• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.329-338
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop the couple breast-feeding education program and to investigate the effects of program on breast-feeding self-efficacy, spouse support and breast-feeding satisfaction of primipara. The 3 session(20-40 min/one day) the breastfeeding spouses education program was developed and a non-equivalent control group quasi-experiment design was used. Sixty-three participants were assigned to either the experimental group (n=32) or the control group (n=31). A pre-test and post-test were done to identify the effect of the program. Effects were tested using $x^2$-test, t-test. Scores for breast-feeding self-efficacy(t=3.44, p=.001), spouse support(t=3.03, p=.004) and breast-feeding satisfaction(t=3.64, p=.001) of the experimental group after program were significantly higher than the control group scores. The effects of the couple breast-feeding education program for elevating breast-feeding self-efficacy, spouse support and breast-feeding satisfaction of primipara were validated. Therefore, this program can be recommended for vigorous use in clinical practice.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.538-549
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• 2002

This study was designed to test the effects of a full body massage on uterine contraction, length of labor, type of delivery, and drug intervention for primipara during labor. Data were collected using a quasi-experiment method (nonequivalent control group, pre-post test design) from November 1, 2001 to July 31, 2002. The subjects of this experiment consisted of 28 women in the experimental group and 29 in the control group, out of 57 primipara hospitalized at the U OB & GYN hospital in Inchon. The experimental group was given a 20 minute full body massage for each of the three delivery phases (latent, active, and transition). The control group was given conventional delivery care. Three (3) parameters were analyzed in this experiment. (1) The interval, duration, and strength of uterine contraction, using an electric tocodynamometer (2) The elapsed time for stage 1 and stage 2 labor. (3) The types of deliveries and drug interventions, using postpartum medical records The data collected were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test, and $x^2$ test of the SPSS program. The results of the experiment are as follows: 1) Uterine contraction interval was significantly reduced (F=3.210, p=.050). Duration of uterine contraction showed significant increase only during the transition phase (t=-2.319, p=.023). Strength of uterine contraction showed no significant difference. 2) Total length of labor was significantly shortened (t=-5.245, p=.000). The length of 1st stage labor was significantly shortened (t=-5.164, p=.000), with latent phase showing (t=-4.709, p=.000), active phase (t=-2.973, p=.005), and transition phase (t=-2.031, p=.047). The length of 2nd stage labor showed no significant difference. 3) The number of natural deliveries were significantly increased ($x^2$=13.127, p=.004). 4) The number of drug interventions were significantly fewer ($x^2$= 4.493, p=.034). In conclusion, this study shows that a full body massage has a significantly positive effect on uterine contraction interval, length of labor, type of delivery, and drug intervention. Therefore, this study suggests that a full body massage be used clinically to help primipara during labor.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.82-92
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• 2003

Objective: To appreciate the effect of San-Yin-Jiao(SP-6) pressure on duratof delivery time and quantity of blood loss in order to verify the possibility of application to clinic of San-Yin-Jiao pressure. Methods: The design of this study is nonequivalent control group non- synchronized design. The subjects are 39 persons who are made up of SP-6 pressure applied(experimental) group 20 persons and to control group 19 persons. Collected data were analyzed as frequency, percentage, t-test, $x^2-test$ using SPSS 10.0 WIN Program. Conclusions: San-Yin-Jiao(SP-6) pressure not only make short duration of delivery time, but also decline quantity of blood loss in effect. 1. It could be necessary that the study of the effects of San-Yin-Jio(SP-6) pressure on duration of delivery time and quantity of blood loss for primipara be done repeatedly. 2. It could be necessary to increase this sort of study through free random experimental design in order to generalize this experimental result.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 1970

For the purpose to clarify the effects of the mothers health during pregnancy on the weight and length of the newborn infants, this study was carried out on 500 new born infants delivered at St, Mary's Hospital, Ewha Woman's University Hospital and Red Cross Hospital in Seoul during the eight-month period from March, 1969 to October, 1969. In this study, the relationship between the T weight and length of the new born infants, and in each case, the weight, length, age, duration of labour, duration of pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy and diets level during pregnancy of the mother were observed. The relationship between the weight and length of the new born infants and the parity n-as also observed. The results obtained in this study were as follows. 1. The weight of new born infants of both sexes was significantly correlated with the parity, the weight of the mother, and the duration of labour of the primipara. The weight of the mother and the duration of pregnancy were significantly correlated with the weight of the male new born infants only, and the weight of the new born infants and the weight gain of the mother during pregnancy were significantly correlated in the female new born infants. 2. In general, the weight of the new born infants of well or excellently nourished mothers were heavier than those of poorly nourished ones. 3. The length of the new born infants was significantly correlated mother the duration of labour in the primipara.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of breast-feeding education on skills, attitude, and duration of breast-feeding among primipara mothers. The educational session was offered during the period of June through September at the T medical center in T city. One hundred thirteen primiparas were selected for this study, 61 who received breast-feeding education(lecture, demonstration, and additional telephone counselling) served as the experimental group and 52 who did not as the control. Data collection was done by self-reporting method. the reliability of the instrument was from .77 to .87. Duration of breast-feeding was classified into I through V according to the WHO classification at the time point of 4 weeks of postpartum. The results were as follows : 1. The score for the experimental group on the skills of breast-feeding techniques was significantly higher than those of the control(t=9.12, p=.000). 2. The score for the experimental group in the attitude toward breast-feeding was significantly higher than those of the control(t=6.12, p=.000). 3. Duration of breast-feeding for the experimental group was significantly longer than that of the control at the time of 4 weeks of postpartum($x^2$=20.79, p=.001). In conclusion, the breast-feeding practice can be promoted effectively through the breast-feeding education.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.196-204
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• 2008

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects abdominal breathing on anxiety and length of labor time in primipara women. Method: It was a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent comparison group, performed from October 11 to December 4, 2007. Thirty-six subjects who received pitocin and met the inclusion criteria were chosen by convenience sampling from the labor room of Y hospital located in Seoul. The intervention of abdominal breathing was 'four seconds of inhale, six seconds of exhale breathing method.' The abdominal breathing was carried out 30 times each when the uterine cervix was dilated $3{\sim}4cm$ and $5{\sim}6cm$. Psychological anxiety was measured by VAS-A before and after the cervix dilatation to $3{\sim}4cm$ and $5{\sim}6cm$. Result: Anxiety scores of the experimental was found lower than that of the control group at $3{\sim}4cm$(z=-3.05, p=.00) and $5{\sim}6cm$(z=-2.04, p=.04) of cervix dilatation. However, the abdominal breathing was not effective to the length of labor from the active phase thru full dilatation, though there was 56 minutes of difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Carrying out the abdominal breathing 30 times at two time points was effective in decreasing anxiety level during labor. Further study is suggested to examine the effects of abdominal breathing on labor time, fetal heart rate, and uterine contraction.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.4 s.28
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• pp.555-577
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• 1989

This study was conducted to compare the delivery management including laboratory tests, medication and surgical procedures for the delivery in various medical facilities. Two university hospitals, two general hospitals, three hospitals, two private obstetric clinics, and two midwifery clinics in a large city were selected as they permitted the investigators to abstract the required data from the medical and accounting records. The total number of deliveries occurred at these 11 facilities between 15 January and 15 February, 1989 was 789 among which 606(76.8%) were vaginal deliveries and 183 (23.3%) were C-sections. For the normal vaginal deliveries, CBC, Hb/Hct level, blood typing, VDRL, hepatitis B antigen and antibody, and urinalysis were routinely done except the private clinics and midwifery clinics which did not test for hepatitis B and Hb/Hct level at all. In one university hospital ultrasonography was performed in 71.4% of the mothers and in one general hospital liver function test was done in 76.7% of the mothers. For the C-section, chest X-ray, bleeding/clotting time and liver function test were routinely done in addition to the routine tests for the normal vaginal deliveries. Episiotomy was performed in 97.2% of the vaginal deliveries. The type and duration of fluid infused and antibiotics administered showed a wide variation among the medical facilities. In one university hospital antibiotics was not administered after C-section at all while in the general hospitals and hospitals one or two antibiotics were administered for one week on the average. In one private clinic one pint of whole blood was transfused routinely. A wide variation was observed among the medical facilities in the use of vitamin, hemostatics, oxytocics, antipyreptics, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents. sedatives. digestives. stool softeners. antihistamines. and diuretics. Mean hospital day for the normal vaginal deliveries of primipara was 2.6 days with little variation except one hospital with 3.5 days. Mean hospital day for the C-section of primipara was 7.5 days and that of multipara was 7.6 days and it ranged between 6.5 days and 9.4 days. Average hospital fee for a normal vaginal delivery without the medical insurance coverage was 182,100 Won for the primipara and 167,300 Won for the multipara. In case of the primipara covered by the medical insurance a mother paid 82,400 Won and a multiparous mother paid 75,600 Won. Average hospital fee for a C-section without the medical insurance was 946,500 Won for the primipara and 753,800 Won for the multipara. In case of the primipara covered by the medical insurance a mother paid 256,200 Won and a multiparous mother paid 253,700 Won. Average hospital fee for a normal vaginal delivery in the university hospitals showed a remarkable difference, 268,000 Won vs 350,000 Won, as well as for the C-section. A wide variation in the laboratory tests performed for a normal vaginal delivery and a C-section as well as in the medication and hospital days brought about a big difference in the hospital fee and some hospitals were practicing the case payment system. Thus, standardization of the medical care to a certain level is warranted for the provision of adequate medical care for delivery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.150-167
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• 1991

The intent of this longitudinal descriptive correlational study is to investigate the change of the mother - infant interactions over the periods of one month, three months and six months of the infant's age. This study is also intended to explore the interrelationships among three major factors- the perception of pregnancy, the mother -infant inter-action and the maternal attitude. The samples participated are 36 pairs of mother and infant from two university hospitals in Seoul. A data collection was made, from October in 1988 to September in 1989, for each subject at five periods of time ; prenatal period (after 36 weeks in pregnancy), postpartum two or three days, one month, three months and six months of infant's age. The research tools used in this investigation are Mother - Infant Play Interaction Scale (MIPIS), Prenatal Self- Evaluation Questionnaire and Cohler's Maternal Attitude Scale. Some of the findings are as follows ; 1. There is a significant increase in the mother - infant interaction from one month to three months and six months of infant's age. The highest score of the mother - infant interaction during three periods is at the time of three months. 2. The primipara's mother -infant interaction is not affected by the demographic characteristics, such as age, education and vocation of mother, types of delivery, or sex of infant. 3. Among seven categories of the perception of pregnancy, the most positively perceived categories by primiparas are acceptance of pregnancy and identification of. a motherhood role : whereas the negative ones are preparation for labor, concern for well -being of self and baby, md fear of pain, helplessness and loss of control in order of negativity. 4. There is no significant relationship between the perception of pregnancy and the mother - infant interactions. 5. There is no significant change in the maternal attitude over the period of one month, three months, and six months of infant's age. 6. There is no significant relationship between the maternal attitude and the mother - infant interactions. 7, The significant relationships are (end between the perception of pregnancy and maternal attitude, especially in the categories of concern for well -being of self and baby, accetance of pregnancy, identification of a motherhood role, fear of pain, helplessness and loss of control, and relationship with husband. In conclusion, it is confirmed that primipara's mother-infant interactions change over time period, and that perception of pregnancy and the maternal attitude do not affect the mother-infant interactions despite a significat relationship between those two variables. The implications of this investigation include a suggestion that nurses need to teach and demonstrate to mothers how to care for and interact with their infants, with a view to improving the mother-infant interactions which can be obtained through the improvement of maternal sensitivity to their infants.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.244-256
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on labor pain and duration of delivery time for primipara women treated by San-Yin-Jiao(SP-6) and Hob-Gog(LI-4) acupressure. The design of this study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronizedpost test only design. It was done to identify the effects of SP-6 acupressure or LI-4 acupressure on labor pain in primipara women. The benefits of using SP-6 acupressure or LI-4 acupressure were evaluated by comparing three groups, a SP-6 acupressure group, a LI-4 acupressure group and a control group, not treated with acupressure. The participants included 192 primiparas who underwent vaginal delivery, 72 primiparas in the control group, 71 in the SP-6 acupressure group and 49 in the LI-4 acupressure group. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of general characteristics, a subjective labor pain scale (Johnson, 1974), and measurement of duration of delivery time. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Differences in the acupressure effect for SP-6 and LI-4 were analyzed using Scheffe's test which showed that differences in the control group vs the SP-6 group and the control group vs the LI-4 group were statistically significant (t=21.767, p<0.05; t=23.923, p<0.05), but the SP-6 group vs the LI-4 group showed no significant differences. 2. The duration of delivery time in the group which had SP-6 acupressure or LI-4 acupressure was shorter (400.77${\pm}$153.34; 379.10${\pm}$127.60) than in the control group (528.68${\pm}$239.08). Differences in the effects of acupressure with SP-6 and LI-4 were also analyzed by Scheffe's test. Control group vs SP-6 group and Control group vs LI-4 group were significantly different(t=127.91, p<0.05; t=149.58, p<0.05), but the SP-6 group vs the LI-4 group did not show any statistically significant difference (t=21.67). This study has shown that SP-6 and LI-4 acupressure were both effective in relation to labor pain and duration of delivery time for primiparas. But it is necessary to replicate the study with a larger number of participants to generalize of the results.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.359-367
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• 2003

Purpose: This study is designed to test the effects of a full body massage on Apgar score, postpartum mother's childbirth experience, and mother-infant attachment for primipara during labor. Method: Data were collected using a quasi-experiment method (nonequivalent control group, pre-post test design) from November 1, 2001 to July 31, 2002. The subjects for this experiment consist of 28 women in the experimental group and 29 in the control group, out of 57 primipara hospitalized at the U OB & GYN hospital in Inchon. A 20 minute full body massage was given to the experimental group on each of three delivery phases (latent, active, and transition), and a conventional delivery care to the control group. The experimental tools for the study are Apgar score scale developed by Apgar(1958), postpartum mother's childbirth experience scale developed by Marut and Mercer(1979), and mother-infant attachment scale developed by Cropley et al(1981). The data collected were analyzed using t-test, χ2 test, and ANCOVA on the SPSS program. Result: The results of the experiment are as follows: One minute(t=6.756, p=.000; F=9.181, p=.004), and five minute(t=6.129, p=.000; F=7.918, p=.007) Apgar score are increased significantly. Postpartum mother's childbirth experience is significantly increased(t=11.691, p=.000; F=11.741, p=.001). Verbal touch score(t=5.256, p=.000; F=7.169, p=.010), skin touch score(t=11.332, p=.000; F=27.073, p=.000), and total score(t=12.105, p=.000; F=30.104, p=.000) of postpartum mother's childbirth experience are significantly increased, but not for eye touch score(t=3.236, p=.002; F=.800, p=.375). Conclusion: This study shows that a full body massage has a significant positive effect on Apgar score, postpartum mother's childbirth experience. and mother-infant attachment. Therefore, it is suggested that the full body massage might be used clinically to help primipara during labor.