• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.6133-6145
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• 2013

With the increasing number of online wine stores, customers are increasingly seeking to purchase wine online. On the other hand, purchasing wine online is prohibited by law or regulation in Korea. Therefore, customers mainly search for wine information, inquire about wine products, and make a pre-purchase at an online wine store. Online wine stores play important roles in customer's purchase decision-making, and are likely to be a useful wine distribution channel in the near future. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of the online wine purchase intention, and examine the structural relationships between the determinants and online wine purchase intention. The site quality of online wine stores (information quality, system quality, service quality), and perceived value (quality value, price value, emotional value, social value) were selected as the determinants of online wine purchase intention based on literature review. The data was collected from those who had experience using an online wine store to purchase wine, and the data was used to test the proposed research model. The findings showed that the information quality was not related to the perceived value (quality value, price value, emotional value, social value). The system quality was proven to be positively and significantly related to the quality value, price value, and emotional value, whereas it had no impact on the social value. In addition, the service quality was found to affect the perceived value (quality value, price value, emotional and social value). Finally, the results showed that the quality value, emotional value, and social value have a positive impact on the online wine purchase intention, whereas the price quality is not related to the online wine purchase intention. These results are expected to make a contribution to a better understanding of how the quality of online wine stores and the customer's perceived value affect the online wine purchasing intention.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.75-103
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• 2014

The Quaternary faults are extensively observed along major inherited fault zones (i.e. Yangsan Fault System, Ulsan Fault, Yeonil Tectonic Line, Ocheon Fault System) in SE Korea. Their geometry and kinematics provide a very useful piece of information about the Quaternary crustal deformation and stress field in and around Korean Peninsula. Using magnetic fabrics (AMS), we attempted to determine the slip senses of Jinti, Mohwa, Suseongji2, and Wangsan faults and then interpreted the fabric development process of fault gouge and the characteristics of stress field during the Quaternary. All the magnetic fabrics of the faults, except the Wangsan Fault, consistently indicate a dominant reverse-slip sense with weak strike-slip component. Most of the oblate fabrics are nearly parallel to the fault surface and the anisotropy degrees generally increase in proportion to the oblatenesses. These results suggest that the fabrics of the fault gouges resulted from a progressive deformation due to continuous simple shear during the last reactivation stage as reverse faulting. It is also interpreted that the pre-existing fabrics were overwhelmed and obliterated by the re-activated faulting. Paleostress field calculated from the fault slip data indicates an ENE-WNW compressive stress, which is in accord with those determined from previous fault tectonic analysis, focal mechanism solution, and hydraulic fracturing test in and around Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.166-172
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• 2011

Objective : The intralaminar screw (ILS) fixation technique offers an alternative to pedicle screw (PS) and lateral mass screw (LMS) fixation in the C7 spine. Although cadaveric studies have described the anatomy of the pedicles, laminae, and lateral masses at C7, 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) imaging is the modality of choice for pre-surgical planning. In this study, the goal was to determine the anatomical parameter and optimal screw trajectory for ILS placement at C7, and to compare this information to PS and LMS placement in the C7 spine as determined by CT evaluation. Methods : A total of 120 patients (60 men and 60 women) with an average age of $51.7{\pm}13.6$ years were selected by retrospective review of a trauma registry database over a 2-year period. Patients were included in the study if they were older than 15 years of age, had standardized axial bone-window CT imaging at C7, and had no evidence of spinal trauma. For each lamina and pedicle, width (outer cortical and inner cancellous), maximal screw length, and optimal screw trajectory were measured, and the maximal screw length of the lateral mass were measured using m-view 5.4 software. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. Results : At C7, the maximal PS length was significantly greater than the ILS and LMS length (PS, $33.9{\pm}3.1$ mm; ILS, $30.8{\pm}3.1$ mm; LMS, $10.6{\pm}1.3$; p<0.01). When the outer cortical and inner cancellous width was compared between the pedicle and lamina, the mean pedicle outer cortical width at C7 was wider than the lamina by an average of 0.6 mm (pedicle, $6.8{\pm}1.2$ mm; lamina, $6.2{\pm}1.2$ mm; p<0.01). At C7, 95.8% of the laminae measured accepted a 4.0-mm screw with a 1.0 mm of clearance, compared with 99.2% of pedicle. Of the laminae measured, 99.2% accepted a 3.5-mm screw with a 1.0 mm clearance, compared with 100% of the pedicle. When the outer cortical and inner cancellous height was compared between pedicle and lamina, the mean lamina outer cortical height at C7 was wider than the pedicle by an average of 9.9 mm (lamina, $18.6{\pm}2.0$ mm; pedicle, $8.7{\pm}1.3$ mm; p<0.01). The ideal screw trajectory at C7 was also measured ($47.8{\pm}4.8^{\circ}$ for ILS and $35.1{\pm}8.1^{\circ}$ for PS). Conclusion : Although pedicle screw fixation is the most ideal instrumentation method for C7 fixation with respect to length and cortical diameter, anatomical aspect of C7 lamina is affordable to place screw. Therefore, the C7 intralaminar screw could be an alternative fixation technique with few anatomic limitations in the cases when C7 pedicle screw fixation is not favorable. However, anatomical variations in the length and width must be considered when placing an intralaminar or pedicle screw at C7.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.98-109
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• 2010

Research on the construction, measurement, and management of brand equity has been extensive since David A. Aaker(1991) and Kevin Lane Keller(1993) first advanced the concept. Recently, much attention has been devoted to the components of brand equity: brand awareness, perceived quality, brand image, and brand loyalty. This study explores the relationships among these components, focusing particularly on the moderating role of product type (utilitarian vs. hedonic) in their causal relationships. A model to study the relationship among components of brand equity, particularly the moderating role of product type, is featured in Figure 1. The hypotheses of the study are proposed as follows: that consumers' brand awareness has a positive influence on brand loyalty and brand image; that consumers' perceived quality has a positive influence on brand loyalty and brand image; that consumers' brand image influences brand loyalty positively; and that relationships among components of brand equity will be moderated by product type. That is, in the case of utilitarian products, the impact of perceived quality on brand loyalty will be relatively stronger, whereas with hedonic products the impact of brand image on brand loyalty will be relatively stronger. To determine the products for the study, a pre-test of 58 college students in the Seoul metropolitan area was conducted based on the product type scale. As a result, computers were selected as the utilitarian product and blue jeans became the hedonic product. For each product type, two brands were selected: Samsung and HP for computers, and Levis and Nix for blue jeans. In the main study, 237 college students in the metropolitan area were surveyed to measure their brand awareness, perceived quality, brand image, and brand loyalty toward the selected two brands of each product type. The subjects were divided into two groups: one group (121 subjects) for computers, the other (116 subjects) for blue jeans. The survey questionnaires for the study included four parts: five questions on brand awareness and four questions each on perceived quality, brand image, and brand loyalty. All questions were to be answered using 7-point Likert scales. The data collected by the survey were processed to assess reliability and validity, and the causal relationships were analyzed to verify the hypotheses using the AMOS 7 program, a tool for analyzing structural equation modeling. A confirmatory factor analysis assessed the appropriateness of the measurement model, and the fit indices denoted that the model was satisfactory. The relationships among the components of brand equity were also analyzed using AMOS 7. The fit indices of the structural model denoted that it was also satisfactory. The paths in the structural model as will be seen in Figure 2 show that perceived quality affects brand image positively, but that brand awareness does not affect brand image. Moreover, it shows that brand awareness, perceived quality, and brand image are positively related with brand loyalty, and that this relationship is moderated by product type. In the case of utilitarian products, perceived quality has relatively more influence on brand loyalty. Conversely, in the case of hedonic products, brand image has relatively more influence on brand loyalty. The results of this empirical study contribute toward the advancement of our understanding of the relationships among the components of brand equity and expand the theoretical underpinnings for brand equity measurement. It also helps further our understanding of the effect of product type on customer-based brand equity. In a marketing management practice perspective, these results may provide managerial implications for building and maintaining brand equity effectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.153-166
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• 1993

The experiments were conducted to improve raw milk quality during storage, the chemical composition and microbiological aspect of raw milk, milk thermized at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 second, and $75^{\circ}C$ for 2 second stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 4 days were investigated. The result obtained were summarized as follows : 1. During storage of raw and thermized milk, in the composition of milk fat, milk protein, lactose and total solid did not change significantly. 2. The range of pH and acidity for the raw milk were 6.73~5.94 and 0.16~0.27% respectively and those of the thermized milk were 6.79~6.62 and 0.16~0.17% respectively. The phosphatase test were negative in heated milk. 3. The composition of total nitrogen, NCN and whey protein were decreased, wherease those of NPN and casein were increased in heat treated milk. 4. The compositions of total nitrogen and casein were decreased as the storage period advanced, wherese those of NCN and NPN were increased. However, the composition of whey protein did not significantly change. 5. The number of coliform bacteria was not found in thermized milk. but were gradually increased in raw milk during storage period. 6. Raw milk had total bacteria count as $5.6{\times}10^6/ml$, psychrotrophic bacteria $1.8{\times}10^6/ml$ and thermoduric bacteria $1.6{\times}10^5/ml$, as the heat treatment increased microorganism counts decreased to milk thermized at $75^{\circ}C$, for 2 sec. $3.0{\times}10^3/ml$, $1.5{\times}10/ml$ and $2.7{\times}10^3/ml$ respectively. 7. The count of thermoduric bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria and total bacteria were increased during storage period, and more rapidly increased in raw milk than in heat treated milk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1626-1631
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• 2012

Sixty strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from kimchi and used as a starter for fermented tofu. Among the isolated strains, strain KL-6 showed antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, antioxidative activity, and viability in artificial gastric juice and artificial bile acid. The selected strain KL-6 was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici KL-6 by morphological and physiological tests, including Gram staining, catalase test, and 16S rRNA sequencing. The fermentation characteristics of tofu with a kimchi ingredient mixture (Control) consisting of red pepper, garlic, ginger, sugar, salt, jeotgal, and juice of chinese cabbage were compared with those of tofus inoculated with strain KL-6 and the kimchi ingredient mixture (TL) or a pre-fermented kimchi ingredient mixture (TPL) for 24 hr at $37^{\circ}C$. The pH levels of all tested tofu samples decreased after 1 week of fermentation, reaching 3.96 (control), 3.97 (TL), and 4.03 log cfu/g (TPL) after fermentation for 14 weeks at $20^{\circ}C$. Total aerobe content of fermented tofu increased until 2 weeks of fermentation, but decreased steadily thereafter. The number of lactic acid bacteria reached $10^6$ cfu/g after 1 week of fermentation in TL and TPL, whereas it took 2 weeks for the control. The number of lactic acid bacteria in all tested tofu samples reached $10^3$ cfu/g after 14 weeks of fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$. Coliform bacteria were not detected in TL or TPL after 1 week of fermentation. The sensory scores of TL and TPL were higher than that of control in terms of taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. The sensory quality of TPL was the best among all tested fermented tofu samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1771-1777
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of seafood added kimchi (SAK) during fermentation and its sensory properties. Korean cabbage kimchi (KCK) and four different SAKs were prepared and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for eight weeks. The SAKs contained pre-treated octopus, squid, abalone, and webfoot octopus added at 12% (w/w) to the brined Korean cabbage. The fermentation patterns of SAKs were similar to those of KCK, indicating that the SAKs followed a typical fermentation process. Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of SAKs with KCK revealed that the pH and acidity of SAKs was higher. The maximum concentrations of Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc spp. for SAKs ranged from 8.31~8.85 and 7.60~8.14 log CFU/mL, respectively, which were higher than those for KCK. Therefore, the production of organic acids by microorganisms was greater in SAKs, which explained the higher acidities of the SAKs. Nitrogenous compounds hydrolyzed during fermentation, as well as reducing sugars and other nutritious compounds in SAKs might provide a good medium for lactic acid bacterial growth. Sensory evaluation was carried out using optimally ripened kimchi (pH $4.3{\pm}0.1$, acidity $0.7{\pm}0.1$), and the scores for sour taste, sour smell, and carbonated taste were significantly lower for SAKs than KCK. In the preference test, texture and overall acceptability were significantly higher for SAKs than KCK. Significant differences were not observed among SAKs upon subjective and preference evaluations. In conclusion, the fermentation patterns of SAKs were normal, regardless of seafood sources, and their sensory characteristics were comparable to or superior than those of KCK due to free amino acids, nitrogenous compounds produced during the fermentation, and reducing sugar present in the seafood.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 1978

Owing to the development of modern science, prolonging man's life, the sudden increase of population and betterment of the standard of living has increased health needs. In order to fulfill these health needs, more active plans for developing health should be made. Health education is one of the methods at hand that can improve the health behavior of the community and the individual through the contact of individuals with their groups. Proper understanding of the characteristics of the sampled group and participation of individuals within the community for the development of their health plan are needed for efficient health education. This study was attempted for the purpose of presenting some data helpful for pre-paring the fundamentals of a health education plan that can improve personal health maintenance practice of a community through efficient health education by investigating the relationship between the response of subjects to personal health maintenance practice and selected decisive factors in personal health maintenance practice. The subjects for this study were a systematic sample of 120 housewives selected from 600 housewives from B Zone Apt. Younhi-3-Dong in Seoul. Data was collected for 4 days from May 16th to May 19th, 1578 through personal interviews with questionnaires by well trained interviewers. Percentage, t-test and stepwise multiple regression analysis by use of EDPS were employed for statistical analysis. Results of this study can be summarized : 1. General characteristics of subjects Subjects over 20 and below 40 years of age formed 62.5% of the toed and the rest were subjects of 40 years and upward. 76.7% of the subjects have less than 4 children. 51.3% of the subjects had completed at least the senior high school course. 2. The response of subjects to personal health maintenance practice. Ratios of personal health maintenance practice to the maximum score for each category are as follows; 84.1% in the category of population and family planning, which was the highest ratio; 82.4% in the prevention of accidents; 68.0% in control of communicable disease; 67.8% in personal health care and habits of daily life, 64.3% in mental health and 52.5% in control of parasites, which was the lowest. 3. The response of subjects to selected decisive factors. in personal health maintenance practice. The arithmetic mean of the score for each decisive factor was as follows: the mutual relation between family members marked 18.33, which is under 73,3% of the maximum score; the degree of interest in health marked 34.48, 70.0% of the maximum score: the degree of utilization and demand for health care facilities marked 25.79 or 64.5% of the maximum score and health maintenance of the family marked 11.58, 43.6% of the maximum score. 4. The relationship between personal health maintenance practice and general characteristics of subjects. 1) There was a significant difference in the numbers of children. (t = 1.83, d.f. =117, p< 0.1) 2) There was a significant difference in the contact rates with mass-media, (t = 5.02, d.f. = 118, p< 0,05) 5. The multiple correlation between personal health maintenance practice and their selected decisive factors. 1) The factor“the degree of interest in health”could account for personal health maintenance practice in 43.6% of the sample. (R = 0.6602, R²= 0,4359, F = 91.1678, p< 0.001) 2) When the factor,“health maintenance of family”is added to this, it accounts for 51.2% of personal health maintenance practice. (R = 0.7158, R²= 0.5124, F = 61.4653, p< 0.001) 3) When the factor,“mutual relations between family members”is also included, it accounts for 53.7% of personal health maintenance practice. (R = 0.7324, R²= 0.5365, F = 44.7509, p< 0.001) 4) When the factor, “the degree of utilization and demand for health care facilities”is included, it accounts for 55.1% of personal health maintenance practice. (R = 0.7421, R²= 0.5507, F = 35.2430, p< 0.001).

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.6
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• pp.33-45
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a basic framework and criteria for evaluation of quality care provided to patients with the attributes of disease in the home care nursing field, and to provide measurement tools for home health care in the future. The study design was a developmental study for evaluation of hospital-based HCN(home care nursing) in Korea. The study process was as follows: a home care nursing study team of College of Nursing. Yonsei University reviewed the nursing records of 47 patients who were enrolled at Yonsei University Medical Center Home Care Center in March, 1995. Twenty-five patients were insured at that time, were selected from 47 patients receiving home care service for study feasibility with six disease groups; Caesarean Section (C/S), simple nephrectomy, Liver cirrhosis(LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Lung cancer or cerebrovascular accident(CVA). In this study, the following items were selected : First step : Preliminary study 1. Criteria and items were selected on the basis of related literature on each disease area. 2. Items were identified by home care nurses. 3. A physician in charge reviewed the criteria and content of selected items. 4. Items were revised through preliminary study offered to both HCN patients and discharged patients from the home care center. Second step : Pretest 1. To verify the content of the items, a pretest was conducted with 18 patients of which there were three patients in each of the six selected disease groups. Third step : Test of reliability and validity of tools 1. Using the collected data from 25 patients with either cis, Simple nephrectomy, LC, COPD, Lung cancer, or CVA. the final items were revised through a panel discussion among experts in medical care who were researchers, doctors, or nurses. 2. Reliability and validity of the completed tool were verified with both inpatients and HCN patients in each of field for researches. The study results are as follows: 1. Standard for discharge with HCN referral The referral standard for home care, which included criteria for discharge with HCN referral and criteria leaving the hospital were established. These were developed through content analysis from the results of an open-ended questionnaire to related doctors concerning characteristic for discharge with HCN referral for each of the disease groups. The final criteria was decided by discussion among the researchers. 2. Instrument for measurement of health statusPatient health status was measured pre and post home care by direct observation and interview with an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 61 items based on Gorden's nursing diagnosis classification. These included seven items on health knowledge and health management, eight items on nutrition and metabolism, three items on elimination, five items on activity and exercise, seven items on perception and cognition, three items on sleep and rest, three items on self-perception, three items on role and interpersonal relations, five items on sexuality and reproduction, five items on coping and stress, four items on value and religion, three items on family. and three items on facilities and environment. 3. Instrument for measurement of self-care The instrument for self-care measurement was classified with scales according to the attributes of the disease. Each scale measured understanding level and practice level by a Yes or No scale. Understanding level was measured by interview but practice level was measured by both observation and interview. Items for self-care measurement included 14 for patients with a CVA, five for women who had a cis, ten for patients with lung cancer, 12 for patients with COPD, five for patients with a simple nephrectomy, and 11 for patients with LC. 4. Record for follow-up management This included (1) OPD visit sheet, (2) ER visit form, (3) complications problem form, (4) readmission sheet. and (5) visit note for others medical centers which included visit date, reason for visit, patient name, caregivers, sex, age, time and cost required for visit, and traffic expenses, that is, there were open-end items that investigated OPD visits, emergency room visits, the problem and solution of complications, readmissions and visits to other medical institution to measure health problems and expenditures during the follow up period. 5. Instrument to measure patients satisfaction The satisfaction measurement instrument by Reisseer(1975) was referred to for the development of a tool to measure patient home care satisfaction. The instrument was an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 11 domains; treatment, nursing care, information, time consumption, accessibility, rapidity, treatment skill, service relevance, attitude, satisfaction factors, dissatisfaction factors, overall satisfaction about nursing care, and others. In conclusion, Five evaluation instruments were developed for home care nursing. These were (1)standard for discharge with HCN referral. (2)instrument for measurement of health status, (3)instrument for measurement of self-care. (4)record for follow-up management, and (5)instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Also, the five instruments can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the service to assure quality. Further research is needed to increase the reliability and validity of instrument through a community-based HCN evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 2008

This study aims to analyze the interdecadal variation of relationship between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the period of 1948-2005. In the pre-period, which is from 1948 to 1975, the relationship between Indian Ocean SST and East Asian summer rainfall anomaly (EASRA) is very weak. However, in the post-period, which is trom 1980 to 2005, Indian Ocean SST is significantly positively correlated with EASRA. The equatorial Indian Ocean SST has a significantly positive correlation with EASM in spring, while Indian Ocean SST near the bay of Bengal has a positive relationship in summer for the post-period. Also the interdecadal variation of the correlation between Indian Ocean SST and EASRA is significant, but that between EASRA and the El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is not. Atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) test results show the pattern of increased precipitation in the zonal belt region including South Korea and Japan and the pattern of decreased precipitation in the northeastern part of Asia, which are similar to the real climate. The increase of the precipitation in August from the model run is also similar to the real climate variation. Model results indicate that the Indian Ocean SST warming could intensify the convection over the vicinity of the Philippines and the Bay of Bengal, which forces to move northward the convection center. This warming strengthens the EASM and weakens the WNPM.