subsequent genetic study of the species. Morphological observations related to 20 agronomic traits, studied on 8-13 trees selected from each of the eight shea populations across four different agro-ecological zones located in four provinces of Cameroon were studied. The study showed that there was a variation between the populations, related to the traits measured on the trunk, fruit, nut, and leaf. Three shapes of the tree(ball, broom, and trained), five shapes of the fruit(round, oblong, reversed pear, ovoid, and oblong), three colors of the nut(clear brown, dark brown, and blackish brown) were identified. The principal component analysis(PCA) carried out on the quantitative characters revealed 72% of the total variance expressed on the first and second main axis. This variation was essentially explained by the traits measured on the fruits and on the nuts. The analyses showed that only the traits of the fruits and the nuts were discriminative. The shea populations studied were structured into two distinct groups using these discriminative traits.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.162-171
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• 2012

We investigated food webs of a $Salix$ $subfragilis$-dominated wetland in the Janghang wetland in the Hangang estuary, which is very close to the Demilitarized Zone, along the west coast of Korea. Our study focused on understanding sesarmine crab ($Sesarma$ $dehaani$)-related food webs in a $S.$ $subfragilis$ forest. For our study, we used carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and fatty acid biomarkers. We collected samples of plants, animals, and detrital sediment from four quadrats ($5{\times}5m^2$) set in the $S.$ $subfragilis$ community. Samples were collected from September 2006 to June 2009, except during the winter hibernation period of $S.$ $dehaani$. In the wet season, the sediment showed relatively high ${\delta}^{13}C$ and low ${\delta}^{15}N$ signatures compared with relatively low ${\delta}13C$ and high ${\delta}15N$ signatures in the dry season. Mature $S.$ $dehaani$ appeared to feed on fresh leaves and other carbon sources, such as immature individuals or fish, in addition to detrital sediment, which appeared to be the main carbon source for immature crabs. Principal component analysis of fatty acid biomarkers of $S.$ $dehaani$ showed a clear difference between immature individuals (10-30 mm) and mature ones (larger than 30 mm), indicating that the main food source for immature crabs was detrital sediment, whereas mature crabs foraged plants in addition to consuming detrital sediment. On the basis of our results from stable isotope and fatty acid analyses, mature $S.$ $dehaani$ appeared to feed on detrital sediment and fresh leaves of $S.$ $subfragilis$ in summer in addition to engaging in cannibalism of immature individuals.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2008

It was revaluated about taxonomic position of Bupleurum latissimum Nakai (Apiaceae) by the cluster analysis, the principal component analysis, and the discriminant analysis. Its diagnostic characteristics include bracteole length longer than umbellules, 16-21 pedicel numbers, plant with evergreen leaves, chromosome number 2n = 16 and cauline leaves with auriculate base. It is morphologically similar to B. euphorbioides in having ovate bracteoles, 16-21 pedicel numbers, chromosome number 2n = 16, and cauline leaves with auriculate base, but distinguished from B. longiradiatum with having linear bracteoles, 7-15 pedicel numbers, and chromosome number 2n = 12. Morphological characters support that Bupleurum latissimum Nakai is a Korean endemic species.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2018

Background: Temperature is an essential condition in red ginseng processing. The pharmacological activities of red ginseng under different steam temperatures are significantly different. Methods: In this study, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed to distinguish the red ginseng products that were steamed at high and low temperatures. Multivariate statistical analyses such as principal component analysis and supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis were used to determine the influential components of the different samples. Results: The results showed that different steamed red ginseng samples can be identified, and the characteristic components were 20-gluco-ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, and malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1 in red ginseng steamed at low temperature. Meanwhile, the characteristic components in red ginseng steamed at high temperature were 20R-ginsenoside Rs3 and ginsenoside Rs4. Polar ginsenosides were abundant in red ginseng steamed at low temperature, whereas higher levels of less polar ginsenosides were detected in red ginseng steamed at high temperature. Conclusion: This study makes the first time that differences between red ginseng steamed under different temperatures and their ginsenosides transformation have been observed systematically at the chemistry level. The results suggested that the identified chemical markers can be used to illustrate the transformation of ginsenosides in red ginseng processing.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.673-679
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• 2020

Background: Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) is the extraction from the roots and rhizomes of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. PNS is the main bioactive component of Xuesaitong, Xueshuantong, and other Chinese patent medicines, which are all bestselling prescriptions in China to treat cardiocerebrovascular diseases. Notoginsenoside R₁ and ginsenoside Rg₁, Rd, Re, and Rb₁ are the principal effective constituents of PNS, but a systematic research on the rare saponin compositions has not been conducted. Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic chemical study on PNS and establish the HPLC fingerprint of PNS to provide scientific evidence in quality control. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the new compounds was tested. Methods: Pure saponins from PNS were isolated by means of many chromatographic methods, and their structures were determined by extensive analyses of NMR and HR-ESI-MS studies. The fingerprint was established by HPLC-UV method. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 -diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results and Conclusion: Three new triterpenoid saponins (1-3) together with 25 known rare saponins (4-28) were isolated from PNS, except for the five main compounds (notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb1). In addition, the HPLC fingerprint of PNS was established, and the peaks of the isolated compounds were marked. The study of chemical constituents and fingerprint was useful for the quality control of PNS. The study on antitumor activities showed that new Compound 2 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the tested cell lines.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.170-180
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the facial skeletal patterns and the shape of the mandibular symphysis in adults with malocclusion by using a structural equation model (SEM). Methods: Ninety adults who had malocclusion and had records of facial skeletal measurements performed using cone-beam computed tomography were selected for this study. The skeletal measurements were classified into three groups (vertical, anteroposterior, and transverse). Cross-sectional images of the mandibular symphysis were analyzed using generalized Procrustes and principal component (PC) analyses. A SEM was constructed after the factors were extracted via factor analysis. Results: Two factors were extracted from the transverse, vertical, and anteroposterior skeletal measurements. Latent variables were extracted for each factor. PC1, PC2, and PC3 were selected to analyze the variations of the mandibular symphyseal shape. The SEM was constructed using the skeletal variables, PCs, and latent variables. The SEM showed that the vertical latent variable exerted the most influence on the mandibular symphyseal shape. Conclusions: The relationship between the skeletal pattern and the mandibular symphysis was analyzed using a SEM, which showed that the vertical facial skeletal pattern had the highest effect on the shape of the mandibular symphysis.