• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.233-238
• /
• 2002

Moxibustion is one of major healing technique in oriental medicine. It has been widely used in many diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto disease, breech presentation, etc. However, till now, effects of moxibustion on NK cell activity and relations between sympathetic nerve system(SNS) and the immune alteration induced by moxibustion were not well studied. This study was designed to evaluate effects of moxibustion on NK cell activity and the intervention of SNS in the alteration of NK cell activity induced by moxibustion. Splenic NK cytotoxity was measured in a standard 4-h 51Cr release assay. We measured the NK cytotoxity at after moxibustion stimulation for 1,3,5, and 7 days, and also measured the NK cell cytotoxity after 3 and 7 days burn stimulation with similar temperature. IL-2, IL-4, INF-γ in serum were measured by rat IL-2, IL-4, INF-γ ELISA TEST KIT. To evaluate the effects of sympathectomy on alteration of NK cell cytotoxity, 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA : 5Omg/kg) was used. We showed that NK cell activity of moxibustion stimulation group increased at the 3rd day, and declined at 7th day in comparison with that of contol group. In moxibustion stimulation group, NK cell activity of 3 day stimulation group was significantly higher than sham group. On the contrary, in burn stimulation group, NK cell activity was significantly higher than that of sham groups at 3rd, 7th days. Patterns between moxibustion and burns were different. INF- γ level of 3 days moxibustion stimulation group significantly higher than sham group. IL 2 level among groups were not different. IL-4 was not detected in serum with this method. Sympathectomy abolished the NK cell activity alteration induced by moxibustion. The results suggest that moxibustion induces the alteration of NK cell activity, along with INF-γ and SNS is related to these effects.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.36
• /
• pp.227-253
• /
• 2013

The threat of crime became a global issue nowadays. Terrorism, organized crime, crime by nation can be mentioned as typical examples. The crimes in modern society can't be identified to happen when, where and how being different from those traditional crimes(murder, robbery, sexual abuse, arson). This was the result of changed security environment that needs to address wide range of crimes as being indicated sporadic characteristics of modern threat of crime such as terrorism threat targeting unidentified masses as well as the emergence of systemic phenomenon of organized crimes and crime committed by nation. In this regard, the case of 9.11 occurred in 2001 can be deemed as an example that made a dramatic turn around to the security environment. After the terrorism, it provided an opportunity to rethink not only USA but also to the institutions all over the world that deals with crime about gathering, management, utilization of crime intelligence. As a result of which there appeared a change in police activities more effectively in gathering & managing crime information and ILP is the very activity that emerged from the USA/UK countries. This aims police activities to minimize the threat of crime being the system reflecting a framework to manage more directly to control crime by gathering and processing information. In view of the global change of security environment as a common phenomenon, the need to direct to ILP has increased in Korea in line with such security environmental change. Accordingly, this study focused on the method of introduction of ILP and presentation of matters for discussion by reviewing ILP activities of the USA/UK countries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.1620-1620
• /
• 2001

Forages, both grazed and conserved, provide the basis of ruminant production systems throughout the world. More than 90 per cent of the feed energy consumed by herbivorous animals world - wide were provided by forages. With such world - wide dependence on forages, the economic and nutritional necessity of been able to characterize them in a meaningful way is vital. The characterization of forages for productive animals is becoming important for several reasons. Relative to conventional laboratory procedures, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers advantages of simplicity, speed, reduced chemical waste, and more cost-effective prediction of product functionality. NIR spectroscopy represents a radical departure from conventional analytical methods, in that entire sample of forage is characterized in terms of its absorption properties in the near infrared region, rather than separate subsamples being treated with various chemicals to isolate specific components. This forces the analyst to abandon his/her traditional narrow focus on the sample (one analyte at a time) and to take a broader view of the relationship between components within the sample and between the sample and the population from which it comes. forage is usually analysed by NIRS in dry and ground presentation. Initial success of NIRS analysis of coarse forages suggest a need to better understand the potential for analysis of minimally processed samples. Preparation costs and possible compositional alterations could be reduced by samples presented to the instrument in undried and unground conditions. NIRS has gained widespread acceptance for the analysis of forage quality constituents on dry material, however little attention has been given to the use of NIRS for chemical determinations on undried and unground forages. Relatively few works reported the use of NIRS to determine quality parameters on undried materials, most of them on both grass and corn silage. Only two works have been found on the determination of quality parameters on fresh forages. The objectives of this paper were (1) to evaluate the use of NIRS for determination of nitrogen and moisture on undried and unground forage samples and (2) to explore two mathematical treatments and two NIR regions to predict chemical parameters on fresh forage. Four hundred forage samples (n: 400) were analysed in a NIRS 6500 instrument (NIR Systems, PA, USA) in reflectance mode. Two mathematical treatments were applied: 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2. Predictive equations were developed using modified partial least squares (MPLS) with internal cross - validation. Coefficient of determination in calibration (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and standard error in cross-validation (SECV) for moisture were 0.92 (12.4) and 0.92 (12.4) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on g $kg^{-1}$ dry weight. For crude protein NIRS calibration statistics yield a (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and (SECV) of 0.85 (19.8) and 0.85 (19.6) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on a dry weight. It was concluded that NIRS is a suitable method to predict moisture and nitrogen on fresh forage without samples preparation.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.170-181
• /
• 2011

Purpose: There is considerable variability in rates of hospitalization for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in part because of physicians' uncertainty in assessing the severity of illness at presentation. The purpose of the study was to examine the current treatment patterns and factors influencing the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and clinical outcomes in the patient with CAP. Method: The retrospective data collection of the patients with CAP was conducted and the data were reviewed. The collected data included demographic, clinical, laboratory and microbiological medical information. All patients were stratified into three risk groups according to PSI: low risk (PSI score I-II), moderate risk (III) and high risk (IV-V) groups. The examined treatment patterns were the appropriateness of admissions, category of antibiotics used. The prognostic factors associated with PSI and clinical outcomes were examined. Results: One hundred and six patients' medical data were reviewed. The overall appropriateness of admissions was low presenting many of patients were admitted or intensely treated in the hospital despite of lower risk of prognosis and treated with intravenous antibiotics instead of oral fluoroquinolones. Primary pneumonia pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (27%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.6%). Mean LOS was 8.5 days and was significantly longer (10.0days) (p<0.001) in high risk group. The patients with age >65 (p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (p<0.001), mental alteration (p<0.001), and/or $PaO_2$ <60 mmHg (p<0.001) had a tendency to have higher PSI. The prognostic factors associated with longer LOS were age >65 years (p=0.008), mental status alteration (p<0.001), dyspnea (p=0.002) and PSI score (p=0.001). The prognostic factors associated with mortality were congestive heart failure (p=0.038), systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg (p=0.002) and arterial pH <7.35 (p=0.013). Conclusion: Most of patients were found to over-utilize medical service according to appropriateness of admissions. The elderly, mentally altered patients with low $PaO_2$ had higher PSI score with increased risk of LOS. The mortality could be increased in the patient with disease state of congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and/or acidosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.29 no.8
• /
• pp.1001-1007
• /
• 2000

Objective : We analysed diverse clinical features of the cavernous angioma. Also, we report the experience in differ-ent methods of the management and their results. Method : Data from 80 patients who were confirmed pathologically or diagnosed radiologically between Jan. 1990 and Sept. 1998 at our hospital were analysed. Variable factors that were examined were : clinical features, effects of treatment, and complications. Results : There were 47 male and 33 female patients. The age at the first presentation was from 3 to 57(mean 34.1) years old. Clinical features were seizure in 28 cases(38%), bleeding in 24 cases(32%), neurologic deficits in 12 cases(16%), headache in 10 cases(14%), and six incidental cases. The locations of lesion were cerebral and cerebellar hemisphere in 45 cases(56.2%), brainstem, basal ganglia, and thalamus in 32 cases(40%), multiple in 3 cases (3.8%). Seizure was common at the third decade and occurred frequently with the cavernous angioma in temporal (43%) or frontal lobe(39%). Bleeding was frequent after the third decade with peak at the fourth decade and had high incidence in brainstem or thalamus. The gamma-knife radiosurgery was done in 47 cases. Rebleeding occurred in 3 cases, but it was within postradiosurgery 1 year. Symptomatic radiation change occurred in 2 cases of 8 radiation change on MRI. On follow-up MRI, no evidence of rebleeding was found in 30 cases. Also, The lesion size was decreased in 3 cases. Resection was performed in 23 cases ; total 20, subtotal 2, partial 1. Postoperative complication occurred in 6 cases(26.1%). After surgery, 7(63.6%) of 11 seizure patients had outcome of seizure-free. Subclinical rebleeding occurred in one of two subtotal resected cases. In 11 patients, conservative management was done. There was neither rebleeding nor symptom aggravation during follow-up period of mean 17.2 months. Conclusion : The solution for prevention of rebleeding is complete removal of the lesion located at noneloquent area or accessible region, especially for the patients who presented symptoms or intractable seizure. However, the Gamma knife radiosurgery is considered when the lesions are located at eloquent area or when severe postoperative morbidity is expected.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.275-301
• /
• 2016

Attentional blink (AB) refers to the phenomena where conscious report for a target (T2) subsequent to the first target (T1) in a stream of items under rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) becomes difficult if the T2 follows no later than 500ms after the T1. The present study examined the effect of T1 visibility on T2 AB strength according to the bottleneck account proposing that the amount of allocated resources for T1 memory consolidation determines the strength of AB against T2. In the low-visibility condition, the T1 had a gray color for a low stimulus contrast against the black background whereas had a bright and saturated color in the high-visibility condition. In both visibility conditions, the T1 was also highly distinct from the remaining distractors. A multi-RSVP method was also used for increasing location uncertainty of the targets supposedly consuming on average attentional resources for the targets. Two experiments revealed that AB strength was more intense in the low-visibility than high-visibility condition, and the pattern of difference went more pronounced if T2 visibility was improved. The results indicate that T1 visibility can affect more strongly when attentional resources are relatively lacking for resolving the T1 bottleneck, and support for the bottleneck account proposing that the level of T1's visibility can determine the intensity of the T1 bottleneck.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.325-353
• /
• 2016

The visual span refers to the number of letters that can be accurately recognized without moving one's eyes. The size of the visual span is affected by sensory factors such as perimetric complexity, crowding, and mislocation of letters. Korean Hangul utilizes rather unique alphabetic-syllabary writing system, quite different from English and Chinese writing systems. Due to this combinatorial nature of the script, the visual span for Hangul characters can also be affected by the letter type (e.g., CV vs CVCC). The present study examined the effect of syllable complexity on the visual span for Hangul by comparing letter recognition accuracy across four letter type conditions (C only, CV, CVC, and CVCC). We also aimed to determine the meaningful letter type(s) that is associated with differences in reading abilities in Korean. Using a trigram presentation method, we found that overall recognition accuracy declined as syllable complexity increased. However, the visual span for CVC type was greater than that for CV type, suggesting that the effect is not necessarily linear, and that there might be other factors affecting the visual span for these types of letters. C and CV type showed fairly strong positive correlations with reading comprehension, suggesting that these might be the meaningful units for measuring visual span in relating to reading abilities.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.671-676
• /
• 2015

The aim of this thesis was to develop PBL(Problem-Based-Learning) problems to supply the problems to classes and to confirm the effectiveness of PBL for PBL applications to element design in engineering schools. Modern industrial society needs competent people with abilities in cooperative learning, self-controlling learning, united knowledge application, and creative problem-solving. Universities need to offer opportunities for improving the problem-solving ability and cooperative learning to learners to train competent people that society demands. PBL activity is a proper learning method for the execution of the above offer. The study subjects were 32 sophomore students in H University who took 'Engineering design 1', which is Element design. Five PBL problems were applied to the class for 15 weeks. They wrote and submitted a reflective journal when they finished the every given PBL activity. In addition, they wrote a class evaluation form after the $5^{th}$ PBL problem's activity ended. The study showed that the students experienced the effectiveness of PBL in many fields, such as the comprehension of the studied contents(71.87%), the comprehension of cooperative learning (87.5%), authentic experience, problem-solving skills (90.63%), presentation skills (96.87%), communication ability, self-directed study ability, and confidence (96.87%). The students realized that PBL learning activities are important because students could develop into future intelligent engineers that modern industrial society demands through PBL learning activities.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.682-692
• /
• 2018

In this paper, we propose an ARQ packet error control scheme using multiple threads in delivering massive capacity of multimedia based on MMT(MPEG Media Transport) protocol. On the sending side, each frame that constitutes an image is packetized into MMT packets based on MMT protocol. The header of the packet stores the sequence number of the frames contained in the packet and the time of presentation information. The payload of the packet stores the direct information that comprises the frame. The generated MMT packet is transmitted to the IP network. The receiving side checks if any error has occurred in the received packet. For any identified error, it controls the error through ARQ error control scheme and reconfigure the frame according to the information stored in the header of the received packet. At this point, a multi-threading based transport design is constructed so that each thread takes over a single frame, which increases the transmission efficiency of massive capacity multimedia. The efficiency of the multi-threading transport method is verified by solving the problems that might arise when using a single-thread approach if packets with errors are retransmitted.

• 대한공업교육학회지
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.165-182
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to develop practical arts' lesson plan for creativity and personality. In order to achieve the objectives of the study creativity and personality factor were derived on the basis of previous research and literature review and expert groups to develop lesson plan through the modification of the validity assessment. This study was conducted in three phases: preparation, development, and improvement. In the preparation phase, educational needs of teachers were developed and analyzed. And theme for activity was selected. In the development phase, activity were selected based on the contents of practical arts and presentation of educational objective, development of lesson plan. In the improvement phase, the lesson plan was completed through the modification of the validity assessment by expert group. The characteristics of the developed lesson plan were followings; First, Developed lesson were based on the contents of practical arts for creativity and personality Second, Developed lesson were designed for project method. Third, this developed lesson plan is made up of six parts 'Study cook', 'Cooking lunchbox for health', 'Cooking fusion food', 'Sowing and growing sprouts', 'Cooking with growing sprout', 'Food for life exhibition'. Forth, developed lesson plan can use practical arts class and creative activity class.