• Journal of health informatics and statistics
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.336-343
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test and validate a model to predict antenatal depression. Methods: Data were collected from a self-administered questionnaire of 251 pregnant women in D metropolitan city. Exogenous variables were self-esteem, social support, and high risk pregnancy. Endogenous variables consisted of pregnancy stress, pregnancy coping, and antenatal depression. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 21.0. Results: Model fit indices for the hypotheoretical model fitted to the recommended levels. Out of 12 paths, 6 were statistically significant. Variables accounted for 72.6% of antenatal depression. Predictors of antenatal depression were pregnancy stress (t = 7.64), self-esteem (t = -2.03), and social support (t = -2.06). Conclusions: Results indicate that an intervention program which increases self-esteem would be useful for pregnant women to decrease antenatal depression level. Antenatal program are needed to be applied to spouse and family members as well. To decrease pregnancy stress in pregnant women contributes to antenatal depression.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to assess the mediating effect of fatigue on the relationship between pregnancy stress and depression during the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: We surveyed 161 pregnant women at a hospital in Gyeonggi province in Korea from October to November, 2017. Data were analyzed by the SPSS WIN 22.0 program. Results: The mean scores of pregnancy stress, fatigue and depression were $2.09{\pm}.87$ with a range of 1~4, $2.31{\pm}0.84$ with a range of 1~4 and $0.85{\pm}0.81$ with a range of 0~3, respectively. Pregnancy stress was positively correlated with fatigue (r=.60, p<.001) and depression (r=.59, p<.001) and fatigue was positively correlated with depression (r=.48, p<.001). The mediating effect of fatigue on the relationship between pregnancy stress and depression (${\beta}=.21$, p=.010) was found. Conclusion: We found the mediating effect of fatigue on the relationship between pregnancy stress and depression. Thus, healthcare professionals should assess the pregnant woman's negative emotions in the early stage and facilitate their positive transition utilizing the assesment findings. For example, a development of interventions considering physical and psychological aspects for decreasing fatigue may improve the pregnant women's well-being during pregnancy and childbirth. In conclusion, the healthcare professionals should understand the potential problems during pregnancy and strive to enhance the positive process of pregnancy and growth of the baby.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.469-477
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• 2021

본 연구 목적은 임부의 임신 스트레스, 자아존중감 및 우울 정도를 조사하고 그 변수들 사이의 관계를 규명하여, 임부의 우울에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하는 데 있다. 본 연구는 154명의 임부를 대상으로 자료를 수집하고, 분석은 t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Stepwise Regression Analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient를 이용하였다. 대상자의 임신 스트레스는 평균 61.17±13.84점(범위:27~135)으로, 계획된 임신인지에 따라 유의한 차이를 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대상자의 자아존중감은 평균 30.94±4.76점(범위:10~40)으로, 종교, 직업, 임신주수에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 대상자의 우울은 평균 6.89±5.04점(범위:0~63)으로, 계획된 임신인지에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 대상자의 우울은 임신 스트레스와 통계적으로 유의한 양적 상관관계를 나타냈고, 자아존중감과는 통계적으로 유의한 음적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 임신 스트레스는 자아존중감과 통계적으로 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 임부의 우울에 영향을 주는 요인은 자아존중감, 계획된 임신 여부, 임신 스트레스 순이었다. 본 연구결과는 산전 관리 시 임부의 임신 스트레스, 자아존중감 및 우울 등 정서적 요인 정도를 사정하고, 임부의 정서적 측면을 지지하기 위한 간호 중재 프로그램 개발 및 적용의 필요성을 제시한다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2010

Purpose: This study examined the influencing factors on antenatal depression among pregnant women. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study with 255 pregnant women who visited a general hospital in a metropolitan city for their regularly scheduled check-up. Measurement tools employed were the Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the food habits, and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Socio-demographic variables and the status of high risk pregnancy were identified. Influencing factors on antenatal depression were identified using a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean score of antenatal depression was $7.2{\pm}5.0$; 18.4% with mild depression, 5.9% had moderate depression, with 0.8% identified with severe depression on BDI scale. Influencing factors on antenatal depression accounted for 47.8% of the total variance which consisted of quality of sleep, marital satisfaction, food habits, gestation periods, sexual satisfaction, high risk pregnancy, and age. Conclusion: Findings show that antenatal depression should be monitored on a regular basis during early pregnancy and in high risk pregnancy if possible, and quality of sleep and food habits should be incorporated in the management of antenatal depression.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to analyse effects that the degree of depression have on the life style variables, nutrient intake, iron indices and pregnancy outcome. Subjects were 114 pregnant women who were receiving prenatal care at a hospital in Seoul. We collected data for general characteristics and lifestyle variables from general survey instrument and for depression score from the questionnaire on depression. Dietary intakes of subjects were estimated by 24 hour dietary recall method. Also we analysed iron indices and pregnancy outcomes. We classified subjects by 10 point, which was the average depression score, into two groups [Low depression score group (LS) : High depression score group (HS)]. As to the intakes of total calcium, plant-calcium, plant-iron, potassium, total folate and dietary folate, LS group was far higher than HS group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01, respectively). As to pre-pregnancy alcohol drinking, LS group had 41.9% in non-drinker, which was far higher than 28% in HS group in non-drinker (P < 0.05). As for drinking coffee during pre-pregnancy, pregnant women who don’ drink coffee in LS group took 43.6%, which was higher than 38% in HS group (P < 0.01). Regarding delivery type, the cesarean section in LS group (18%) was significantly lower than that in HS group (45%) (P < 0.01). Bivariate analysis showed that birth weight was significantly associated with the gestational age (P < 0.01). The pregnant women with higher depression score tended to have undesirable life habit, which might affect negative pregnancy outcomes. A better understanding of how depression and intake of nutrients work together to modulate behavior will be benefit nutritional research.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.44-54
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• 2023

Purpose: Uncertainty and restrictions on daily life have increased fear, stress, and depression during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Depression is the most common mental health problem in pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of fear and stress related to COVID-19 experienced by pregnant women, as well as their levels of depression, and to examine the factors associated with depression during pregnancy. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, correlational study conducted among 153 pregnant women who visited a maternity hospital in Busan, South Korea. A self-reported questionnaire was used for data collection from December 18, 2021 to March 8, 2022. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. Results: Pregnant women experienced a moderate level of fear related to COVID-19, with an average score of 21.55±4.90. The average score for depression during pregnancy was 14.86±11.10, with 50.3% of the participants experiencing depression (≥13). The factors associated with depression during pregnancy were fear of COVID-19, contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19, being in the third trimester of pregnancy, high stress levels due to difficulties experienced from social distancing measures, and unintended pregnancy. These five statistically significant factors explained 35.0% of variance in depression during pregnancy. Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of depression in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to develop interventions to reduce anxiety by providing correct information and alleviating the stress of social distancing.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.274-290
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• 2023

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of prenatal education characteristics, pandemic-related pregnancy stress, and health behaviors during pregnancy on prenatal depression in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: The participants were 180 pregnant Korean women, recruited from internet communities for pregnancy preparation, childbirth, and childcare, from July 5 to 15, 2022. The collected data were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The scores for pandemic-related pregnancy stress (24.50±6.37) and health behaviors during pregnancy (67.07±9.20) were high. Nearly half of the participants (n=89, 49.4%) presented with prenatal depression, with scores of 10 or greater. Prenatal depression had a positive correlation with gestational age (r=.18, p=.019) and pandemic-related pregnancy stress (r=.27, p<.001), and a negative correlation with health behaviors during pregnancy (r=-.42, p<.001). The factors associated with prenatal depression were pandemic-related pregnancy stress (t=4.70, p<.001), marital satisfaction (dissatisfied) (t=3.66, p<.001), pregnancy healthcare practice behaviors (t=-3.31, p=.001), family type (weekend couple) (t=2.84, p=.005), and gestational age (t=2.32, p=.022). The explanatory power of these variables was 38.2%. Conclusion: Since participants had a high level of prenatal depression during the pandemic, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19 may recur, strategies should be developed to improve pregnant women's mental health with consideration of the unique variables that are relevant in a pandemic. It is also necessary to develop efficient online prenatal education programs that can be implemented even in special circumstances such as social distancing, and to evaluate their effectiveness.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.394-401
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• 2023

Background: Pregnancy is associated with a number of physical, emotional, and biological changes that can exacerbate maternal psychological disturbances, such as body image concerns and depression. Sleep disturbances during pregnancy can also have adverse impacts. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression, sleep disturbances, and body image concerns among pregnant women. The study also examined the relationship between these factors and pregnancy-related variables, such as bad obstetric history and whether the pregnancies were unplanned. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 146 pregnant patients was conducted at a tertiary care center over 15 months. The patients were administered the Beck Depression Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Body Image Concern Inventory questionnaires. Contingency tables, Fisher exact test, and Spearman correlation were used to identify underlying relationships. Results: The prevalence of depression was 22.6%. Although body image disturbance was noted in only 2.7% of patients, 46.6% had poor sleep quality. Poor sleep was associated with primigravida status. Bad obstetric history and unplanned pregnancy were associated with depression. Depression was found to be significantly correlated with body image disturbances and poor sleep quality. Conclusion: Psychiatric disorders were prevalent during pregnancy. This study highlights the importance of screening for depression in pregnant patients. Counselling and caregiver education can be useful for mitigating psychological disturbances. Management of pregnancies by multidisciplinary teams that include psychiatrists could be immensely useful in improving the pregnancy experiences of patients.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2001

Whenever a clinician manages the patients with depression, he may meet various problems that make it difficult to treat them. Even though he has good skills and knowledge about depression, some barriers will be appear during his practice. In general, the difficulties in treating depression are treatment-resistance, adverse effects of antidepressants, pregnancy in female patients, comorbid medical conditions, poor compliance, drug-drug interactions, and so on, which are related with pharmacological treatments. Here, only the two of them, the treatment-resistant depression and difficult problems concerned with pregnancy, were discussed. Some level of treatment resistance is the norm rather than the exception. As the treatment failure stems from inadequate treatment, it is important that the clinician should prescribe medications with sufficient doseage and adequate duration. And to overcome the treatment resistant depression the polypharmacy is necessary, in that case, the side effects and toxicities should be explored and managed immediately. So the clinician have to learn more about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms of each drugs used in treatment of depression. When the risk of the fetus by the exposure is higher than the risk of untreated maternal psychiatric disorder, psychotropic medications should be used during pregnancy. Women who are maintained on psychotropics and become pregnant, as well as women with the new onset of psychiatric symptoms during pregnancy, should be carefully reassessed. However, data concerning the potential risk of long-term behavioral changes following prenatal exposure to psychotropics is rare, so further longitudinal follow-up studies are needed.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.38-47
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed to identify related factors of prenatal depression by stress-vulnerability and stress-coping models for pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design with a convenience sampling was used. A total of 107 pregnant women who visited a general hospital in a metropolitan city were recruited from August to October, 2013. A structured questionnaire included the Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory II, and the instruments measuring Self-Esteem, Marital Satisfaction, Pregnancy Stress, Stressful Life Events, and Coping. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Parson's correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean score of prenatal depression was $11.95{\pm}6.2$, then showing 19.6% with mild depression, 15.0% with moderate depression, and 0.9% with severe depression on BDI II scale. Prenatal depression had positive correlation with pregnancy stress (r=.55, p<.01), stressful life events (r=.26, p<.01) and negative correlation with self- esteem (r=-.38, p<.01), marital satisfaction (r=-.40, p<.01), and coping (r=-.21, p<.05). Factors of pregnancy stress, self-esteem, stressful life events, and planned pregnancy explained 38% of the total variance of prenatal depression. Conclusion: These findings show that health providers need to assess prenatal depression and to control the influencing factors.