• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권19호
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• pp.8395-8400
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• 2014

In Saudi Arabia, cancer of breast is ranked the most frequent neoplasm and second source of cancer death in the female population. Breast cancer (BC) fast diagnosis, prognosis and medication management necessitate, these days, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assessment of hormone receptors and HER2 expression profile. The present report defines the IHC profile of ER, PR and HER2 in Saudi female breast neoplasms of ductal and lobular types and associations ER, PR and HER2 expression patterns with various clinicopathological factors (age, type of tumor, size, laterality, histological grade, and involvement of axillaries lymph nodes). Ninety nine cases of breast tumors were recruited from the pathology department archive of King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ER, PR and HER2 expression was assessed using IHC staining. Ductal carcinomas with a variety of histological grades constituted 88 (88.8%) of total cases. Seventy four (77.8%), 59 (62.1%), and 35 (36.8%) of ductal carcinomas showed positive staining for ER, PR and HER2, in that order. Remaining breast cancer cases were four (4%) lobular carcinomas and two (2%) mixed form of ductal and lobular types, which were ER+, PR+, and HER2-. Breast cancer expression pattern of ER, PR and HER2 in Saudi female is different from that of Tunisian and Jordanian female populations and closer to the expression pattern of Egyptian, Lebanese, Iraqi and western country females. Furthermore, the present study found two IHC patterns of breast cancer ER+/PR-/HER2+ (5%) and ER+/PR-/HER2- (11.1%), which had not been reported in other Arabic studies. Thus the rates of IHC expression patterns in breast cancer show some variation among Arabic female populations.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.673-680
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• 2009

Conversion of the normal soluble form of prion protein, PrP ($PrP^C$), to proteinase K-resistant form ($PrP^{Sc}$) is a common molecular etiology of prion diseases. Proteinase K-resistance is attributed to a drastic conformational change from ${\alpha}$-helix to ${\beta}$-sheet and subsequent fibril formation. Compelling evidence suggests that membranes play a role in the conformational conversion of PrP. However, biophysical mechanisms underlying the conformational changes of PrP and membrane binding are still elusive. Recently, we demonstrated that the putative transmembrane domain (TMD; residues 111-135) of Syrian hamster PrP penetrates into the membrane upon the reduction of the conserved disulfide bond of PrP. To understand the mechanism underlying the membrane insertion of the TMD, here we explored changes in conformation and membrane binding abilities of PrP using wild type and cysteine-free mutant. We show that the reduction of the disulfide bond of PrP removes motional restriction of the TMD, which might, in turn, expose the TMD into solvent. The released TMD then penetrates into the membrane. We suggest that the disulfide bond regulates the membrane binding mode of PrP by controlling the motional freedom of the TMD.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.88-94
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• 2002

This study was conducted to select suitable turfarasses for use at 2002 world cup soccer fields in Korea. A 1/1000 scale Inchon worldcup soccer dome was constructed for this research. Species and seeding rates of cool-season grasses used inside and outside the dome were Kentuck bleugrass 10g/$m^2$ (KB), Kentucky bleugrass 10g/$m^2$+ perennial ryegrass 10g/$m^2$ mixture (KB+PR) and Kentucky bleugrass 6g/$m^2$+tall fescue 14g/$m^2$+ perennial ryegrass 4g/$m^2$ mixture (KB+TF+PR). Warm-season grasses also used in this study were Zoysia japonica 'Anyangjungzii' (ZA) and Zoysia japonica 'Zenith'(ZZ) which were layed as sod. So, total 5 types of grasses were used inside and outside the dome. The rootzone was constructed by the multi-layer method(United States Golf Association method). The plots were designed by randomized block design. Cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) were found to be better performers for visual rating and visual color than the zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ). There were no significant differences in turf performance within cool-season grasses, while ZA showed better turf performances than ZZ within zoysiagrasses. The green color was maintained for about 10 months in the col-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) compared to about 5~6 months in the zoysiagrasses. Root length and density data revealed higher values for KB, KB+PR and KB+TF+PR compared to ZA and ZZ. Root performance of 22 was better than ZA within zoysiagrasses which was the opposite result of turf performances. There was also no significant difference between U performance inside and outside the dome. However, the decreasing tendency of turf quality inside the dome at the end of the study showed that more proper maintenance technology was needed inside the d[me. It could be concluded by this study that cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) were more suitable turfgrasses than waits-season zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ) for use at 2002 world cup soccer fields in Korea.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2015

Purpose: To investigate correlations of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) statuses with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and clinicohistological characteristics in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Materials and Methods: Data from 64 histologically confirmed ILCs were analyzed retrospectively. Preoperative breast MRI was reviewed for morphology and dynamic contrast-enhanced kinetics of the tumor. Pathologic reports were reviewed for ER, PR, and HER2 positivity, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and the number of metastatic lymph nodes. Furthermore, there was an investigation of the MRI features and clinicohistologic characteristics, according to the ER, PR, and HER2 statuses. Results: A significant difference in MRI features and clinicohistological tumor characteristics were observed only in relation to PR status. Of the 64 ILCs, 10 (15.6%) were PR negative. PR negative cancers, compared with PR positive cancers, were more likely to present as non-mass enhancement (P = 0.027); have a significantly larger mean tumor size ($5.00{\pm}1.05cm$ vs. $2.57{\pm}0.21cm$, P = 0.021); and have significantly more metastatic lymph nodes (P = 0.010). Conclusion: PR negative ILC presented more frequently as non-mass enhancement on MRI, with larger tumors and increased numbers of metastatic lymph nodes. Therefore, the PR status plays an important role in determining MRI features and clinicohistological characteristics of ILC.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.241-256
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• 2000

The major sources of energy dissipation in steel frames with partially restrained (PR) connections are evaluated. Available experimental results are used to verify the mathematical model used in this study. The verified model is then used to quantify the energy dissipation in PR connections due to hysteretic behavior, due to viscous damping and at plastic hinges if they are formed. Observations are made for two load conditions: a sinusoidal load applied at the top of the frame, and a sinusoidal ground acceleration applied at the base of the frame representing a seismic loading condition. This analytical study confirms the general behavior, observed during experimental investigations, that PR connections reduce the overall stiffness of frames, but add a major source of energy dissipation. As the connections become stiffer, the contribution of PR connections in dissipating energy becomes less significant. A connection with a T ratio (representing its stiffness) of at least 0.9 should not be considered as fully restrained as is commonly assumed, since the energy dissipation characteristics are different. The flexibility of PR connections alters the fundamental frequency of the frame. Depending on the situation, it may bring the frame closer to or further from the resonance condition. If the frame approaches the resonance condition, the effect of damping is expected to be very important. However, if the frame moves away from the resonance condition, the energy dissipation at the PR connections is expected to be significant with an increase in the deformation of the frame, particularly for low damping values. For low damping values, the dissipation of energy at plastic hinges is comparable to that due to viscous damping, and increases as the frame approaches failure. For the range of parameters considered in this study, the energy dissipations at the PR connections and at the plastic hinges are of the same order of magnitude. The study quantitatively confirms the general observations made in experimental investigations for steel frames with PR connections; however, proper consideration of the stiffness of PR connections and other dynamic properties is essential in predicting the dynamic behavior.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2005

Objectives : Polygalae Radix (PR) from Polygalae tenuifolia (Polygalaceae) has been clinically used as a sedative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial agent. To extend pharmacological effects of PR in the central nervous system (CNS) on the basis of its CNS protective effect, the present study was conducted to identify the effect of PR, whether it shows the neuroprotective action against excitatory neurotoxicity. Methods : To identify the protective effect of PR to excitatory neuro-toxic agent, the present study was focused on the PR effect on cell death, that was caused by applying NMDA to nerve cell, elevation of $(Ca^{2+})_i$, releasement of glutamate, and ROS generation. Result : 1. PR methanol extract, at the concentration range of 0.05 to 5 g/ml, significantly inhibited NMDA (1 mM)-induced neuronal cell death as well as MK-801 (non competitive NMDA antagonist). 2. PR methanol extract $(0.5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited NMDA (1 mM)-induced elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. NMDA application in the presence of MK-801 $(10\;{\mu}M)$ failed to produce the increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ through all the measurement time. 3. PR methanol extract $(0.5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited the NMDA-induced elevation of glutamate release. Also, MK-801 showed similar protective effects. 4. PR methanol extract $(0.5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited the NMDA-induced elevation of ROS generation. Also, MK-801 showed similar protective effects. Conclusion : The present study provides the availability of PR to exert its protective effect on the neuronal cell death in various neurodegenerative pathophysiological conditions.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제12C권6호
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• pp.917-926
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• 2005

PR-SCTP를 이동환경 지원이 가능하도록 확장함으로써 이동 환경에서 멀티미디어 스트림 전송을 요구하는 응용을 지원하는 트랜스포트 계층 이동성 지원 프로토콜인 uPR-mSCTP를 제안하였다. uPR-mSCTP에서는 비순서화 비신뢰성 데이터 전송 서비스를 지원하기 위한 규칙을 정의하였고, 핸드오버 시 핸드오버 지연을 최소화할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 IPv6에 uPR-mSCTP를 탑재한 경우와 UDP를 탑재한 네트워크 계층 이동성 지원 프로토콜들의 성능을 비교한 결과, uPR-mSCTP는 핸드오버 시 패킷전송률을 줄이기 때문에 네트워크 자원낭비를 줄이고, FMIPv6에 근접하는 패킷손실률을 보이며, MIPv6 HMIPv6에 비해서는 훨씬 낮은 패킷 손실률을 보임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 uPR-mSCTP는 UDP를 탑재한 네트워크 계층 이동성 지원에 비해 제어패킷 오버헤드를 줄이는 장점을 가진다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.137-158
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 행정조직의 SNS 활용이 자치행정PR에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알고자 함에 있다. 오늘날 정보통신의 발달과 함께 SNS 서비스의 활성화로 자치행정PR에서도 SNS를 활용하고자 하는 행정조직이 늘고 있다. SNS의 활용은 과거 커뮤니케이션 메시지로 여론을 형성하고 조작하는 관점에서 이제는 시민과의 관계성을 관리하는 관점으로 바뀌어가고 있다. 이렇게 행정PR의 특성은 행정조직과 지역주민 사이의 관계성을 파악해야 함과 동시에 SNS가 이러한 관계성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인할 필요가 있다. 그러나 SNS의 특성을 확인하는 연구와 자치행정PR에 관한 연구는 별도로 진행되면서 SNS의 활용이 자치행정PR에 어떠한 효과를 가지고 있는지에 대한 연구는 전무하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 구청의 직원과 지역주민을 연구대상으로 하는 모델을 각각 설정하여 두 집단 간의 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 행정조직의 SNS 활용은 지역주민의 피드백이 부족하였으며, 대다수 지역주민이 공감할 수 있는 주제 개발의 필요성을 제시하였다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2004

Overexpressions of the estrogen receptors(ER), progesterone receptors(PR) and C-erbB-2 protein are important determiners of the response to chemotherapy in the breast cancer. For detecting ER, PR and C-erbB-2, immunohistochemistry are currently regarded as standard method. The purposes of this study compared to histologic grade and expression of the ER, PR and C-erbB-2 in breast cancer. We examined overexpression of ER, PR and C-erbB-2 protein in 84 breast carcinomas by using immunohistochemical stains. The following results were obtained. For histologic grade, 10 cases(11.9%) showed carcinoma in situ, 16 cases(19%) showed grade I, 36 cases (42.9%) showed grade II, and 22 cases(26.2%) showed grade III among the 84 test samples. The average positive rate ER and PR was 63%, 46% showed carcinoma in situ, 80%, 60% showed grade I, 64%, 41% showed grade II, 34%, 23% showed grade III, respectively. The induction of PR increased when induction of ER increased, thus showing significant relationship(p<0.05). The expression of C-erbB-2 protein was 9 cases(10.7%) in one positive(1+), 9 cases(10.7%) in two positive(2+), and 9 cases(10.7%) in three positive(3+). C-erbB-2 protein expression showed no statistical significance. In conclusion, ER and PR positive rates were inversely associated with histologic grades significantly(p<0.05). C-erbB-2 showed no significant difference with histologic grade. However ER, PR and C-erbB-2 showed significant relationship with each other(p<0.05). Therefore, these findings might be an important prognostic factor and might be arranged as a regular pathological examination in cases of breast cancer.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.660-666
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• 1994

이웃하는 란탄족 원소의 분리에서 온도와 흐름속도의 영향을 치환크로마토그래피로 연구하였다. 일렬로 연결된 두 컬럼에 Amberlite 120 양이온 교환수지를 채워서 충전용과 분리용으로 나누어 사용하였다. 보유이온은 $H^+$을, 흐름용액은 0.012M과 0.015M의 EDTA 용액을 사용하였다. 실험중에는 관의 온도를 90$^{\circ}C$로 유지하였으며 이온교환수지 관 속에 생기는 기포를 줄이기 위해 일정한 압력을 걸었다. 용출액은 ICP-AES로 직접 분석하였다. 이 실험에서 란탄족 원소쌍 La: Ce, Ce :Pr, Pr: Nd에 대한 분리인자는 각각 4.6, 2.8, 1.9이었으며 이것은 25$^{\circ}C$에서 이론적으로 얻은 것보다 큰 값이다. 흐름속도를 2.5 ml/min에서 1.5 ml/min로 줄이면 이론단해당높이(HETP)도 1.60 cm에서 0.88 cm로 줄었다. 따라서 용리액의 흐름속도를 줄이고 온도를 높이므로써 분리효율을 증가시킬 수 있었다. 이 실험에서 99.9% 이상의 순수 란탄족 원소에 대한 회수율은 49∼77%이었다.