• 청정기술
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2017

높은 농도의 질산염을 포함하는 물은 인간의 건강을 위협하고 부영양화의 원인이 되기 때문에 제한 농도 이하로 처리되어야 한다. 그러나 질산염은 수용액에서의 높은 용해도로 인해 응집, 여과 및 침전과 같은 일반적인 처리공정으로는 제거가 거의 불가능하다. 따라서 흡착, 이온교환, 역삼투, 탈질과 전기투석과 같은 다른 기술이 질산염의 효과적인 제거를 위해 요구된다. 이들 각 기술은 비용, 수질 개선 정도, 잔류물 처리와 전처리 요구와 같은 인자의 비중에 따라 장점과 단점과 가능성을 가지고 있다. 흡착은 가격 효율성, 운전의 용이성과 설계의 간편성으로 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 공정이다. 흡착제의 표면개질은 질산이온 흡착능력을 개선하였다. 역전 전기투석과 역삼투의 질산-선택 멤브레인 공정은 수용액 중의 질산이온 제거에 오랜 동안 많은 지역에서 효과적임이 증명되었다. 두 기술은 높은 농도의 폐기물을 생성하고 이것의 신중한 처분이 필요하다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

This study was carried out to treat sewage using sand trench combined with septic tank process in rural areas. In order to find optimum parameters, design and operation mode was changed from Run 1 to Run 4. In order to facilitate nitrification and T-P removal, diffuser and iron plate was installed in the 3rd trench of Run 2 period. The septic tank played a role as pre-application process of sand trench system. The removal efficiencies of COD, NH$_4$-N, T-P at steady state were 94.6%, 87.9% and 54.5%, respectively. Addition of diffuser and iron plate in the 3rd trench has increased the removal efficiencies of the NIL-N and T-P. In this system, denitrification were not occurred because of the high DO.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1035-1043
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• 2007

본 연구는 침출수 재순환 공법과 산소요구량과 탄소요구량의 절감이 가능한 단축질소제거공법(shortcut biological nitrogen removal: SBNR)을 병합하여 침출수중의 암모니아와 유기물을 효과적으로 제거하는 방안에 대해 부피 약 200 $m^3$의 pilot 규모 매립지를 만들어 연구하였다. 매립지에서 발생한 침출수는 연속회분식반응기(sequencing batch reactor: SBR)형태의 on-site reactor에서 암모니아성 질소를 아질산으로 부분질산화 시킨 후 매립지로 재유입 시켜 지중탈질(in-situ denitrification)을 유도하였다. 침출수는 매립면적에 따른 년평균 강우량을 기준으로 약 221 L/cycle을 주당 3회 재순환 하였다. 그 결과 반응시간은 약 6시간으로 운전하였을 때 $NO_2^{-}-N/NO_x-N$의 비는 약 0.8에 이르러 효과적인 아질산 축적을 이룰 수 있었으며 온도저하로 인해 질산화의 저해가 일어나기 이전의 질산화 효율은 약 80%에 달하여 단축질소제거공정을 위한 아질산 축적이 가능함을 보여주었다. 이와 같이 SBR을 통해 질산화하여 재순환한 침출수의 $NO_x$-N는 모형 매립지 내에서 모두 제거할 수 있었으며, 침출수에 비교적 높은 농도의 황산염이 존재하여 황산염환원 및 황을 이용한 독립영양탈질반응이 매우 중요한 반응기전이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 침출수 재순환 공법과 단축질소제거공법을 병합한 조기안정화 기술은 매립지의 조기안정화와 침출수의 질소제거에 효과적인 공법으로 사용할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2017

A membrane bioreactor by sequentially alternating the inflow and by applying a two-stage coagulation control based on pre-coagulation was evaluated in terms of phosphorus removal efficiency and cost-savings. The MBR consisted of two identical alternative reaction tanks, followed by aerobic, anoxic and membrane tanks, where the wastewater and the internal return sludge alternatively flowed into each alternative reaction tank at every 2 hours. In the batch-operated alternative reaction tank, the initial concentration of nitrate rapidly decreased from 2.3 to 0.4 mg/L for only 20 minutes after stopping the inflow, followed by substantial release of phosphorus up to 4 mg/L under anaerobic condition. Jar test showed that the minimum alum doses to reduce the initial $PO_4$-P below 0.2 mg/L were 2 and 9 mol-Al/mol-P in the wastewater and the activated sludge from the membrane tank, respectively. It implies that a pre-coagulation in influent is more cost-efficient for phosphorus removal than the coagulation in the bioreactor. On the result of NUR test, there were little difference in terms of denitrification rate and contents of readily biodegradable COD between raw wastewater and pre-coagulated wastewater. When adding alum into the aerobic tank, alum doses above 26 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$ caused inhibitory effects on ammonia oxidation. Using the two-stage coagulation control based on pre-coagulation, the P concentration in the MBR effluent was kept below 0.2 mg/L with the alum of 2.7 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$, which was much lower than 5.1~7.4 mg/L as $Al_2O_3$ required for typical wastewater treatment plants. During the long-term operation of MBR, there was no change of the TMP increase rate before and after alum addition.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.447-456
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• 2018

In this research, the target process was a modified type of a conventional aeration tank with four different influent feeding points and alternated aeration to obtain nitrogen removal. For more accurate switching of influent feeding, the process was operated under a designed control strategy based on monitoring of $NH_4-N$ and $NO_X-N$ concentrations in the tank. However, the strategy did have some limitations. For example, it was not sensitive to detecting the end of each reaction when losing the balance between nitrification and denitrification of each opposite part of biological tank. To overcome the limitations of the existing control strategy, a diagnosis-based control strategy was suggested in this research using the diagnosis results classified as normal (N), ammonia accumulation (AA) and nitrate accumulation (NA). Using the pre-designed rules for control actions, the aeration and volume of the aerated part of the reactor could be increased or decreased at a fixed mode time. In simulations of the suggested diagnosis-based control strategy, the $NH_4-N$ and $NO_X-N$ removal rates in the reactor were maintained at higher levels than those of the existing control strategy.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.157-175
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• 2007

The membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) creates a natural partnership of a membrane and biofilm, because a gas-transfer membrane delivers a gaseous substrate to the biofilm that grows on the membrane's outer wall. $O_2$-based MBfRs (called membrane aerated biofilm reactors, or MABRs) have existed for much longer than $H_2$-based MBfRs, but the $O_2$-based MBfR is a versatile platform for reducing oxidized contaminants in many water-treatment settings: drinking water, ground water, wastewater, and agricultural drainage. Extensive bench-scale experimentation has proven that the $H_2$-based MBfR can reduce many oxidized contaminant to harmless or easily removed forms: e.g., ${NO_3}^-$ to $N_2$, ${ClO_4}^-$ to $H_2O$ and $Cl^-$, ${SeO_4}^{2-}$ to $Se^0$, and trichloroethene (TCE) to ethene and $Cl^-$. The MBfR has been tested at the pilot scale for ${NO_3}^-$ and ${ClO_4}^-$ and is now entering field-testing for many of the oxidized contaminants alone or in mixtures. For the MBfR to attain its full promise, several issues must be addressed by bench and field research: understanding interactions with mixtures of oxidized contaminants, treating waters with a high TDS concentration, developing modules that can be used in situ to augment pre-denitrification of wastewater, and keeping the capital costs low.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2003

축산폐수를 처리 시 우선 탈수 후 고상은 퇴비화, 액상을 연속회분식반응기(Sequencing batch reactor, SBR)로 이용하여 처리하는 시스템을 구상하였다. 영양염류 제거를 위한 SBR 공정의 안정적인 운전을 위한 운전모드 결정 실험을 수행하였다. K시 공공축산폐수처리장의 원심분리기에서 나온 유출수를 사용한 실험에서 질소를 제거하기 위한 적정 fill ratio는 1/12, SRT는 15일, 폭기/비폭기 주기는 2시간/1시간이었다. 탈질을 위하여 주입한 외부탄소원으로는 메탄올을 사용하였고 single feeding 방법과 step feeding 방법을 사용하였다. 이 결과 step feeding 방법을 사용시 더 효과적으로 유기물을 사용 탈질효율을 증가시킬 수 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.329-336
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• 2008

The pilot study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of air flotation(AF) processes combined with biological nutrient removal(BNR) for the retrofitting of conventional wastewater treatment facilities. The BNR system was operated in pre-denitrification and intermittent aeration; developed ceramic membrane diffusers were installed to separate the solid-liquid of activated sludge at the bottom of a flotation tank. Before performing a pilot scale study, the size distribution of microbubbles generated by silica or alumina-based ceramic membrane diffusers was tested to identify the ability of solid-liquid separation. According to the experimental results, the separation and thickening efficiency of the alumina-based ceramic membrane diffuser was higher than the silica-based ceramic membrane diffuser. In a $100m^3/d$ pilot plant, thickened and return sludge concentration was measured to be higher than 15,000mg SS/L, therefore, the MLSS in the bioreactor was maintained at over 3,000mg SS/L. The effluent quality of the AF-BNR process was 4.2mg/L, 3.7mg/L, 10.6mg/L and 1.6mg/L for $BOD_5$, SS, T-N and T-P, respectively. Lastly, it was revealed that the unit treatment cost by flotation process is lower than about $1won/m^3$ compared to a gravity sedimentation process.

• 플랜트 저널
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.48-52
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 전산유체해석(CFD)을 통하여 SCR 탈질설비 내부의 유동장 흐름을 전산모사하였다. 또한 유동장의 균일도를 분석하기 위해 기존 설비에 대한 해석을 수행하였으며 이를 통해 문제점을 도출하고 개선하였다. 개선방안으로는 곡관에 guide vane을 설치하여 곡관상에 기류를 균일하게 안내해 주었으며, baffle을 설치하여 SCR설비로 초기 유입된 기류의 균일한 공간 분포를 도출하였다. 마지막으로 porous plate를 baffle 하단에 설치하여 균일류 형성의 최적화 모델을 도출하였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.55-65
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• 1999

AF(anaerobic filter)/BAF(biological aerated filter) system and UASB(upflow anaerobic sludge blanket)/BAF system, of which system effluents were recirculated to the anaerobic reactors in each system, were operated in order to investigate the performance in simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen in high-strength dairy wastewater. Advanced anaerobic treatment processes of AF and UASB were evaluated on applicability as pre-denitrification reactors, and BAF was also evaluated on the performance in oxidizing the remaining organics and ammonia nitrogen. At system HRTs of 4.0 to 4.5 days and recirculation ratios of one to three, the AF/BAF system could achieve more than 99% of organics removals and 64 to 78% of total nitrogen removals depending upon the recirculation ratio. Although the UASB/BAF system also showed more than 99% of organics removals, total nitrogen removals in the UASB/BAF system were 53 to 66% which are lower than those in the AF/BAF system at the corresponding recirculation ratios. Optimum recirculation ratios considering simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen and cost-effectiveness, were in the range of two to three. The upflow AF packed with crossflow module media, as a primary treatment of the anaerobic reactor/BAF system, showed better performances in denitrification, SS removals, and gas production than the UASB. Higher loading rate of suspended solids from the UASB increased the backwashing times in the following BAF. Especially, at a recirculation ratio of three in the UASB/BAF system, the increase in head loss due to clogging in the BAF caused frequent backwashing, at least once d day. The BAF showed the high nitrification efficiency of average 99.2% and organics removals more than 90% at organics loading rate less than $1.4KgCOD/m^3/d$ and $COD/NH_3-N$ ratio less than 6.4. It was proved that the simplified anaerobic reactor/BAF system could maximize the organics removal and achieve high nitrogen removal efficiencies through recirculation of system effluents to the anaerobic reactor. The AF/BAF system can, especially, be a cost effective and competitive alternative for the simultaneous removal of organics ana nitrogen from wastewaters.