• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.318-327
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• 2008

This study examined the cultural dietary habits as well as attitudes toward food, within other life pattern elements, of students living in Gwangju City and Chonnam Province, Korea. Questionnaires from 1,000 student respondents were analyzed. The survey consisted of questions regarding physical condition and health status, dietary consciousness, food preference, knowledge of food and nutrition, and dietary culture. The results showed that 1.6% of the students considered their own physical condition to be extremely poor, and 2.7% and 2.1% also considered their father's and mother's physical conditions as extremely poor, respectively. Among the respondents, 18.3% were smokers and consumed an average of 14.8 cigarettes per day. With regard to their dietary habits, the students answered that they preferred to eat meals with friends rather than with family members, fruit was chosen for eating over health food supplements, and there was very little participation or interest in various food and cultural festivals. The female students had a tendency to alleviate mental stresses by eating, while the male students performed more physical activity to deal with stress. The female students also preferred cereal, fruit, fast food, and sweetened foods more than the male students. Between the smokers and non-smokers, significantly more non-smokers chose fruit (p<0.01), ethnic foods (p<0.05), and sweetened foods (p<0.05) as compared to the smokers. Body mass index (BMI) had significant positive correlations with soft drink (p<0.01), health food supplement (p<0.01), and alcoholic beverage (p<0.001) consumption, while BMI was negatively correlated with cereal (p<0.01), fruit (p<0.001), and sweetened food (p<0.01) intake. The health status of students was positively correlated with their father's health status (p<0.01), mother's health status (p<0.001), and BMI (p<0.05), as well as cereal (p<0.001), high protein side dish (p<0.01), fruit (p<0.01), vegetable (p<0.01), and traditional food (p<0.001) intake. The average body weight for female students was approximately 5 kg less than the Korean Nutrition Society's standardized weight, therefore, it is strongly recommended that measures be taken to develop a systematic nutrition education program that would help those students who often unintentionally skip breakfast or go on extreme diets to improve body image.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2002

대전시 초등학교 5학년 남학생 198명을 대상으로 체격에 따른 기호도의 타이를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 정상체 중군에서 밥을 선호하는 비율은 63.3%로서 저 체중군(34.9%) 과 과체중군(33.3%)에 비해 거의 2배 가량 높았다(p<0.001). 2) 조리방법중 튀김에 대한 선호율은 저체중군이 58.1%로 가장 높았고 과체중군이 48.6%로 정상군의 46.0%와 비슷한 정도로 나타나, 이상적 체형의 인지나 비만에 대한 사회적 불명예 같은 심리적, 사회적 요인이 식품기호도에 영향을 끼치고 있는 것으로 사료되었다. 3) 단맛, 짠맛, 신맛, 쓴맛, 매운 맛의 다섯가지 기본미에 대한 선호도가 체격에 따라 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 전체 조사대상자에서는 단맛(33.2%)보다 매운맛(56.5%)에 대한 선호비율이 높았으며 , 과체중군은 정상군에 비 해 단맛 선호비율이 높고 짠맛 선호율은 낮았다. 4) 17개 음식 군들의 기호도 점수 비교분석에서 유의적인 차이를 내는것은 없었으나 가장 높은 기호도점수를 보인 음식 군은 과체중군에서는 11개 음식군(음료류, 빵류, 우유류, 과자류, 구이류, 튀김류.전류, 찜류, 볶음류, 김치류, 무침.나물류, 장아찌류), 정상군은 6개 음식군(국수류, 떡류, 찜류(과체중군과 동일), 밥류, 탕.국.찌개류, 조림류), 저체중군은 유일하게 과일류가 각기 세군 중 상대적으로 높은 기호도를 나타내었다. 한편 가장 낮은 기호도를 나타낸 군은 과체중군은 2개군(떡류, 조림류)에서, 정상군은 3개군(과일류, 과자류, 구이류)에서, 저 체중군은 그 나머지 인 12개군(음료류, 빵류, 우유류, 튀김.전류, 국수류, 찜류, 곡류, 볶음류, 탕.국.찌개류, 김치류, 무침 .나물류, 장아찌류)에서 가장 낮은 기호도를 나타내었다. 과체중군의 경우 단음식, 고지방.고단백등의 고열량 음식뿐 아니라, 저 열량음식 등 다양한 식품군에서 다른 군에 비해 높은 기호도를 나타내었다. 반면 저체중군은 과체중군과 정반대로 음식에 대한 기호도가 전반적으로 낮았다. 5) 전체조사대상 음식들의 기호도를 비만도에 따라 선호음식 10위, 싫어하는 음식 10위를 조사한 결과 선호음식의 경우 저체중군과 정상군의 경우 순위는 달랐지만 10위에 선별된 음식들이 주로 과 (수박, 귤, 딸기, 복숭아, 바나나, 포도, 사과)과 음료수(사이다, 환타) 등 열량밀도가 낮고 수분함량이 높은 식품인 반면 과체중군은 햄버거, 돈까스, 튀김 만두, 샌드위치, 쇠고기 및 돼지고기 구이 등이 선호음식 10위내에 포함되어 정상군이나 저체중군보다 고지방.고단백 음식들의 기호도가 과체중군에서 높음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.354-363
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• 2011

This study aimed to find the differences in weight control status and eating behavior of satisfied and dissatisfied female high school students regarding their own body shape. The participants consisted of 238 students at two female high schools in Nonsan-si, Chungnam-do in May of 2008. Self-assessment evaluated present body shape and ideal body shape they would like to have by providing silhouette drawings. The subjects were divided into two groups, 'satisfied' and 'dissatisfied', according to the differences between present body shape and ideal body shape. In the distribution of subjects according to body mass index, 100% of overweight, 97.0% of normal weight and 48.7% of underweight belonged to the dissatisfied group. There were significant differences in weight control and eating behavior between dissatisfied and satisfied groups in terms of frequency and reasons of conducting weight control behavior, body weight return after weight reduction, skipping breakfast and consuming fast food. The satisfied group was two times more likely to not conduct weight control behaviors compared to the dissatisfied group. The main reason for trying to control weight differed according to the group; the reason was feeling fat in the dissatisfied group and desiring to be healthy in the satisfied group. The percentage of subjects that returned to their original weights after weight reduction was 5 times higher in the dissatisfied group. The percentages of subjects that regularly skip breakfast and consume fast food were both higher in the dissatisfied group than in the satisfied group. The dissatisfied group responded 'eating alone' more frequently among nine binge eating behaviors compared to the satisfied group. Both groups, however, did not show any difference in overeating of meals, eating speed, intake frequency of regular meals, food preference, preferred cooking method, carbonated beverage intake and snack eating behavior. In summary, the dissatisfied group tried more unnecessary body weight reduction and had poor eating behavior. Accordingly, to correct the biased perception of body shape by the majority of female high school students, the values of our society should change toward the pursuit of beauty of health.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2015

해파리에 대한 쥐치의 포식률을 파악하기 위하여 메두사, 에피라, 폴립 단계의 보름달물해파리(Aurelia aurita s.l.)를 쥐치(Stephanolepis cirrhifer)에게 공급하고 포식실험을 수행하였다. 모든 크기의 쥐치는 메두사를 적극적으로 포식하였으며, 포식률은 쥐치의 체중과 비례하였다. 평균 습중량 0.5, 1, 2.2 g의 쥐치 치어는 평균 $0.77{\pm}0.51g\;fish^{-1}h^{-1}$을 포식하였으며, 평균 습중량 150, 344 g의 쥐치 성어는 각각 $9.26{\pm}1.61$, $15.89{\pm}3.67g\;fish^{-1}h^{-1}$을 포식하였다. 유생에 있어서도 평균 습중량 3.7 g의 쥐치가 10분 이내에 100개체의 에피라를 포식하였고, 평균 습중량 2.2 g의 쥐치는 단위체중당 $5.73{\pm}0.59$ polyps $g^{-1}$ of fish $h^{-1}$의 폴립을 포식하였다. 반면에 쥐치 성어는 폴립을 포식하지 않았다. 이와 같은 쥐치의 해파리 포식이 현장에서도 가능한지 알아보기 위해 수행된 먹이 선호도 실험에서, 쥐치 성어는 다른 먹이인 굴(약 60%)과 갯지렁이(약 80%)를 주로 포식하였고 메두사 포식은 약 2%에 불과했다. 하지만 쥐치 치어는 다른 먹이인 곤쟁이류와 함께 에피라, 폴립도 포식하였으며, 폴립에 대해서는 지속적인 포식활동을 보였다. 그리고 쥐치 치어는 주변에 다른 먹이가 있어도 보름달물해파리 유생에 대한 포식이 활발했지만, $11^{\circ}C$ 이하에서는 섭식활동을 중지한 실험결과로부터 $11^{\circ}C$ 보다 수온이 낮은 3-4월경에 발생하는 에피라 유생에 대한 현장에서의 포식 가능성은 낮을 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 반면, 폴립의 경우 수온에 관계없이 연중 서식하기 때문에 현장에서 쥐치 치어의 폴립 포식이 가능할 것이다. 따라서 쥐치를 이용하여 보름달물해파리 구제작업을 시행할 경우, 폴립을 대상으로 하여 쥐치 치어를 이용하는 것이 가장 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2002

This study was administrated to find the effects of dietary habits and nutrient intakes on the development of cardiovascular disease in the elderly aged over 60. The 40 healthy elderlies(18 males, 22 females) and 40 hospitalized elderlies with the cardiovascular disease(23 males, 17 females) were subjected for the study. Body weight, height, BMI and blood pressure were measured. Also, health behaviors such as exercise, smoking, drinking and dietary habits, frequency of intake lipid food in the past, nutrient intake at the present were assessed by interviews and questionnaire. The results of this study are as follows. 1. Body weight and the BMI were higher in hospitalized male elderlies significantly than those of healthy male elderlies(p<0.05). But the blood pressure wasn't different between two groups. 2. The ratio of male subjects who do regular exercise was significantly higher in healthy group(p<0.01). And significant difference in the extent of stress was found between two female groups(p<0.05). 3. The amount of meal and salty taste showed significant difference between two female groups(p<0.01) but the other dietary habits such as meat preference were not different between healthy and hospitalized elderlies. 4. Compared with healthy male elderlies, hospitalized male elderlies showed significantly higher frequency of intake of fish in the past(p<0.05) and frequency of intake of lipid food such as pork and chicken was also higher in the hospitalized male elderlies, but no significant difference in nutrient intake at the present was found between healthy and hospitalized elderlies. 5. Nutrient intake of elderlies showed in the average daily intake of energy, Ca, vitamin $B_2$were lower than Korean recommended dietary allowances(CRDA). For female subjects, the cholesterol intake was positively correlated with body weight, meats and eggs intake showed positive correlation with body weight and the BMI(p<0.01).

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.535-546
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and general characteristics, psychological factors, eating habits, dietary behaviors, and health related quality of life using survey of 335 women aged 20 to 29 years in the Seoul and Kyungin areas. The 335 study subjects were divided into 4 groups by BMI ($kg/m^2$) levels; normal group($18.5{\leq}BMI{\leq}22.9$), overweight group($23.0{\leq}BMI{\leq}24.9$), mild obesity group($25.0{\leq}BMI{\leq}29.9$), and heavy obesity group ($BMI{\geq}30$) by Asian-Pacific obesity index criteria. The family income of the heavy obesity group was significantly (p<0.05) less than that of the normal weight group. Psychological factors, such as stress and depression of the normal weight group tended to be higher than those of overweight and obesity groups. The higher BMI level had the lower self-efficacy(p<0.05) among all subjects. As the BMI level increased, the preference for sweet, salty, and hot taste was significantly high. We found that normal weight women had healthier eating habits and dietary behaviors and a higher level of health-related quality of life than did those who were overweight, mildly obese, and heavily obese women. Overweight and mildly and heavily obese women were strongly associated with decreased physical and mental health related quality of life. Therefore, weight loss is desirable, and is likely to be beneficial for health-related quality of life in obese adult women. In conclusion, this study contains evidence to suggest that obesity management programs including different strategies according to obesity are required to determine the types of programs that are suitable for adult women, prior to their initiation of a program. The findings are helpful to inform researchers and practitioners who are seeking to implement appropriate strategies to create positive changes in the health behaviors of obese adult women.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.364-371
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to weigh the students' backpacks of middle school in daily use and to analyse their physiological responses and subjective senses when carrying backpack in order to promote healthy and comfort school life of girl middle school students. Two female students were subjects who answered the questionnaires on two types of backpack and their metabolism, perspiration and the changes of skin temperature were measured in constant environment chamber, $25{\pm}1$ and $49{\pm}10$% RH. They walked on the treadmill carrying the backpack with the increment of backpack weight, 2 kg, 4 kg to 6 kg. When the backpack increases to 6 kg, the discomfort parameters and responses increases rapidly. Comparing with general type, improved type of backpack showed good results in physiological responses, but not in subjective senses, such as the ease of movement, pain, or total preference, specially in 2 kg and 4 kg. The girl students prefer the general type of backpack which is of fashion and small, when it weighs light such as 2 kg or 4 kg, while they prefer the improved bag which is functional when it is heavy as 6 kg. The longer wearing time of the medium weight, for example, 4 kg without feeling or recognition of any discomfort due to fashion style, might cause the students' posture and health weaker or more vulnerable to the problems.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to understand the effects of phone weight on the typing performance and muscle recruitment in the neck and upper extremity while typing a text message with dominant hand. The iPhone4 and iPhone5 were compared due to their 28-gram differences in weight. Background: Too much use of a cellular phone can lead the musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremity. Phone makers tend to make their new models bigger, lighter, faster and smarter. Method: Fourteen healthy volunteers without any history of neuromuscular disorders or ongoing pain who used their smartphone more than one year were recruited. A 112g phone (iPhone5) and a 142g phone (iPhone4) were used for typing the lyric of the Korean national anthem with their dominant hand. Typing duration, the typing error, the perceived fatigue, and preference was investigated. Muscle recruitment and the resting gap of neck (middle trapezius and levator scapula), shoulder (infraspinatus and mid deltoid), elbow (biceps brachii and brachioradialis), thumb (extensor and abductor policis brevis) were collected using surface electromyography. Typing error was counted and typing speed was calculated in characters per min. The data were analyzed using a paired t-test and chi-square (${\chi}^2$) analysis for the effects of phone weight on the typing performance parameters and muscle recruitment. Results: Typing text message with iPhone5 took longer but had less muscle recruitment in brachioradialis, and extensor policis brevis muscles. Lighter weight of iPhone5 made biceps brachii to rest less without increasing the mean %EMG. Conclusion/Application: Findings of this study can be valuable information for phone designers to develop more productive device and for smartphone users to prevent the musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremities.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.305-312
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• 2021

Background: Butterflies make an important part for plant-pollinator guild. These are nectar feeder or occasionally pollen feeder and thus proboscis of the butterfly species are considered as one of the most important variable in relation to the collection of food from plants. In butterfly-plant association, nectar source is principally determined by quality of nectar, corolla length, and nectar quantity. For the butterfly, nectar uptake is determined by proboscis length because flowers with long corolla restrict butterfly species containing shorter proboscis. Empirical studies proved that butterfly species with high wing loading visit clustered flowers and species with low wing loading confined their visit to solitary or less nectar rich flowers. The present study tries to investigate the flower preference of butterfly species from Lycaenidae family having very short proboscis, lower body length, lower body weight and wing span than the most species belonging from Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Hesperiidae. Results: Butterflies with shorter proboscis cannot access nectar from deeper flower. Although they mainly visit on less deeper flower to sucking nectar, butterflies with high wing loading visits clustered flowers to fulfill their energy requirements. In this study, we demonstrated flower choice of seven butterfly species belonging to Lycanidiae family. The proboscis length maintains a positive relationship with body length and body weight. Body length maintains a positive relationship with body weight and wing span. Wing span indicate a strong positive relationship with body weight. This study proved that these seven butterfly species namely Castalius rosimon (CRN), Taracus nara (TNA), Zizinia otis (ZOT), Zizula hylax (ZHY), Jamides celeno (JCE), Chilades laius (CLA), and Psuedozizeeria maha (PMA) visit frequently in Tridax procumbens (TPR), Ocimum americanum (OAM) and Syndrella nodiflora (SNO). The species do not visit Lantana camara (LCA) and Catharanthus roseus (CRO) plants. Conclusion: The present study proved that butterfly species visits frequently in Tridax procumbens (TPR), Ocimum americanum (OAM) but less frequently in Syndrella nodiflora (SNO). So, that study determined the butterfly species helps in pollination of these herbs that in turn helps the conservation of these butterfly species.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.863-870
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• 2011

In this study, muffins containing Bokbunja, popularly known as a psychological activator and functional material, was made, and its preference levels and qualitative characteristics were evaluated. We measured the height and weight of muffins containing Bokbunja powder. Height decreased when the volume of Bokbunja powder increased (p<0.001). When weight was measured, there was no meaningful difference between the samples, although the Bokbunja powder-containing samples were heavier than the samples not containing Bokbunja powder. When we measured the weight and specific volume of the muffins containing Bokbunja powder, the specific volume decreased when the amount of Bokbunja powder increased (p<0.001). The moisture and pH levels of the muffins not containing Bokbunja powder were 17.04% and pH 8.59, respectively. As the volume of Bokbunja powder increased, the moisture level of Bokbunja muffin increased while the pH decreased, and there was a significant difference (p<0.001). As a result of measuring the colors of muffins, the brightness of the muffins containing Bokbunja powder decreased, and the muffins showed decreased yellowness index and increased redness. In measuring the texture of Bokbunja muffins, hardness decreased as the volume of Bokbunja power increased (p<0.001). Further, springness of the muffins decreased as the volume of Bokbunja powder increased, and there was a significant difference (p<0.001). The chewiness of the muffins not containing Bokbunja powder was higher than any other muffin sample, and there was a significant difference between the samples (p<0.001). Further, the cohesiveness of the decreased as the volume of Bokbunja powder increased (p<0.001). Bokbunja muffins showed a lower gumminess index than those not containing Bokbunja powder (p< 0.05). When the sensual qualities of the muffins were measured, the color, flavor, taste, and softness of all of the samples showed significant differences (p<0.001), and the muffins containing 8% Bokbunja powder showed the highest sensual quality indexes. When the general preference level for the muffins was measured, the muffins containing 8% Bokbunja powder showed the highest index, 7.03${\pm}$0.96. Based on this result, the ideal volume of Bokbunja powder when making muffins is 8%.