• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate pregnant women's experience about nutrition education for pregnant women in order to improve nutrition education programs. The questionnaires were distributed to 185 women with children whose age of under 24 months. About 46% of respondents participated in nutrition education for pregnant women. Major reasons for nonparticipation was 'no information(47%)' and 'lack of time(32%)'. About 40% of women attended to education operated by health centers, 34% maternity hospitals, 26% companies of formula or baby supplies. Participation rate in nutrition education showed significant differences(p<0.05) with age and household income. Women in their forties and with monthly income over three million Won showed higher rates than those of women in other groups. The subjects of education were nutrient supplements for pregnant women(21%), pregnancy complications and health(19%), abnormal symptoms of pregnancy and nutrition (18%), weight gain during pregnancy(17%), dietary guideline and directions for pregnancy (15%), relationship between nutrition of pregnant woman and baby's health(10%) in order. Teaching method which was used most frequently was lecture(35%). About 74% of women were not satisfied with the education. Nutrition management for pregnancy was the subject which pregnant women wanted to learn but not been taught enough. About 80% of women wanted more education and preferred personalized education such as personal counselling (30%), home visitation(26%), telephone(16%) and internet(15%) counselling. These results showed nutrition education for pregnant women was unhelpful for practical life. Therefore, nutrition education programs for pregnant women has to reflected pregnant women's individual needs to heighten the effectiveness of nutrition education.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-26
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• 2015

The female reproductive tract has two main functions: protection against microbial challenge and maintenance of pregnancy to term. The upper reproductive tract comprises the fallopian tubes and the uterus, including the endocervix, and the lower tract consists of the ectocervix and the vagina. Immune cells residing in the reproductive tract play contradictory roles: they maintain immunity against vaginal pathogens in the lower tract and establish immune tolerance for sperm and an embryo/fetus in the upper tract. The immune system is significantly influenced by sex steroid hormones, although leukocytes in the reproductive tract lack receptors for estrogen and progesterone. The leukocytes in the reproductive tract are distributed in either an aggregated or a dispersed form in the epithelial layer, lamina propria, and stroma. Even though immune cells are differentially distributed in each organ of the reproductive tract, the predominant immune cells are T cells, macrophages/dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and mast cells. B cells are rare in the female reproductive tract. NK cells in the endometrium significantly expand in the late secretory phase and further increase their number during early pregnancy. It is evident that NK cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells are extremely important in decidual angiogenesis, trophoblast migration, and immune tolerance during pregnancy. Dysregulation of endometrial/decidual immune cells is strongly related to infertility, miscarriage, and other obstetric complications. Understanding the immune system of the female reproductive tract will significantly contribute to women's health and to success in pregnancy.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 2018

Partial hydatidiform mole and coexisting fetus is a rare entity with antecedent high risk of maternal and fetal complications, and risk of persistent trophoblastic disease in later life. Here, we report a case of twin pregnancy with live fetus identified as 45,X and normal placenta and another partial mole. Ultrasound scan at 10 weeks showed a hydrops fetus with a focal area of multicystic placenta. The patient underwent chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis for chromosomal analysis, and the result was 45,X. Based on these finding, the patient then underwent induced abortion. Pathological examination (immunohistochemical staining) of the placenta confirmed the partial mole. This report suggests that careful prenatal ultrasonography and appropriate karyotyping in a molar pregnancy and coexisting fetus enable early diagnosis and may be beneficial for prognosis.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 1976

Serum levels of human placental lactogen have been measured by hemagglutination-inhibition reaction in 67 normal pregnant state and in 15 postpartum 24 hour state, HAIR is less sensitive and reliable method than radioimmunoassay, but simple, rapid, less expensive and fairly accurate, so it is more helpful in screening of large antenatal population with or without high risk complications. 1) Sensitivity of HPL-HAIR test kit was $0.1{\mu}g$/ml of H.P.L. serum level and had no cross reaction to HCG or male serum or non-pregenant female or newborn infant, 2) H.P.L. value was around $2{\mu}g$/ml until 24th week of pregnancy and rose to $6{\sim}8$ ${\mu}g$/ml continuously until about 36th week of pregnancy and then slightly decreased or stationary. 3) H.P.L. value in postpartum 24 hour state was undetectable. 4) There was poor correlation between maternal serum H.P.L. value at term and baby weight.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.548-554
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• 1999

연구배경: 천식은 임신과 관련된 가장 흔한 호흡기 발작이다. 임신은 천식의 임상 경과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 되어 있으며, 약 1/3에서 임신 전에 비해 증세가 악화된다. 이 때 적절한 치료를 받지 못 할 경우 산모나 태아에게 중대한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 임신 중 천식이 악화되어 내원한 환자를 대상으로 천식의 임상 경과 및 악화된 원인에 대해 후향적 고찰을 시행하였다. 방 법: 1989년 1월부터 1998년 4월까지 임신 중 천식이 악화되어 고대 안암병원 및 구로병원에 내원하였던 27명의 천식 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 이 중 2명은 각각 임신 6주와 25주에 임신 중절을 하였고, 나머지 25명은 정상 분만을 하였다. 정상 분만한 25명을 대상으로 후향적 고찰과 환자 면담을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결 과: 환자의 평균 연령은 29.2세(24-38세)였다. 임신 중 악화된 시기는 8-36주까지 다양하였으나, 임신 20-28주 사이에 14명(56%)이 악화되어 가장 많았다. 36-40주 사이에 악화된 경우는 없었다. 악화된 환자들은 경구 프레드니손, 흡입용 베타2-항진제, 아미노필린 치료 후 호전되었으며, 임신 중 악화된 환자들 모두 분만 4주 전에는 호전되었다. 임신 때와 비교하여 25명 중 20명(80%, p<0.002)이 분만 후 호전되어 다시 임신 이전 상태로 돌아갔으며, 나머지 5명(20%)은 임신 때와 비교하여 변화가 없었다. 임신 중 악화된 원인을 추정하면 감기 증세가 있은 후 악화된 경우가 7명(28%), 임신 후 약 복용을 중단하여 악화된 경우가 10명(40%), 원인을 모르는 경우가 8명(32%)으로 나타났다. 정상 분만한 25명의 태아는 모두 건강하였고, 선천적 기형이나 분만 중 천식으로 인한 이상은 없었다. 2 회 이상 임신한 경험이 있는 8명의 여성을 대상으로 다른 임신 때와 비교하여 천식의 임상 경과를 조사해본 결과 이전과 같은 경우가 3명, 이전보다 악화된 경우가 5명으로 나타났다. 이 중 2명은 첫 번째 임신때는 천식증세가 없었으나 두 번째 임신 때 천식이 악화되어 내원하였고, 나머지 3명은 첫 번째와 두 번째 임신 때는 증세가 미약했으나 세 번째 임신 때 증세가 악화되어 내원하였다. 결 론: 임신 중 천식이 악화되는 경향이 있는 환자는 임신 중반기 특히, 임신 20-30주 사이를 주의 관찰하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 임신 중 천식 약을 중단하는 것이 천식이 악화되는 흔한 원인이므로 천식 환자에게 충분한 교육과 함께 임신기간 중에도 적극적인 치료를 받도록 하는 것이 필요하다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.51-53
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• 2016

Uterine fibroids are benign tumors of the myometrium with a diverse range of manifestations. Fibroids can dramatically increase in size during pregnancy due to the increase in estrogen levels. After delivery, the fibroids usually shrink back to their pre-pregnancy size. Uterine myomas may have many complications, including abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, pressure on nearby organs, degeneration, and malignant transformation. No previous reports have indicated that a fistula may develop between a uterine fibroid and the bowel loops, although previous studies have documented the occurrence of fistulas from the uterus to the bowel following myomectomy or uterine artery embolization performed to treat a myoma. In our case report, we document the rare complication of a fistula occurring between a degenerated myoma in the posterior wall and the ileum 1 week postoperatively in a patient who underwent a Caesarean section but did not have a history of uterine artery embolization.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.150-152
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• 2022

Complications related to the vascular anastomosis of the placental vessels in monochorionic twins are fatal. The clinical syndromes of feto-fetal transfusion include twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS), twin-twin transfusion syndrome, and twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. We present an extremely rare case of TAPS in a dichorionic diamniotic pregnancy. A 36-year-old woman, gravida 0, para 0, was referred to our hospital with suspected preterm premature membrane rupture. Although her pelvic examination did not reveal specific findings, the non-stress test result showed minimal variability in the first fetus and late deceleration in the second one. An emergency cesarean section was performed. The placenta was fused, and one portion of the placenta was pale, while the other portion was dark red. The hemoglobin level of the first fetus was 7.8 g/dL and that of the second one was 22.2 g/dL.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.80-95
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of low birth-weight infants and their's mothers, and to identify the factors which influenced to delivery of L.B.W infants. The data derived from K. General Hospital and J. obs & gyn clinic in pusan from January, 1998 to August, 1998, which were from mothers of having B. W infants. The factors used for this study were characteristics of general, obstetrical, environmental aspects and physical and psychological life experiences during pregnancy. Analysis of data obtained were computerized statistically by using SPSS 7.5 WIN program. the data were analysed as number, frequency, percentage, t-test and ANOVA. The major results obtained of this study were as follows : 1) Gender that L.B.W infants were male in 47.2% and female in 52.8%, body weight of 2001~2500gm was above 8 in 68.5%, and below 5 in 1.8%. The L.B.W infants with complications were 7, which were 6.5%. The kinds of malformations were the Cleft palate & lip, Hyper-kalemia, Hypoglycemia, Meningocele, CHD, Down syndrome and each of them marked 0.9%. 2) In the general characteristics of pregnant women, the age group of 25~29 years was the most common as 46.3%. Over 35 years of age, elderly gravidas were in 7.5%. the height of 156~160cm was the most common as 52.8%. pregnant women of below 150cm height was in 3.7%. body weight of 51~55kg was the most common as 38%. pregnant women of below 45kg were in 19.4%. The women with smoking and drinking episodes during pregnancy were 1.9% and 25%. In the status of marriage, married women were in 95.4%, unmarried ones were in 1.9%, and unmarried couples were in 2.8%. Iin he obstetrical characteristics of pregnant women, pregnant women with gestational age under 37wks were in 45.4%, and the ones over 38wks were 54.6%. At the methods of delivery, normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries were in 51.9%, which were the most common, cesarian section deliveries were in 47.2%, and breech deliveries were in 0.9%. In the environmental characteristics of pregnant women, 40.8% of pregnant women lived in house or apartments with stairs, 23.1% of them lived in the high altitude. the pregnant women who ran a household without a helper were in 65.7%. In the pregnant women who had underwent life experiences of physical and psychological stress during pregnancy. life experiences of physical stresses were described as persistent fatigue due to lifestyle, traumatic experience, illness, move away with an effort, physical impact caused by discord. life experiments of psychological stresses were describeded as trouble with their husbands, discord with one's husband family, family problems, and conflicts due to environmental factors, etc. The number of the pregnant women who had complications during pregnancy was 32, which was 29.6% totally. Among them, pre-eclampsia was in 12.1% and the premature rupture of membrane in 7.4%. 3) In the analysis of the general, obstetrical, and circumstantial characteristics and L.B.W infants. There were statistical difference significantly between the gestational age of pregnant women(F=12.035, P=.000), and the status of marriage(F=3.207, P=.044), and maternal complication(t=2.344, P=.021) etc.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.232-238
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• 2017

Objective: To determine whether reducing the cetrorelix dose in the antagonist protocol to 0.125 mg had any deleterious effects on follicular development, the number and quality of retrieved oocytes, or the number of embryos, and to characterize its effects on the affordability of assisted reproductive technology. Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted at the Fertility Unit of Tanta Educational Hospital of Tanta University, the Egyptian Consultants' Fertility Center, and the Qurrat Aien Fertility Center, from January 1 to June 30, 2017. Patients' demographic data, stimulation protocol, costs, pregnancy rate, and complications were recorded. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: group I (n = 61) received 0.125 mg of cetrorelix (the study group), and group II (n = 62) received 0.25 mg of cetrorelix (the control group). Results: The demographic data were comparable regarding age, parity, duration of infertility, and body mass index. The dose of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone units required was $2,350.43{\pm}150.76$ IU in group I and $2,366.25{\pm}140.34$ IU in group II, which was not a significant difference (p= 0.548). The duration of stimulation, number of retrieved oocytes, and number of developed embryos were not significantly different between the groups. The clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates likewise did not significantly differ. The cost of intracytoplasmic sperm injection per cycle was significantly lower in group I than in group II (US $ $494.66{\pm}4.079$ vs. US $ $649.677{\pm}43.637$). Conclusion: Reduction of the cetrorelix dose in the antagonist protocol was not associated with any significant difference either in the number of oocytes retrieved or in the pregnancy rate. Moreover, it was more economically feasible for patients in a low-resource country.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to determine the roles of ET-1 and NO on uterine blood flow in pregnancy. Uterine arteries were isolated from 17 nonpregnant and 12 pregnant women. Nonpregnant group included patients with median age of $48.6{\pm}2.3$ years who underwent hysterectomy, because of myoma. Pregnant group included patients with median age of $31.3{\pm}1.4$ years undergoing cesarean delivery. ET-1 and ET-2 induced concentration-dependent contraction in isolated nonpregnant and pregnant uterine arteries. The contractile response and maximal contraction were increased in pregnant uterine arteries. In nonpregnant uterine arteries, there was no contraction in response to ET-3, whereas pregnancy induced concentration-dependent contraction by ET-3. Tissue nitrite/nitrate level and immunohistochemical staining of eNOS and iNOS were increased in pregnant uterine arteries, compared with nonpregnant uterine arteries. In addition, the expressions of eNOS and iNOS mRNA were significantly increased in pregnancy. Moreover, contractions by ET isopeptides, including ET-1, were enhanced, and immunohistochemical staining of ET-1 and ET-1 mRNA expression was increased in pregnant uterine arteries. These results suggest that NO production by increased NOS activity, especially eNOS activity, is related to placental and uterine blood flow. Furthermore, ET-1 appears to play a pathophysiological role in pregnant complications such as hypertension.