• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2005

Background : Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a relatively newly recognized, novel family of peroxidases that reduce $H_2O_2$ and alkylhydroperoxide into water and alcohol, respectively. There are 6 known isoforms of Prxs present in human cells. Normally, Prxs exist in a head-to-tail homodimeric state in a reduced form. However, in the presence of excess $H_2O_2$, it can be oxidized on its catalytically active cysteine site into inactive oxidized forms. This study surveyed the types of the Prx isoforms present in the pulmonary epithelial, macrophage, endothelial, and other cell lines and observed their response to oxidative stress. Methods : This study examined the effect of exogenous, excess $H_2O_2$ on the Prxs of established cell lines originating from the pulmonary epithelium, macrophages, and other cell lines, which are known to be exposed to high oxygen partial pressures or are believed to be subject to frequent oxidative stress, using non-reducing SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE) and 2 dimensional electrophoresis. Result : The addition of excess $H_2O_2$ to the culture media of the various cell-lines caused the immediate inactivation of Prxs, as evidenced by their inability to form dimers by a disulfide cross linkage. This was detected as a subsequent shift to its monomeric forms on the non-reducing SDS PAGE. These findings were further confirmed by 2 dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis by a shift toward a more acidic isoelectric point (pI). However, the subsequent reappearance of the dimeric Prxs with a comparable, corresponding decrease in the monomeric bands was noted on the non-reducing SDS PAGE as early as 30 minutes after the $H_2O_2$ treatment suggesting regeneration after oxidation. The regenerated dimers can again be converted to the inactivated form by a repeated $H_2O_2$ treatment, indicating that the protein is still catalytically active. The recovery of Prxs to the original dimeric state was not inhibited by a pre-treatment with cycloheximide, nor by a pretreatment with inhibitors of protein synthesis, which suggests that the reappearance of dimers occurs via a regeneration process rather than via the de novo synthesis of the active protein. Conclusion : The cells, in general, appeared to be equipped with an established system for regenerating inactivated Prxs, and this system may function as a molecular "on-off switch" in various oxidative signal transduction processes. The same mechanisms might applicable other proteins associated with signal transduction where the active catalytic site cysteines exist.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 2014

People are nowadays creating a tremendous amount of data on Social Network Service (SNS). In particular, the incorporation of SNS into mobile devices has resulted in massive amounts of data generation, thereby greatly influencing society. This is an unmatched phenomenon in history, and now we live in the Age of Big Data. SNS Data is defined as a condition of Big Data where the amount of data (volume), data input and output speeds (velocity), and the variety of data types (variety) are satisfied. If someone intends to discover the trend of an issue in SNS Big Data, this information can be used as a new important source for the creation of new values because this information covers the whole of society. In this study, a Twitter Issue Tracking System (TITS) is designed and established to meet the needs of analyzing SNS Big Data. TITS extracts issues from Twitter texts and visualizes them on the web. The proposed system provides the following four functions: (1) Provide the topic keyword set that corresponds to daily ranking; (2) Visualize the daily time series graph of a topic for the duration of a month; (3) Provide the importance of a topic through a treemap based on the score system and frequency; (4) Visualize the daily time-series graph of keywords by searching the keyword; The present study analyzes the Big Data generated by SNS in real time. SNS Big Data analysis requires various natural language processing techniques, including the removal of stop words, and noun extraction for processing various unrefined forms of unstructured data. In addition, such analysis requires the latest big data technology to process rapidly a large amount of real-time data, such as the Hadoop distributed system or NoSQL, which is an alternative to relational database. We built TITS based on Hadoop to optimize the processing of big data because Hadoop is designed to scale up from single node computing to thousands of machines. Furthermore, we use MongoDB, which is classified as a NoSQL database. In addition, MongoDB is an open source platform, document-oriented database that provides high performance, high availability, and automatic scaling. Unlike existing relational database, there are no schema or tables with MongoDB, and its most important goal is that of data accessibility and data processing performance. In the Age of Big Data, the visualization of Big Data is more attractive to the Big Data community because it helps analysts to examine such data easily and clearly. Therefore, TITS uses the d3.js library as a visualization tool. This library is designed for the purpose of creating Data Driven Documents that bind document object model (DOM) and any data; the interaction between data is easy and useful for managing real-time data stream with smooth animation. In addition, TITS uses a bootstrap made of pre-configured plug-in style sheets and JavaScript libraries to build a web system. The TITS Graphical User Interface (GUI) is designed using these libraries, and it is capable of detecting issues on Twitter in an easy and intuitive manner. The proposed work demonstrates the superiority of our issue detection techniques by matching detected issues with corresponding online news articles. The contributions of the present study are threefold. First, we suggest an alternative approach to real-time big data analysis, which has become an extremely important issue. Second, we apply a topic modeling technique that is used in various research areas, including Library and Information Science (LIS). Based on this, we can confirm the utility of storytelling and time series analysis. Third, we develop a web-based system, and make the system available for the real-time discovery of topics. The present study conducted experiments with nearly 150 million tweets in Korea during March 2013.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.115-128
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate home economics teachers' perception of cultural diversity education, to provide an efficient educational material for the multicultural education in teacher education and teacher retraining. 160 Home economics teachers answered the survey questionnaires. To analyze the data, SPSS 19.0 for Windows was used to conduct frequency analysis, factorial analysis, credibility analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparison. The results of this study were as follows. Four dimensions of cultural diversity education were derived by factor analysis: cultural equality, diversity implementation, diversity value, comfort with diversity. As for their awareness about cultural diversity education, it was in the order of cultural equality, followed by diversity implementation, diversity value, and comfort with diversity. The groups were significantly different according to demographic variables. As for the whole awareness about cultural diversity education and the diversity implementation, group of age 40 teachers recognized more highly than other groups. Furthermore, teachers outside Jeonbuk area recognized more highly the cultural equality, diversity implementation, diversity value than those in Jeonbuk, which is the 3rd high area in the nation of multicultural family proportion. As for cultural equality and diversity implementation, teachers over 15 years of experience, recognized more highly than other groups. Those with the teacher certification in the college of education, recognized more highly the cultural equality, diversity value, comfort with diversity than teachers from the other colleges. Teachers who need multicultural education, recognized more highly cultural equality, diversity implementation, awareness of diversity than those who don't. These results imply that in home economics education, there must be more systematic studies on school field education and related educational programs in order to revitalize multicultural education. And for teachers with highly recognizing cultural diversity to conduct a systematic multicultural education more efficiently, there should be both systematic pre-service education programs at college level and in-service education programs for the teachers in terms of cultural diversity education.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2013

Purpose: A comparison of the radiographic and the clinical outcomes between two different surgical approaches-Deltoid splitting and Delto-pectoral interval-on the proximal humerus fractures treated by locking compressive plate (LCP), is done. Materials and Methods: Medical records and pre- and postoperative radiographs were reviewed retrospectively for 75 adult patients who underwent surgical fixations with locking compressive plates from May 2005 to December 2011. Patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical methods. Differences in the neck-shaft angle between immediate postoperative period and final follow-up were compared between the two groups. Differences in constant score and Korean shoulder score (KSS) between affected arms and contralateral arms at final follow-up were also compared. Results: The differences in the neck-shaft angle between immediate postoperative period and at final follow-up was 12.04 degrees on average in Deltoid splitting approach and 10.20 degrees in Delto-pectoral interval approach, which was not statistically significant. Differences in constant score/KSS between the affected arm and the contralateral arm were 13.78/22.74 points in deltoid-splitting approach on average and 19.41/31.13 points in Delto-pectoral interval approach, showing that deltoid-splitting approach is significantly superior. Conclusion: Deltoid-splitting approach showed better functional outcomes in the fracture reduction and internal fixation using LCP for the treatment of unstable proximal humerus fractures.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2000

The performance of an electrometer directly affects on the accuracy and precision in radiation dosimetry. This study is to list of the quality control for maintaining performance and to perform evaluation tests of an electrometer. Performance tests selected include proper polarizing voltages, warm-up and equalization time, leakages, long-term stability, linearity, and effect of ambient conditions. An electrometer connected with a rigid stem ionization chamber was evaluated with a Strontium-90 check device. Bias voltage was measured directly on the input socket. Equalization time is the time required for reaching threshold of charged state after the power is on or the bias voltage is changed. Pre- and post-signal leakages are defined as the accumulation of signal with no exposure and after exposure, respectively. Over three months period, the electrometer's long-term stability was measured by comparison of the temperature-pressure corrected readings. Linearity was expressed as the deviation of readings from multiple short exposures from one continuous exposure. Effect of ambient conditions was expressed as the zero drift of the electrometer over 17-34$^{\circ}C$ temperature ranges. For two nominal values, 300 and 500 volts, measured voltages were lower by 2.5 and 5.8%, respectively. The warm-up time, 20 minutes, was longer than the lamp time by 9 minutes and the equalization time was less than 1 minute. Without exposure, the zero-drift was 0.002 scale-unit in 15 minutes and the leakage after 10 minutes exposure was minimal. The IQ-4 was stable over 99.4% for three-month periods. Deviation from the linearity was 0.9% for measurement scale, 0.000-9.991. Over 17-34$^{\circ}C$ temperature range, the zero-drift was minimal, less than 0.2%. For a clinically-used electrometer, a list for the basic peformance evaluations is proposed. By running this program, the measurement error using an electrometer can be reduced and in turn the improvement in accuracy and precision of radiation dosimetry can be achieved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2008

In general, most of the firms do not settle down in one place for their pursuit of profit. There are many reasons for the relocation of the firms; procurement of raw material, market area, transportation cost and housing cost. The aspect of national policy, firm relocation has been systemically promoted for the purpose of logistics system efficiency. Nowadays balanced regional development has been issue. Another aspect, many countries have struggled for the preoccupancy of new place because of its production cost saving and curtailment of expenditure. The aim of this article is qualitative and quantitative analysis of relocation influence factors of domestic goods firms in Korea. This article dynamically analyzed the relocation influence factors for domestic goods firms in Korea. For the analysis this article made use of complementary survey (2006) out of the 3rd national logistics survey (2005). The complementary survey conducted pre-business district, business period, relocation reason, etc. This article dynamically analyzed from the three aspects; observation of average residence time in one business district, relocation factors, influence of market area. Analysis shows that relocation of firm is very high rate and the reasons of relocation play compositeness role. The results of determinants of location, firms approach the established market area closely and the firm's relocation is influenced by market area.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.952-963
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• 1998

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)-induced hemostatic defects may result increased possibility of excessive hemorrhage and additional multiple transfusion reactions or reoperation. Particularly, fibrinolytic activation and decreased platelet count and function by CPB were proposed as a predictor of hemorrhage during postoperative periods in several reports. Materials and methods: Present study, which was conducted in 20 adult patients undergoing CPB, was prospectively designed to examine the hematologic changes, including fibrinolytic activation during and after CPB and to clarify the relationships between these changes and the magnitude of the postoperative nonsurgical blood loss. The serial blood samples for measurment of hematologic parameters were taken during operation and postoperative periods. Blood loss was respectively counted via thoracic catheter drainage at postoperative 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours and total period. Results: The results were obtained as follows:Platelet count rapidly declined following CPB(p<0.01), which its decreasing rate was an inverse proportion to total bypass time(TBT, r=0.55, p=0.01), And platelet count in postoperative 7th day was barely near to its control value. Fibrinogen degradating product(FDP) and D-dimer level significantly increased during CPB(p<0.0001, p<0.0001, respectively), and both of fibrinogen and plasminogen concentration correlatively decreased during CPB(r=0.57, p<0.01), implying activation of fibrinolytic system. Postoperative bleeding time (BT), postoperative activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT) and postoperative prothrombin time (PT) were significantly prolonged as compare with each control value (p=0.05, p<0.0001, p<0.0001, respectively). Total blood loss was positively correlated with patient's age, aortic clamping time (ACT) and TBT, while there was negative correlation between platelet count and blood loss at pre-CPB, CPB-off and the 1st postoperative day, and in some periods. Postoperative aPTT and postoperative PTwere positively related to postoperative 6 hr and 48 hr blood loss(r=0.53, p=0.02; r=0.43, p=0.05) but not to total blood loss, whereas there was no relationship between postoperative BT and blood loss at any period. Conclusions: These observations suggest that CPB results various hematologic changes, including fibrinolytic activation and severe reduction in platelet count. Diverse factors such as age, platelet count, ACT, TBT and postoperative aPTT and PT may magnify the postoperative bleeding. This study will be a basic reference in understanding CPB-induced hemostatic injuries and in decreasing the postoperative hemorrhage

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.57-65
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• 2010

Physical activity of the people has decreased due to a sedentary lifestyle according to developing the economy throughout the world. It is thought to increase the risk of chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, etc. People are interested in walking, which is an easy activity to engage in as an antidote to chronic diseases. The aim of this study is to increase the diminishing physical activity of modem society by inducing walking as part of everyday life through building a walking-based activity-friendly city where people can live merrily, safely and pleasantly. For this purpose, this study conducted a satisfaction survey to dwellers of Jinhae on the physical pedestrian environments which affect determining walking participation and intentions of people, and also provided a valid model to evaluate the effects of the physical environmental factors on walking satisfaction using factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results are summarized as follows. The 18 variables of the physical pedestrian environments were selected based on pre-literature reviews. The results of the satisfaction surveys showed that the satisfaction of crossing aids in segments was highest, while the building feature was the lowest. Factor analysis was run through a two-step process. The first analysis was conducted to examine the adequacy of this factor analysis on the selected 18 variables. As a result, two variables were removed and the remaining 16 variables were extracted to the four factors by second analysis. Each factor was named function of path, effect of traffic, amenity and safety based on the each factor's commonality. Each factor score of the extracted four factors was set as the independent variable, while the overall walking satisfaction was set as the dependent variable. Then, the multiple linear regression analysis was conducted and showed that all four factors had a positive influence on the overall satisfaction of walking, especially the 'function of path' and 'amenity' factors, followed by 'effect of traffic' and 'safety'. The results of this research will be used as foundational data for creating a walking-based activity-friendly city.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2000

Differentiation and development of the digestive organ of the black sea bream, AcanHepagus schlegeli were studied by means of histological methods. The hatched lawn if TL(total length) $2.0 mm (n=10)$ had a yolk sac of $1,000{\times}590 {\mu}m$ and simple straight digestive tract, which was composed of cuboidal epithelium. In the pre-larval stage of TL $3.5 mm$, digestive tract could be distinguished into esophagus, stomach and intestine, and the exocrine glands were appeared in the pancreas. In this stage mucosal folds, eosinophilic granule cells and brush border were observed in the posterior intestine. Yolky materials were completely absorbed and the brush border was recognized in the free surface of anterior intestine in TL $3.7 mm$. In the stomach mucosal folds began to appear from TL $4.0 mm$. In this time the zymogen granules were recognized in the cytoplasm of pancreatic exocrine cells. In the post-larval stage ranged from $4.5 to 5.0 mm$ in TL, hepatic cords started to develop, and the mucous secretory cells of PAS positivewere observed at esophagus and intestine. In the post-larval stage ranged from $6.3 to 7.0 mm$ in TL, histological layer of esophagus and intestine could be distinguished into serous membrane, muscular layer, submucosal layer and mucosal layer. From over TL $9.0 mm$, stomach could be distinguished into cardiac, fundic and pyloric portion, and the gastric gland began to appear at mucosal fold of fundic stomach. In the juvenile stage ranged from $10.0 to 11.0 mm$ in TL, histological structures of esophagus and intestine were similar to those of adult. From over TL $15.0 mm$, histological structures of stomach were similar to those of adult. Structural and functional digestive organ of black sea bream was present from the juvenile stage ranged from $15.0 to 17.0 mm$ in TL.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.206-218
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• 1984

The gonadal development and gametogenesis of shad, Konosirus, punctatus (TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL) were studied by comparing with various quantitative indices, such as seasonal changes of gonadosomatic index, fatness, egg-diameter composition, first maturing size, and by comparing with histological changes of gonad and gonadotrophs(GTH) in pituitary. The materials were monthly sampled from Dadaepo at the estuary of the Nakdong river in Korea from September, 1982 to October, 1983. The ovary of shad is a pair of sac-shaped organs revered with a fibromuscular capsule and consisting of numerous sacs. The type of testicular structure is lobular type with development of germ cells, mesenchymal tissue on the lobuli. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) is rather low till March, but increases in April and reaches to peak in June in females and May in males. And it suddenly falls in July. The gonads become active on the increase of water temperature and spawning season ends before high water temperature. After spawning, the small oocytes continue to remain as they are untill the growing period next year. The reproductive cycle includes the successive stages of growing from March to April, mature from April to May, ripe and spawning in June, and recovery and resting from July to February next year. In egg-diameter composition of an ovary taken in the spawning season, 2-3 modes were recognized with some batches shown in an ovary. An individual shad spawns twice or more in a month-spawning season. The individual spawning interval is estimated to be ten days or less. Changes of fatness are corelated with those of water temperature that affect on the condition of feeding, but less corelated with spawning. The percentage of mature of female and male fish, are $50\%$ in 17.0-18.0 cm and $100\%$ in 18.0-19.0 cm. GTH cells are activated from growing period and decrease their activity at pre-spawning season with peak activity for mature period.