• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

This paper presents a coordinated planning model of price-dependent demand for a single-manufacturer and a single-retailer. The demand is assumed to be normally distributed, with its mean being price dependent. The manufacturer and retailer coordinate with each other to jointly and simultaneously determine the retail selling price and the retailer order quantity to maximize the joint expected total profit. This model is then compared to a 'returns' policy model where manufacturer buys back unsold items from the retailers. It is shown that the optimal total profit is higher for coordinated planning model than that for the returns policy model, in which the retail price is set by the retailer. A compensation or profit sharing scheme is then suggested and it is shown that the coordinated model with profit sharing yields a 'win-win' situation. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the profit patterns for both linear and nonlinear demand functions. The coordinated planning model, in addition, has a lower optimal price than for a returns policy model, which would result in higher sales, thus expanding the markets for the whole supply chain.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2021

In Korea, some pharmaceutical companies and agricultural machine manufacturers associate the length of the credit period with the retailer's order size. This kind of commercial practice is based on the principle of economy of scale from the supplier's point of view and tends to make retailer's order size large enough to qualify a certain credit period break. Also, the credit period allowed by the supplier makes it possible to reduce the retail price expecting that the retailer can earn more profits by the stimulating the customer's demand. Since the retailer's order size is affected by the end customer's demand, it is reasonable to determine the retail price and the order size simultaneously. In this regard, this paper analyzes the retailer's problem who has to decide his sales price and order quantity from a supplier who offers different credit periods depending on his order size. And we show that the retailer's order size large enough to qualify a certain credit period break. Also, it is assumed that the end customer's demand rate is represented by a linear decreasing function of the retail price.

• 에너지공학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2016

2차 에너지인 전력은 다양한 연료를 발전원으로 하고 있기 때문에, 전력에 대한 수요는 에너지 각 부문에 적지 않은 영향을 미친다. 이에 본 논문에서는 전력수요함수를 추정하여 가격탄력성 및 소득탄력성에 대한 정량적 정보를 도출하고자 한다. 이를 위해 1991년부터 2014년까지의 연간 시계열 자료를 이용하되, 탄력성을 단기와 장기를 구분하여 추정할 수 있는 내생시차변수모형을 적용한다. 종속변수로는 연간 전력수요, 독립변수로는 상수항, 전력실질가격, 실질 국내총생산의 3가지를 이용한다. 분석결과 단기 가격탄력성 및 소득탄력성은 각각 -0.142 및 0.866으로 추정되었으며 유의수준 5%에서 통계적으로 유의하다. 즉 전력수요는 단기적인 관점에서 가격 변화에 대해 비탄력적임과 동시에 소득 변화에 대해서도 비탄력적이다. 장기 가격탄력성 및 소득탄력성을 추정한 결과를 살펴보면 각각 -0.210 및 1.287이며 이 값은 유의수준 5%에서 통계적으로 유의하다. 장기적인 관점에서 보더라도 전력수요는 가격 변화에 대해 여전히 비탄력적인 반면에, 소득 변화에 대해서는 전력수요가 탄력적으로 변한다. 따라서 가격정책 위주의 수요관리정책은 단기 및 장기 모두 효과가 제한적이며, 향후 예상되는 소득 증가에 기인하는 전력수요의 증가는 단기보다는 장기에 보다 두드러질 것으로 예상된다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.151-162
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• 2018

In deriving the economic order quantity (EOQ) formula, it is tacitly assumed that the buyer has to pay product price while receiving the product from the supplier. However, as a marketing policy, some suppliers permit a delay in payments to the buyers to increase demand for the product they made. Credit transactions would have a positive effect on both suppliers and buyers. For a supplier who offers trade credit, it is an effective means of price differentiation to increase the demand for the product. Availability of opportunity to delay the payment in buyer effectively reduces the cost of holding stocks and therefore, the buyer has a lot of price options to choose his sales price for a customer. Since the buyer's order is affected by the customer's demand, the problems of determining the sales price and EOQ are interdependent and must be solved simultaneously. From this perspective, this paper evaluates the problem of determining the optimal sales price and EOQ for the buyer at the same time when the supplier allows a delay in payments for the product whose demand is represented as a function that decreases linearly with the sales price. For the analysis, it is also assumed that inventory is exhausted not only by customer's but also by decay.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영과학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.142-146
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• 2006

This paper considers a SCM issue concerned with an integrated problem of inventory control and dynamic pricing strategies when demands are price and time dependent. The associated price markdowns are conducted for inventory control in a two-layer market consisting of retailer and outlet as in fashion apparel market. The objective function consists of revenue terms (sales revenue and salvage value) and purchasing cost term. Specifically, decisions on price markdowns and order quantity are made to maximize total profit in the supply chain so as to have zero inventory level at the end of the sales horizon. To solve the proposed problem, a gradient method is applied, which shows an optimal decision on both the initial inventory level and the discount pricing policy. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on the demand parameters and the final comments on the practical use of the proposed model are presented.

• 에너지공학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.370-375
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 1981년부터 2012년까지의 시계열 자료를 이용하여 도시가스의 수요함수를 추정하고자 한다. 도시가스의 수요함수는 수용가의 도시가스 수요행태에 대한 정보를 제공하여 가격과 같은 주요 정책변수의 효과를 사전적으로 진단하는 데, 그리고 수요예측을 하는 데 유용하게 활용된다. 시계열 데이터를 효과적으로 활용하기 위하여 내생시차변수 모형을 활용하였고, 수요함수의 모수에 대한 강건한 추정치를 얻기 위해 최소자승법 추정법을 사용하였다. 단기 가격탄력성 및 소득탄력성은 각각 -0.522 및 0.874로 추정되었으며 유의수준 1%에서 통계적으로 유의하였다. 단기 가격탄력성은 가격에 비탄력적인 도시가스수요의 특징을 보여주고 있으며, 단기 소득탄력성 역시 비탄력적으로 추정되어 소득 증감에 따라 도시가스의 수요가 크게 변화지 않음을 알 수 있다. 반면, 장기 가격탄력성 및 소득탄력성은 각각 -2.155 및 3.607로 나타나 탄력적임을 알 수 있다.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.77-86
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• 2000

This paper deals with the problem of determining the retailer's optimal price and order size under the condition of order-size-dependent delay in payments. It is assumed that the length of delay is a function of the retailer's total amount of purchase. The constant price elasticity demand function is adopted which is a decreasing function of retail price. Investigation of the properties of an optimal solution allows us to develop an algorithm whose validity is illustrated through an example problem.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to know market structures of softwood logs being imported to South Korea from log producing countries. Import demand of softwood logs imported to South Korea from America, New Zealand and Chile is fixed as a function of log prices, the lagged dependent variable and output. On the basis of the adaptive expectations model, linear regression models that the explanatory variables included and the lagged dependent variable were estimated by Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE). The short-run and long-run own price elasticity of America's softwood log import demand is -1.738 and -4.250 respectively. Then long-run elasticity is much higher than short-run elasticity. Short-run and long-run crosselasticity of New Zealand's softwood log import demand with respect to American's softwood log import price are inelastic at 0.505 and 0.883 respectively. Short-run and long-run cross-elasticity of Chile's softwood log import demands with respect to American's softwood log import prices were highly elastic at 2.442 and 4.462 respectively. Long-run elasticity was almost twice as high as short-run elasticity.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2020

In this paper, we analyze the buyer's joint pricing and lot-sizing model in a two-stage supply chain consisting of the supplier, the buyer and the customer. It is assumed that the supplier will permit a certain fixed period for settling the amount the buyer owes to him for the items supplied in order to stimulate the demand for the product. Generally, credit transactions would have a positive effect to the buyer. The availability of credit transactions from the supplier effectively reduces the cost of holding stocks for the buyer and therefore, the buyer has a lot of price options to choose his sales price for a customer in anticipation of increased the customer's demand and, as a result, it will appear to increase the buyer's inventory levels. On the other hand, in the case of decaying products in which their utility decay over time, the decaying rate with time may be expected to reduce inventory levels. In this regard, we need to analyze how much the length of credit period and the decaying rate affect the buyer's pricing and lot-sizing policy. For the analysis, we consider the situation where the customer's demand is represented as a linearly decreasing function of the buyer's sales price. From this perspective, we formulate the buyer's annual net profit and analyze the effect of the length of credit period and decaying rate of the product on the buyer's inventory policy numerically.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.485-491
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• 2022

전통적인 경제적주문량(Econo,ic Orde Quantity: EOQ) 모형은 제품을 공급 받는 즉시 제품의 구입비용을 지불한다는 기본 가정 하에 모형을 분석하였다. 그러나 제품 공급자는 경쟁 기업과의 차별화 수단으로 제품의 구입비용에 대하여 일정 기간 지불 유예를 허용하고 있으며, 또한 이와 같은 신용거래는 공급자의 수요 증대를 목적으로 거래량에 따라 탄력적으로 허용되는 것이 더 일반적이라고 볼 수 있다. 중간유통자 입장에서 볼 때 신용거래는 제품 구입 비용에 대한 일시적인 유용이 가능하여 결과적으로 재고 투자 비용을 절감하는 효과를 기대할 수 있고, 결국 최종 고객의 수요 증대를 목적으로 판매 가격을 낮추는 요인이 될 수 있다. 이와 같은 관점에서 고객의 연간 수요는 중간유통자의 판매 가격에 선형적으로 감소하는 함수라는 가정 하에 중간유통자 관점의 최적 주문량과 판매 가격을 결정하는 모형을 분석하고자 한다. 문제 분석을 위하여 제품은 시간이 경과함에 따라 일정율로 퇴화한다는 경우에 중간유통자의 연간 수익에 대한 모형을 수립하고, 총 수익을 최대화하는 경제적 주문량과 판매 가격 결정으로 위한 해법을 제시하고자 한다.