• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.357-368
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• 2018

석유는 지난 100년 이상 원격지 마을의 전력생산을 가능하게 해왔으며, 지속적인 전력공급이 가능한 장점을 갖고 있다. 섬과 원격지 마을에서 석유만을 의존한 전력생산은 몇 가지 위험과 단점을 갖고 있다. 석유를 사용한 발전은 위험한 연료 연계매매 전략을 사용하여 가격의 변동성이 크고 더 비싸지기도 한다. 섬과 원격지 공동체 주민은 미래 기후변화 영향에 대한 우려와 탄소배출의 감축을 위한 대응행동 요구를 주장하기도 한다. 이러한 위험과 단점은 제조업체에서 태양광, 풍력 및 에너지저장장치 기술 등의 단가를 지속적으로 줄여서 극복할 수 있다. 비용을 줄이는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니며, 본 연구에서는 좀 더 다양하고 새로운 재생에너지원 배치를 기반으로 여러 가지 상황에 따른 현장시공 비용을 줄이는 방안을 검토하였다. 본 논문에서는 GIS를 이용하여 재생에너지설비의 최적위치 및 선로 경과지를 가능하게 하는 편리하고 간단한 설계해법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 GIS를 사용하여 거문도를 대상으로 구현하였으며 현장조사를 통하여 설계타당성을 확인하였다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.456-467
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• 2009

For this study, self-completion survey for 149 implant patients of dental clinics and hospitals in Seoul and Kyunggi areahas been executed in order to provide basic data for increasing patient satisfaction level by effective consultation and various information for the patients who want dental implantation. The conclusion of the study is like below. 1. In terms of demographics of the study, sample size of female patients(n=85) was more than that of male patients(n=64) and patients in their 50s were major age group. When it comes to the educational level, university graduates were 85 and high school graduates were 44. And 132 were married and 6 were single. In the income level, monthly income between KRW 2~4 million was major group(n=59). 2. In the study, patients' most concern was complication or adverse events(n=41), and price(n=39) & annual dental check-up(n=49) were following it. And 80 patients responded that dental health is the most valuable(n=80) and whole body health was following(n=37). In terms of knowledge on dental implant, 100 patients responded 'know just a little', 31 and 13 answered 'generally know' and 'well know' each. 3. As a result of analyzing implant patients' satisfaction level by segment, general satisfaction rate was highest as 4.20, social satisfaction rate was 4.20, psychological function was 4.06 and masticatory function was 3.90. 4. Based on the result of comparing patient satisfaction level by general characters of dental implant patient, chewing function was the highest in the age group of 60s with score of 4.21 and in terms of social function, the group with over KRW 8 million of monthly income showed highest score with 4.54. When it comes to the psychological function, patients in their 70s showed highest satisfaction level with 4.52. In the end, patients in their 70s showed highest score with 4.81 in the overall satisfaction and it was also statistically significant. 5. In the overall satisfaction level by interest in dental health, appearance showed highest score with 4.57 and it was also significantly higher than that of whole body. In the variance by dental knowledge, 'well know' group showed highest score with 4.58, and that of 'just a little' group was 4.33. That means there are correlations between dental knowledge and satisfaction level. 6. As a result of analyzing correlations amongst variances of the study, there were strong positive correlations among them. And there were very significantly positive correlations especially between social and psychological function and between psychological and overall satisfaction level. In conclusion, higher psychological function has strong relations with both social function and overall satisfaction level(p<.001).

• 무역상무연구
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• 제18권
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.503-521
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• 2017

세계 커피 시장에서 지속 가능한 커피 인증 프로그램을 적용한 원두 수요는 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 이와 같은 글로벌 커피산업의 동향처럼 최근 베트남의 지속 가능한 커피 인증 프로그램 도입이 크게 증가하고 있다. 그러나 베트남의 커피 인증 프로그램은 비나카페라는 단일 국영기업에 의해 주도적으로 도입되고 있다는 점에서 다른 국가의 커피 인증 프로그램과 차별된다. 특히, 비나카페의 폐쇄적 의사결정구조는 베트남의 지속 가능한 인증 커피 프로그램 도입에 따른 경제적 파급 효과에 장애가 되었다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 비나카페를 사례로 베트남의 지속 가능한 커피 인증 프로그램 도입에 따른 커피산업의 가치사슬의 변화와 그 한계를 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 1)베트남 중부고원지역의 커피산업 성장 과정에서 나타난 비나카페의 역할을 분석하고, 2) 비나카페에 의해 주도된 지속 가능한 커피 인증 프로그램 도입에 따른 변화를 분석하고, 3) 이에 따른 한계점을 고찰하고자 했다. 연구 결과, 비나카페 자회사에 속한 농가는 지속 가능한 커피 생산을 위해 인증 커피의 환경 기준 가이드라인을 준수하면서 기존 일반 커피 생산 비용에서 환경 비용을 추가적으로 지불하며, 비나카페 자회사는 인증 커피 생산 과정에서 발생하는 추가 환경 비용을 농가에 일부 지원한다. 그러나 모기업이 자회사로부터 인증 커피를 일반 커피 가격으로 구매함으로써 자회사는 모기업으로부터 인증 커피에 대한 프리미엄을 보장받지 못했다. 따라서 자회사는 인증 커피 프리미엄에 따른 손실을 상쇄하기 위해 농가에 환경 비용을 다른 형태로 전가함으로써 실질적으로 농가 역시 인증 커피 생산에 따른 프리미엄을 보장 받지 못해 인증 커피 생산에 따른 최종 손실은 농가가 부담해야 하는 결과가 나타났다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 1994

The aim of this study was to assess the people's need for visiting health services in a rural area. In recent years, the great concern for the visiting health services has aroused in Korea. Stratified cluster sample for a household survey was used to select 1,255(8.4%) Households from Yonchon county. This study was undertaken from July 26 to August 7 in 1993. Medically defined need, usually expressed by the prevalencies or rates of specific disease, was evaluated with the use of criteria established by medical and nursing professors and expressed by the percent of specific objects for the visiting health services. Perceived need represented by the acceptability for the visiting services and willingness to paying for it, also, evaluated. The major results were as follows : 1. Of the 348 patients with hypertension, 201 were the non-compliant patients, the rate of the non-compliant hypertension patients in 4,577 study population was 7.4%. 2. Of the 141 diabetic patients, 73 were the non-compliant patients, the rate of the non-compliant hypertension patients in 4,577 sample population was 2.7%. 3. The number of patients with severe musculo-skeletal disease was 24, the rate was 0.9% above the age 30. 4. Of the 514 elderly, 33 were the elderly without any family member, the rate was 8.4%. Those with severely decreased activity of daily living were 13. 5. Infants with high risks were 12, pregnant women and neonates were 5, patients discharged within 1 week and with special equipments such as peritoneal dialysis, stoma, TPN etc. were 17, and patients with cancer were 5. Total number of the objects needed visiting health services was 752(18.43%) of the 4,577 study population. Perceived need evaluated were as follows; The acceptance rate of visiting health services was 74.9%, The kinds of visiting health services such as family health protection and promotion, early detection of hypertension, physiotherapy, health education and counseling were needed in the order of high rate The price willing to pay for visiting health services per visit was about 3,000-5,000Won. In conclusion, Visiting health services programme to be developed should have priority to the prevention of complications of chronic disease such as hypertension, diabetes milletus, elderly disease and health promotion.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.212-234
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• 1999

Dental restorative materials must have the physical properties to withstand wear and corrosion. Base metal alloys possess better mechanical properties and lower price than the gold alloys. For these reasons such alloys have largely replaced the precious metal alloys. One aspect to con-sider is the release of metal substances to oral environment. The release of elements from dental alloys is a continuing concern because the elements may have the potentially harmful biological effects on local tissues. The purpose of this study was to minimize metal release on the nonprecious metal surfaces by ion beam assisted deposition(IBAD) of titanium nitride (TiN) Ni-Cr-Be alloys with and without TiN coatings were secured in an wear test machine opposing ruby ball to determine their relative resistance to wear with loom, 200m, 300m and 400m sliding distance. And the corrosion behavior of the Ni-Cr-Be alloys with and without TiN coatings and 3 dental noble alloys have been studied. Potentiodynamic curves were used to analyse the corrosion characteristics of the alloys. The measurement of the released Ni and Cr ions was conducted by analysis of the electrolyte solution with atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results were as follows : 1. The critical sliding distance that wore down TiN coatings of $2.5{\mu}m$ thickness in this study condition was 300m. 2. Ion beam assisted deposition of TiN showed a good surface modification with respect to the properties of wear and corrosion resistance. 3. X-ray diffraction showed that the strongest peak of TiN is TiN(111) in the coatings. 4. The release of Ni and Cr ions from alloys measured by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy was reduced by ion beam assisted deposition of TiN.

• 한국석유지질학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2008

천연가스로부터 청정연료인 합성유를 제조하는 GTL기술은 1920년대 군수의 목적으로 독일의 Fisher와 Tropsch에 의해서 석탄으로부터 합성유를 제조하는 기술의 필요에 의해 처음으로 개발되었다. 이후, 1960년대 인종차별로 인한 정치적 고립으로 석유수급이 어려웠던 남아프리카공화국의 수송용 연료의 필요에 의해 Sasol사에서 본격적으로 FT(Fisher-Tropsch) 합성기술을 상용화하기 시작했다. 최근까지도 저렴한 석유자원으로 인해 GTL기술이 원유 정제기술로부터 얻어지는 석유제품에 비해 경제성을 확보하지 못하여 본격적인 상업화가 지연되어 왔으나, 에너지 자원의 수급 및 기타 경제적, 환경적 변화로 인해 GTL사업에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있으며 보유 석유자원이 한계에 다다라 상대적으로 풍부한 천연가스의 석유화를 목표로 하고 있는 카타르를 중심으로 GTL플랜트 건설이 추진되고 있다. 천연가스를 원료로 석유제품(디젤 및 나프타, 윤활기유 등)을 만드는 GTL기술은 크게 3가지 공정으로 구분되는데, 천연가스에서 수소와 일산화탄소를 제조하는 합성가스 제조공정(Synthesis Gas Generation), 합성가스를 FT합성반응에 의해 고분자 선형탄화수소로 전환시키는 FT합성공정(FT Synthesis)과 FT합성유로부터 석유제품을 만드는 개질공정(Product Upgrading)으로 구성된다. 생산된 제품은 유황 및 질소화합물 등을 적게 함유하고 있고, 정유플랜트 연료보다 방향족성분이 적어, 연소 시 인체에 해로운 물질을 적게 생산하는 청정연료이며, 천연가스를 저온 액화하는 LNG사업에 비하여 운송이 용이하고 안정성이 높다는 장점을 가지고 있다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.451-458
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• 2018

인천연안은 인천광역시, 경기도 김포시 시흥시 안산시 일대로, 양식장에서 발생하는 쓰레기, 어업활동 후 버려진 어구 어망, 육상에서부터 한강을 타고 흘러오는 쓰레기 때문에 인천연안의 해양생태계의 변화가 우려되고 있다. 인천연안이 심각하게 오염되자 해양수산부는 인천연안을 특별관리해역으로 지정하여 해양환경 자산인 해역수질을 보존하고 있다. 이러한 배경 하에서 본 연구는 인천연안 해역수질의 비시장 가치를 선택실험법(choice experiment)을 이용하여 평가한다. 이를 위해, 전국 1,000 가구를 대상으로 면대면 설문조사를 실시하였고, 속성 각각의 한계지불의사액(MWTP, marginal willingness to pay)을 추정한다. 인천연안 해역수질의 속성별 가치(가구당 연간 한계지불의사액)를 추정한 결과, 가구당 연간 해역수질 1 %p 개선의 MWTP는 75원, 동물종의 다양성 증가의 MWTP는 135원, 식물종 다양성 증가의 MWTP는 309원, 해양쓰레기 1 %p 저감의 MWTP는 72원으로 나타났다. 모든 추정결과는 유의수준 1 %에서 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문의 주요 결과는 정책당국에 해양환경 관리정책 수립과 평가에 유용하게 활용될 수 있다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.300-308
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• 2019

Objectives: This research was conducted to identify the consumers' food choice factors that affect the consumers' replacement of soft drinks with carbonated water. Methods: The present study used secondary data from a consumer panel survey conducted by the Rural Development Administration of Korea, and the data included the panel members' purchase records based on their monthly spending receipts. The survey asked the participants about their food choice factors and their personal responsibility for their health. This survey included independent variables for the consumers' food purchase factors. As a dependent variable, two types of groups were defined. The replacement group included those people who increased their purchase of carbonated water and decreased their purchase of soft drinks. The non-replacement group included those people who did not change their purchase patterns or they increased their purchase of soft drinks and they decreased their purchase of carbonated water. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the consumers' food choice factors that were associated with replacing soft drinks with carbonated water. Results: The replacement group was significantly associated with (1) a younger age (OR=0.953), (2) being a housewife (OR=2.03), (3) higher income (OR=1.001) and (4) less concern about price (OR=0.819) when purchasing food. This group also showed (5) higher enjoyment (OR=1.328) when choosing food and (6) they took greater responsibly for their personal health (OR=1.233). Conclusions: This research is the first study to mainly focus on soft drinks and carbonated water. The result of this research showed that young, health-conscious consumers with a higher income and who are more interested in food have more possibilities to replace soft drinks with carbonated water. These research findings may be applied to consumers who have characteristics that are similar to the young health-conscious consumers and the results can help to suggest ways to reduce sugar intake and improve public health. However, this research has a limitation due to the application of secondary data. Therefore, a future study is needed to develop detailed survey questions about food choice factors and to extend these factors to all beverages, including soft drinks made with sugar substitutes, so as to reflect the growth of alternative industries that use artificial sweeteners or different types of sugar to make commercially available drinks.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.17-32
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to improve upon school health by understanding the present status of school health and escpecially to investigate the performance rate of regular health instruction. 261 schools, including middle and high schools enrolled in the Busan Educational Association, were sent Questionnaires. Data was collected from the 25th of January to the 10th of April, 1994. 229 subjects who responded to the Questionnaires were finally analyzed as samples. Among them, 127 were school nurses and 102 were teachers acting in a school health capacity. The results of this study are summerized as follows: Of the teachers holding additional school health responsibilities, $85.6\%$ worked in private schools. Many of them $(74.5\%)$ were formally dissatisfied with their ability to provide care because $85.3\%$ of them had never studied any school health. Some of them$(30.4\%)$ didn't know about the annual school nursing budget and $23.5\%$ of them hadn't taught any health education to students. In spite of this fact, they were placed in charge of a school health activity against their own will. There were statistically significant differences in the performance of school health affairs between nurses and teachers holding additional school health (p<0.001) as follows: annual school nursing budget, Health Program Planning and Evaluation, annual purchase price for medicines, average students cared for per day, average students who held at least one consultation per month and extra. Surely, the self-confidence of school nurses was higher than that of teachers with school health as an assigned responsibility. This was demonstrated by a significant statistical difference (p<0.01) in the responses by the two groups. $88.2\%$ of the school nurses and $73.5\%$ of teachers for school health thought that regular health instruction was necessary. But regular health education had been performed only by $32.8\%$ of respondents. Among them, 84% were school nurses and $16\%$ were teachers holding additional school health. Of the persons who performed regular health education, $69.3\%$ used less than $60\%$ of the health content of the athletic textbook. And $64\%$ of them said teaching materials were insufficient. Most of them $(69.4\%)$used home made lesson plans. which they compiled from various sources. There was a significant difference in the formality of the health lesson according to the concern of the school principal (p<0.01) and there was a significant difference in performing health education between school nurses and teachers holding additional school health (p<0.001) It appears that there are a lot of problems with providing school health care using people who are untrained. In a word, school health nurses with professional training are needed in order to perform the qualitative management for the health of the students. These days, regular health education is an indispensable part in making students improve their self-care abilities. Therefore a more effective and better defined program should be prepared for regular systematic health education. To resolve these problems, present laws and regulations related to school health should be revised considering the specialist's request for the improvement of school health. In addition, the concern and financial support of the government are essential.