• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.446-451
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• 2019

This study investigated the application of artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis kit for Korean native black goats. Semen was collected by electrical ejaculation, followed by semen analysis and artificial insemination in three goat strains (Dangjin, Jangsu and Tongyoung). Pregnancy was confirmed using a cow pregnancy test kit (IDEXX Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test kit) and ultrasound diagnosis. Analysis revealed that semen collected from male Korean native black goats by electrical ejaculation was about 1~1.5 ml in volume, $18{\sim}25{\times}10^8/ml$ concentration, and having > 97% motility. Furthermore, confirmation of pregnancy by pregnancy test kit and ultrasound diagnosis after artificial insemination were similar. In addition, the efficiency of pregnancy was 20~40% for all three strains: Tongyoung was the highest with 44%, followed by Dangjin (%), and Jangsu (20%). This study determines the artificial fertilization efficiency and the feasibility of using a cow pregnancy test kit for early pregnancy diagnosis in Korean native black goats. Although further research is required for validation, the results of the current study contribute to the breeding and improvement of Korean native black goat in research institutions as well as in general farms.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.5 no.1_2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1978

In order to estimate the human placental lactogen levels and its value as an indicator of placental function during the first half of normal pregnancy, we defermined HPL levels. in normal snbjects (No=40) from the 6th week to the 20th week of gestation For the determination of human placental lactogen in serum of normal pregnant women during the first half of prognancy, radioimmunoassay have been performed using Phadebas HPL Test kit. The range of 25ng to 800ng HPL/ml. were determined by the procedures using Phadbas HPL Test kit, which correspond to levels recorded throughout the first half of normal pregnancy. HPL was detected in the earliest pregnancy samples collected at 6 weeks but was generally present in minute amount during the first trimester of pregnancy, when the HPL level ranged from 25 ng/ml. to 0.86 ${\mu}g$/ml. The mean concentration of HPL increased gradually from only 0.03 ${\mu}g$/ml, at 6 weeks to 0.25 ${\mu}g$/ml, at 12 weeks of gestation, Subsequently the mean HPL value rose steeply from 0.25 ${\mu}g$/ml, at 12 weeks to 1.65 ${\mu}g$/ml, at 20 weeks of gestation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.169-177
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect, range of practice, and propriety for diagnosis of early non-pregnancies and reproductive disorders by dairy cows' milk progesterone analysis used EIA-kit of home products. The results were summarized as follows : 1. During 2 to 6 months after artificial insemination, the results of milk progesterone measurement by Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit with pregnant dairy cows(152 heads) certified by rectal palpation were revealed, in Home-kit, 145 heads(95.4%) of positive reaction, 7 heads(4.6%) of quasi-positive, and 0 heads(0%) of negative among 152 heads and, in Auto ELISA reader-kit, 152 heads(100%) of positive reaction among 152 heads. 2. During 19 to 22 days after artificial insemination, the results of milk progesterone measurement by Home-kit, and thereafrer during 50 to 90 days after that, the results of pregnant test by rectal palpation were summarized as follows : 147 heads(82.1%) among 179 heads of positive reaction by Home-kit and 5 heads(31.3%) among 16 heads of quasi-positive were revealed pregnant cows by rectal palpation, and 42 heads(100%) among 42 heads of negative were non-pregnant. 3. During 19 to 22 days after artificial insemination, the results of milk progesterone measurement by Auto ELISA reader-kit, and thereafrer during 50 to 90 days after that, the results of pregnant test by rectal palpation were summarized as follows : 146 heads(86.9%) among 168 heads of positive reaction by Auto ELISA reader-kit and 6 heads(28.6%) among 21 heads of quasi-positive were revealed pregnant cows by rectal palpation, and 48 heads (100%) among 48 heads of negative were non-pregnant. 4. For the accuracy of the rectal palpation, Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit were used in the cows of ovarian diseases. The results were following : in the cows of reproductive disorders expected negative milk progesterone, the accuracies of rectal palpation were the same 75.5%(40 heads among 53 heads) by Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit, and in the cows of reproductive disorders expected positive milk progesterone, the accuracies of rectal palpation were 82.6%(19 heads among 23 heads) and 91.3%(21 heads among 23 heads) by Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit, respectively, and the general accuracies of rectal palpation were 77.6%(59 heads among 76 heads) and 80.3%(61 heads among 76 heads) by Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2018

The history of the pregnancy test started in ancient Egypt with a germination test using wheat and barley. Since then, unscientific methods have been used from the days of Hippocrates and Galen to the Middle Ages when uroscopy was used, even until the early 1800s. On the other hand, since the mid-1800s, scientific methods and evidence have begun to emerge, which led to scientific research on the physiological characteristics of pregnancy. The first attempt to utilize these scientific findings was initiated with the bioassay by Aschheim and Zondek using rats and mice in 1927, and then developed into experiments using rabbits and frogs. The immunoassay method, which started in the 1960s, contributed greatly to the generalization of the pregnancy tests while improving the problems of the bioassay. In 1976, a pregnancy test kit was introduced that can be used at home, contributing to the popularization of pregnancy tests. Since the 1980s, technological advances in diagnostic tests have also been applied to pregnancy tests to further improve the reliability of the diagnosis of pregnancy. In the 2000s, the accuracy and ease of use of the pregnancy test kits for home use have improved drastically. This study examined the history and scientific development of the pregnancy test.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.603-608
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• 1997

To improve animal production, a simple and accurate pregnancy diagnosis plays a very important role. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an on-farm blood progesterone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system for monitoring the early pregnancy in sows. Star tubes coated with mouse monoclonal anti-progesterone antibody were used for this proposed EIA system which was tested in field trials. The results could be obtained within 30 minutes either by spectrophotometry or the naked eye. Heparinized fresh blood samples collected from the ear vein of sows 17-22 days after breeding (day 0) were tested qualitatively to diagnose sows as pregnant or non-pregnant with high ( > 3 ng/ml) or low ($${{\leq_-}}3ng/ml$$) progesterone in the blood. To provided a double check data, plasma progesterone levels were also measured quantitatively by the same EIA system with some modification. Total agreement of diagnosis by the on-farm EIA kit and by farrowing or abortion from 128 tested sows was found to be 92.2% accuracy (93.1% on pregnant diagnosis and 83.3% on non-pregnant diagnosis). It was concluded that the on-farm EIA blood progesterone test is a very useful method for monitoring the early pregnancy status of sows.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.181-186
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• 2020

This study examined the artificial fertilization efficiency of crossbred goats from a farmhouse using frozen semen. Electrostimulation was used to ejaculate and collect semen to assess the artificial fertilization efficiency of crossbred goats. The sperm concentration, vitality, and vitality after melting were investigated. The sperm volume was within 2.5~3 ml, and the concentration was 21~25 × 10⁸/ml for each male crossbred goat. The melted semen had high vitality (≥90%). An IDEXX Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test kit was used for an earlier diagnosis of the pregnancy and to determine the pregnancy rate of fertilization using frozen-thawed semen. The reproductive performance of the artificially fertilized crossbred goats had the highest delivery rate (68%) from Farm C and the lowest delivery rate (45%) from farm A. The delivery rate through artificial fertilization was equal to the fertilization rate according to early pregnancy diagnostic kits. The artificial insemination efficiency was 45~68%. These findings can be used as the basis for improvement and breeding goats in goat farms and livestock research institutes.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1977

Serum levels of human placental lactogen were measured by hemagglutination inhibition reaction in 26 normal pregnant state and in patients with 16 toxemia and 6 F.D.I.U. beyond their thirtieth week of gestation to evaluate their clinical usefulness. It was realized that HPL-HAIR Test Kit was easy to use and produced reliable results. The general conclusion were as follows: 1) HPL value was $6{\sim}8$ug/ml in normal pregnancy. 2) The levels in mild toxemia were similar in the normal state. 3) The levels in severe toxemia were similar or slightly lower than in the normal and mild toxemia. 4) The levels in F.D.I.U. were lower than in the normal state.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1976

Serum levels of human placental lactogen have been measured by hemagglutination-inhibition reaction in 67 normal pregnant state and in 15 postpartum 24 hour state, HAIR is less sensitive and reliable method than radioimmunoassay, but simple, rapid, less expensive and fairly accurate, so it is more helpful in screening of large antenatal population with or without high risk complications. 1) Sensitivity of HPL-HAIR test kit was $0.1{\mu}g$/ml of H.P.L. serum level and had no cross reaction to HCG or male serum or non-pregenant female or newborn infant, 2) H.P.L. value was around $2{\mu}g$/ml until 24th week of pregnancy and rose to $6{\sim}8$ ${\mu}g$/ml continuously until about 36th week of pregnancy and then slightly decreased or stationary. 3) H.P.L. value in postpartum 24 hour state was undetectable. 4) There was poor correlation between maternal serum H.P.L. value at term and baby weight.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 1991

This study was carried out to observe the change in uterine cyclic nucleotide level and the effect of PAF on cyclic nucleotides in uterine tissue in early pregnany in order to understand reciprocal relation ship between PAF and cyclic nucleotides in pregnancy in the rat. The test groups were injected intramuscularly with $1{\mu}g$ of PAF or 1.25mg of BN-52021 on day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of pregnancy. The level of cyclic nucleotide in removed uterine tissue was assayed by using cyclic nucleotides test kits. The results showed that the cyclic AMP content in uterine tissue of non-pregnant at pro-oestrus rat was $2.91{\pm}0.33$ pmol/mg protein which was lower than those of pregnant rat. The cyclic GMP content in uterine tissue of non-pregnant rat was $0.39{\pm}0.20$ pmol/mg pro-tein which was also lower than those of pregnant rats. The maximum level in cAMP was $5.92{\pm}1.72$ pmol/mg protein on day 3 and cGMP, $1.03{\pm}0.22$ pmol/mg protein on day 4. On each day of pregnancy, PAF induced the increased cAMP level ompared with that of intact rat. That was significant on day 0, 2 and 4 of pregnancy, p<0.05, on the other hand PAF receptor antagonist, BN-52021 ecreased cAMP level in uterine tisssue. PAF as well as BN-52021 had not an consistent effect on changes in cGMP level. These results suggest that cyclic nucleotide levels in uterine tissue ware increased during early pregnancy and PAF influences cAMP level in uterine rather than cGMP level during peri-implantation period, accordingly demonstrating a possible involvement of PAF in the regulation of implantation-related events through cAMP-mediated process.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2012

Purpose: Fragile X carrier detection before or at early pregnancy through a wide screening program may not only confer a risk of having offspring with Fragile X syndrome (FXS), but may also confer a risk for Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. However, prior to the implementation of such a program, the carrier prevalence in a population and the availability of effective screening test should be evaluated. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of premutation carriers and to evaluate the feasibility of screening test. Materials and Methods: The blood samples were obtained from 8,641 pregnant women with no family history of mental retardation. We performed a three-primer CGG repeat primed (RP) PCR using the AmplideX$^{TM}$ FMR1 PCR kit (Asuragen, Inc. Austin, TX, USA). Samples showing full mutation alleles were reflexed to Southern blot analysis for methylation status and sizing. Results: Among the 8,641 women, we found 8 premutation carriers (1:1,090, 0.09%) and 46 women with an intermediate allele (1:190, 0.53%). No woman was found to carry the fully mutated allele. All the detected alleles were within the CGG repeat range of 8-117. Among the 8,641 samples, 29 and 30 CGG repeats represent 66.6% of all cases. The CGG RP PCR method provides robust detection of expanded alleles and resolves allele zygosity, thus minimizing the number of samples that require Southern blot analysis. Conclusion: This is the first study that has focused on the prevalence of FXS premutation carriers and FMR1 allele distribution in normal pregnant women. These data have important implications for population-based fragile X carrier screening in Korea.