• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.359-378
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• 2011

UCP600 Article 20 (a) (v) states that contents of terms and conditions of carriage will not be examined and Article 34 states that a bank assumes no liability or responsibility for the general or particular conditions stipulated in a document. From this perspective, banks may seem to have no obligation to examine the pre-printed clause of B/L. However, ICC decided that no opinion could be given in relation to the issues surrounding B/Ls that contain delivery clauses. Accordingly, it is agreed by previous cases and some scholars that banks may refuse the B/Ls that contain delivery clauses which are not present in other B/Ls of the same goods and transport routes. Also, ICC published ICC Decision in July 2010 regarding on board notation. In this decision, if a B/L indicates a place of receipt that is different from the port of loading and there is an indication of a means of pre-carriage, then a dated on board notation will be required indicating the name of the vessel and the port of loading. Therefore, banks may,, in some cases, need to scrutinize the pre-printed clauses especially appearing in the front page of B/Ls.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.141-152
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• 2017

As the importance of technology increases, so too does its use in various areas. In education, technology is often used. However, due to teachers' lack of knowledge about technology, they often remain at the level of simple utilization, without applying it to learning. Thus, there is a growing need for Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), which enables teachers to have knowledge about technology and use it appropriately given the content. Although TPACK studies are underway in many subjects, they suffer from the limited functionality of the included technology. To solve this problem, in this study, the range of technology in TPACK was extended to programming, and a TPACK-P model was developed to teach this expanded TPACK to pre-service teachers. To verify the effectiveness of this model, the TPACK-P training program developed during the 15th classes was applied to 19 pre-service teachers. We used Park and Kang (2014) as a tool to measure these teachers' TPACK before and after treatment to observe any changes. The results showed that the TPACK-P education program showed statistically significant improvement in all areas except Pedagogical Content Knowledge(PCK). Compared with the ICT-based TPACK training program, which was administered to a control group, the TPACK-P training program proved to be more effective in the development of Technological Pedagogical Knowledge(TPK) and TPACK among pre-service teachers.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2009

Generally, functional design of FPSO has been done by the engineering firm designated by ship owner. Main equipment such as topside facility is imported from abroad. But sometimes, OFE (Owner Furnished Equipment) does not satisfy the PND (Product Need Date) of each production stage because the delivery date of OFE is not scheduled to satisfy the PND. And sometimes many loose items and equipment are complex from engineering which does not consider pre-outfitting. Main objective of this study is process improvements by maximizing pre-outfitting rate in the stage of equipping STP (Submerged Turret Production), one of main equipment on FPSO. In this study, we analyzed the factors which obstructed pre-equipping STP using the past records of FPSO projects.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2010

Recently, construction companies have had difficulty in managing their business due to economic hardship domestically and abroad, decreased orders, and low profitability due to intensified competition. To address these issues, construction companies need to develop or introduce construction methods that improve productivity. The purpose of this study is to investigate a re-bar construction method that reduces the high expenses of transport by folding a pre-fabricated re-bar cage. It was concluded that the application of rebar pre-fabrication would be activated and the productivity of construction sites improved by adopting the folding rebar pre-fabrication method.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 2019

In the hydrogen refueling station (HRS), it is need the pre-cooling system (PCS) to limit the inside temperature ($85^{\circ}C$) of the onboard thank (700 bar) and to charge the hydrogen at short time (within 3 minutes) to fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). From those safety reasons, the temperature of hydrogen gas must be controled $-33^{\circ}C$ to $-40^{\circ}C$ in PCS. The cooling test of the gaseous ($N_2$, He, $H_2$) was carried out using heat exchanger (pre-cooler) by indirect cooling and direct cooling method. It was confirmed that the temperature of hydrogen gas had below $-40^{\circ}C$ at below $-75^{\circ}C$ of chiller temperature in direct cooling.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2018

Pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption (PEIR) is a developmental defect in the crown of a pre-eruptive tooth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the size of the pre-eruptive buccal pit radiolucency, which is suspected as PEIR on a panoramic radiography, and the need for restoration after the eruption of a mandibular first molar. The experimental group included 35 mandibular first molars, in which lesions requiring definite restoration were observed during eruption. The control group consisted of 64 sound mandibular first molars after eruption. The sex, age, tooth position, tooth formation stage, size of the pre-eruptive buccal pit radiolucency, and restoration methods in the experimental group and control group were examined. Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed a statistically significant difference in the size of the buccal pit before eruption. The buccal pit size for predicting the need for restoration was further examined by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, and the area under the curve was $0.813{\pm}0.047$. If radiolucency is observed at the buccal pit of the mandibular first molar before eruption, periodic observations and post-eruption examinations are required.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 2017

Recently the researches on modular multi-level converter (MMC) are being highlighted because high quality and efficient power transmission have become key issues in high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems. This paper proposes an improved pre-charging method for the sub-module (SM) capacitor of MMC-based HVDC systems, which operates in the nearest level control (NLC) modulation and does not need additional circuits or pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified through computer simulations for a scaled 3-phase 10kVA MMC with 12 SMs per each arm. Hardware experiments with a scaled prototype have also been performed in the lab to confirm the simulation results.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

The molecular weight (MW) and crystallinity of cotton linter need to be controlled to be dissolved well in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) solvent for manufacturing regenerated fibers of clothing fabrics. Electron beam irradiation or sulfuric acid pre-treatment followed by alkaline peroxide bleaching has been used to control MW effectively and to improve brightness of cotton linter. Auto-hydrolysis of cotton linter without electron beam irradiation or chemical pre-treatment was found to be effective as an alternative pre-treatment method. Removal of metal ions, that hampered dissolution of cotton linter by NMMO, was also investigated when the auto-hydrolysis was accompanied with ionic polymers and chelating agent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.1273-1274
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• 2006

Chemically pure, hydride/dehydride titanium powders were cold pre-compacted then extruded at $850^{\circ}C$ and $\sim450MPa$ under argon. The extrusions were 100% dense with a narrow band of surface porosity and equiaxed microstructure of similar magnitude to the starting material. The tensile properties of the bars were better than conventionally extruded CP titanium bar product. Outcomes from this study have assisted in the identification of a number of key characteristics important to the extrusion of titanium from pre-compacted CP titanium powders, allowing the elimination of canning and hot isostatic pressing (HIPping) of billets prior to extrusion as per conventional PM processes.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2008

This paper deals with a new and improved control technique for shunt active filters (AF) used for compensating unwanted harmonic currents injected in the mains due to nonlinear varying loads. This work is motivated by the need to find a permanent solution to the rigorous hit and trial method for evaluating system parameters in an indirect control of AF. A fuzzy pre-compensated PI (Proportional-Integral) controller is used to fuzzify the reference DC voltage of AF to the controller input so that the overshoots and undershoots in its DC link voltage are minimized and the settling time is improved. A three-phase diode rectifier with R-L (Resistive-Inductive) load is used as a non-linear load to study the effectiveness of the proposed controller of the AF. Robustness to filter parameter variations, insensitivity to controller parameter variations, and transient response has been taken as performance evaluation parameters. The results are shown through simulations in Matlab using power system block sets to demonstrate the capability of the proposed controller of the AF.