• 제목/요약/키워드: Potential theory

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감지추구자적매체습관(感知追求者的媒体习惯) (Media Habits of Sensation Seekers)

  • Blakeney, Alisha;Findley, Casey;Self, Donald R.;Ingram, Rhea;Garrett, Tony
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.179-187
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    • 2010
  • 对营销和广告经理来说, 理解消费者的偏好和使用的媒体类型是非常有必要的, 尤其是在如今市场细分的情况下. 清晰的理解能帮助经理更有效的选择合适的媒体. 而且由于性格特征的不同, 个人对媒体类型的选择和使用都不相同. 本文测试了一个性格特征, 即感知追求. 这是在测试 "新" 媒体偏好和使用的文献中尚未出现的. 感知追求是被定义为 "一种对变化, 新颖和复杂的感觉的需要和经历. 以及为承担这些经历愿意承受生理的和社会的风险" (Zuckerman 1979). 根据文献回顾, 我们提出了6个假设. 我们尤其关注使用与满足理论(Katz 1959), 这个理论解释了为什么人们选择媒体类型和他们使用不同媒体类型的动机的原因. 目前的理论表明高感知追求者(HSS), 由于他们对新颖, 激励和非传统的内容和想象的需要, 他们会更多的使用新媒体. 因此, 我们假设高感知追求者比低感知追求者(LSS)(H2a)或中等感知追求者(MSS)(H2b)会更多的使用网络而不是广播(H1a)或印刷媒体(H1b). 另外, 高感知追求者有更多的社交活动及朋友, 因此他们会比低感知追求者(a) 和中等感知追求者(b)更多的使用社交网络网页例如Facebook/MySpace(H3) 以及聊天室(H4). 感知追求者可以显示出一系列的行为包括抑制解除. 我们认为具有高水平去抑制的人们比低水平或中等水平的人们会更多的使用社交网络如Facebook/MySpace (H5) 和聊天室(H6). 我们的数据来源于对参加极限运动的参与者的网上调查. 为得到这个群组的信息, 我们使用雪球样本技术的提高版, 即连锁推荐方法来选择应答者. 这种方法被认为是对隐藏人群进行有效估算的方法(Heckathorn, 1997). 最终的有效样本包括1108名应答者. 主要是年轻人(56.36%在34岁以下), 男性(86.1%)和中产阶级(58.7%的家庭收入超过50,000美元). 我们用这个样本来进行感知追求的研究. 我们用简要感知追求量表来测试感知追求(Hoyle et al. 2007). 我们用自我报告使用过的不同媒体类型来测量媒体使用. 结果并不支持H1a和b. 高感知追求者并没有更多的使用网络这样的媒体. 事实上, 同其他的媒体类型相比, 这个平均水平是较低的. 高感知追求者使用最多的媒体类型时印刷媒体, 这说明了一种对主流的反抗. 结果支持H2a和b. 高感知追求者比低感知或中等感知追求者更多的使用网络. 进一步的分析揭示了在高感知和低感知追求者之间在使用印刷媒体方面有显著不同. 高感知追求者在他们感兴趣的极限运动方面会追求更专业的印刷出版物. 假设3a和b 揭示了高感知追求者比低感知或中等感知追求者更多的使用Facebook/MySpace. 在使用聊天室方面低感知和高感知追求者之间没有显著差距. 所以结果也不支持假设H4a, 但是H4b的结果是显著的. 不同抑制解除水平的应答者被认为使用Facebook/MySpace 和聊天室的水平也不同. 去抑制水平高比低水平或中等水平的使用Facebook/MySpace的水平高. 所以H5a和b 被支持. 类似的, H6b也被支持. 去抑制水平高的人们使用聊天室的概率显著多于中等水平的但并不多于低水平的人们(H6a). 这些结果为管理者提供了一些有趣的见解. 第一, 尽管高感知追求者比低感知或中等感知追求者更多的使用在线媒体, 但他们使用在线媒体仍然少于印刷或广播媒体. 广告执行者们不应该对这个重要的客户群过分的强调在线媒体. 第二, 社交媒体, 例如Facebook/MySpace和聊天室会是接近这个群体的有潜力的方法. 最后, 对去抑制水平高的群体, 有公共关系方面的启示. 这些个体更倾向于一些社会风险的行为. 这些直接的启示包括因特网捕食者和未来的雇主. 本研究的一个不足是受访者都是参与极限运动的. 这本身就是一个高感知追求者活动. 更大范围的人群需要被测试.

쇼핑 가치 추구 성향에 따른 쇼핑 목표와 공유 의도 차이에 관한 연구 - 전자제품 구매고객을 중심으로 (Shopping Value, Shopping Goal and WOM - Focused on Electronic-goods Buyers)

  • 박경원;박주영
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.68-79
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    • 2009
  • The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

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동병하치 확산을 위한 전략적 방향과 이행방안 (Strategic Direction and Road Map of Expanding Prevention of Winter Disease in the Summer)

  • 송호섭
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.147-157
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    • 2010
  • Objectives : The purpose of this study was to propose appropriate strategic directions and road maps for successful achievement of programs preventing winter disease in the summer. Methods : Details on programs preventing winter disease in the summer such as clear concept, theoretical basis, current status, intervention or available prescriptions and indication/contraindication/caution were prepared through the related journal review, upon which an observational study was devised and done for simulation to find out even a trivial problem and to guarantee the safety beforehand. The experimental group was divided into 5 groups by the size of pill and the way ginger is treated; 1cm pill with ginger group, 3cm pill group without ginger, 3cm pill group dipped into ginger, 3cm pill group applying ginger to acupoints and 3cm pill group with ginger Results 1. program preventing winter disease in the summer was defined as representative winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and preventive care in the summer, reinforcing deficient yang qi of five viscera by using exuberant yang qi from summer heat. 2. It was based upon historically established theories which is 'nourishing yang qi in the spring and summer', 'long summer, namely rainy spell in the summer overwhelms the winter, because of earth winning water according to the five phases theory' and 'To replenish yang qi is major principle to treat winter diseases, which can be most appropriately and timely applied to the patient with deficient yang qi of five viscera inherently, especially in the three dog days of the summer, because of exuberant exterior yang qi and deficient interior yang qi in the five viscera'. 3. In the adjacent China and Taiwan, acupoint applying method in the three dog days named 'San Fu Tie' have been stirring a boom throughout the nation, in which Xiaochuan Gao was used as a basic prescription and it mainly was applied at bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ for about 4 hours. As far as domestic current status, the necessity of adopting the above method prior to Herbal formula was also recognised, because not a few koreans have apprehension for the safety of it including medicinal herbs and are reluctant to take it any more due to negative advertisement of narrow minded doctors' association. 4. Indication of acupoint applying method in the three dog days included most of winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis. contraindication was pregnant woman and the weak such as infants and the old. More attention was paid to grasp firmly the normal reaction following the treatment for preventing side effect and teasing blister. recommendation was also given to abstain from food inducing phlegm and dampness such as meat, shrimp and crab as well as cold drinks and foods 5. In the simulation observational study based upon the above findings following review the related articles, no blister was shown on the acupoints icluding bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ in every experimental group during 24hr observation following the acupoint applying treatment with pills made by modified and devised prescription. At 4 hr, the effectiveness of it reached a peak showing redness and mild tenderness and there is little difference between groups 3cm pills groups regardless of the way ginger was treated. abdominal distention and growling was found in all the volunteers during the treatment at CV 8. Strategic directions and road maps : Through successful fulfillment of the program preventing winter disease in the summer, Korean traditional medicine should be integrated into mainstream national health care services. Cultural access was thought to be as important as Scientific EBM approach. First of all, To evoke potential cultural homogeneity from campaigns and press advertisement was needed for promoting public awareness about preventing winter disease in the summer by enhancing immunity via acupoint applying treatment in the three dog days, and then indigenous name as Sambokcheop, protocol, Clinical Research Form for data collection of it should be developed and prepared. Once the first step was taken this summer, through a thorough data collection and scrutinized scientific evaluation, drawbacks should be compensted for and the efficacy and safety should be substantiated.

「전간기 영국의 전략 우선순위 논의와 영국해군의 대응, 1919-1939」 (Discussion on the Strategic Priorities and Navy's Coping in the Interwar Period Britain, 1919?1939)

  • 전윤재
    • Strategy21
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    • 통권32호
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    • pp.123-159
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this research paper is to re-valuate the factors that affected the Royal Navy's rearmament and preparation for war by conducting analysis on the discussion held in the Britain on the strategic priorities and Navy's coping measures adopted during the interwar period. After the end of the WWI, each of the military arms of the Britain faced significant difficulty in securing budget and increasing their military power all throughout the interwar period, and the Navy was not an exception. The WWII that got started on September 1939 was the turning point in which this difficulty led to full-fledged crisis. Immensely many criticisms followed after the war and problems were identified when it comes to the Royal Navy's performance during the war. This type of effort to identify problem led to the attempt to analyze whether Royal Navy's preparation for war and rearmament policy during interwar period were adequate, and to identify the root causes of failure. Existing studies sought to find the root cause of failed rearmament from external factors such as the deterioration of the Britain itself or pressure from the Treasury Department to cut the budget for national defense, or sought to detect problems from the development of wrong strategies by the Navy. However, Royal Navy's failed preparation for the war during interwar period is not the result of one or two separate factors. Instead, it resulted due to the diverse factors and situations that the Britain was facing at the time, and due to intricate and complex interaction of these factors. Meanwhile, this research paper focused on the context characterized by 'strategic selection and setting up of priorities' among the various factors to conduct analysis on the Navy's rearmament by linking it with the discussion held at the time on setting up strategic priorities, and sought to demonstrate that the Navy Department's inadequate counter-measures developed during this process waned Royal Navy's position. After the end of WWI, each of the military arms continued to compete for the limited resources and budget all throughout the interwar period, and this type of competition amidst the situation in which the economic situation of Britain was still unstable, made prioritization when it comes to the allocation of resources and setting up of the priorities when it comes to the military power build-up, inevitable. Amidst this situation, the RAF was able to secure resources first and foremost, encouraged by the conviction of some politicians who were affected by the 'theory of aerial threat' and who believed that curtailing potential attack with the Air Force would be means to secure national security at comparatively lower cost. In response, Navy successfully defended the need for the existence of Navy despite the advancement of the aerial power, by emphasizing that the Britain's livelihood depends on trade and on the maintenance of maritime traffic. Despite this counter-measuring logic, however, Navy's role was still limited to the defense of overseas territory and to the fleet run-off instead of sea traffic route production when it comes to the specific power build-up plan, and did not understand the situation in which financial and economic factors gained greater importance when it comes to the setting up of strategic priorities. As a result, Navy's plan to build its powers was met with continual resistance of the Treasury Department, and lost the opportunity to re-gain the status of 'senior service' that it had enjoyed in the past during the competition for strategic prioritization. Given that the strategic and economic situation that Korea faces today is not very different from that of the Britain during the interwar period, our Navy too should leverage the lessons learned from the Royal Navy to make the effort to secure viable position when it comes to the setting of priorities in case of national defense strategy by presenting the basis on why maritime coping should be prioritized among the numerous other threats, and by developing the measures for securing the powers needed effectively amidst the limited resources.

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오디에이션 음악활동이 유치원 아동의 음악소질 향상에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Music activitics using audition on Music Aptitude development for Kindergarten Children)

  • 노주희
    • 인간행동과 음악연구
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.11-32
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    • 2004
  • 에드윈 고든(Edwin E. Gordon)에 의하면 음악소질은 선천적인 자질과 후천적인 환경이라는 두 가지 요인의 상호 작용에 의하여 결정되며 만 9세 이전에는 환경의 영향에 따라 유연하게 반응하여 환경이 좋으면 발달되고 환경이 나빠지면 수그러드는 유동음악소질의 시기에, 또한 9세 이후에는 환경의 영향에 대하여 민감하게 반응하지 않는 고정음악소질의 시기에 놓인다. 본 연구는 유동음악소질의 시기에 경험하는 풍부한 음악적 교육환경의 제공시기가 이를수록, 또한 교육의 제공기간이 길수록 소질의 향상에 미치는 효과가 더욱 크다는 음악학습이론의 가설을 증명하고자 하였다. 그리고 미국의 템플 대학의 음악학습이론 수업을 모델로 하여 설립된 유아음악감수성계발프로그램 "오디"가 계발한 오디에이션 음악활동이 음악소질에 미치는 교육효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 교육은 매주 30분 씩 연구자와 연구자 외 1인의 협력교사가 함께 아이들을 가르치는 Co-teaching 형식으로 음악지도의 형태가 아닌 음악안내의 교육방법으로 진행되었다. 다양한 조성, 가사 없는 선율노래와 리듬노래, Free-Flowing Movement를 중심으로 한 다양한 동작, 개별적 반응활동인 패턴학습 등 음악학습이론의 원칙이 지켜졌으며 대그룹 수업을 위하여 오디가 발전시킨 새로운 수업전개방식과 기술이 적용되었다. 실험집단은 각각 1년간 오디수업을 받은 만 5세 유치원 아동과 만 4세 때부터 2년간 오디수업을 받은 만 5세 유치원 아동으로서 두 집단 모두 만 5세 때 고든의 오디에이션기초평가 Primary Measures of Music Audiation(Gordon, 1979)을 사용하여 학년초, 중, 학년말 등 3회에 걸쳐 음악소질을 측정하였다. 연구의 결과는 첫째, 오디의 활동을 5세 동안 1년 교육받은 실험집단 1의 음악소질검사결과를 4세부터 2년 동안 교육받은 실험집단 2의 음악소질검사와 비교할 때 음감소질은 유의미한 차이가 없었으나 리듬소질에서는 유의미한 차이가 발생하였다. 둘째, 오디의 활동을 교육받은 실험집단과 오디의 음악수업을 받지 않은 비교집단의 학기초 음악소질검사 결과는 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 학기말 검사결과에서는 유의미한 차이를 보였다.

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과학 수업의 혼성공간에서 드러나는 중학생의 지식자본 및 교수학습 특성: 7학년 생명 영역을 중심으로 (Funds of Knowledge and Features of Teaching and Learning in the Hybrid Space of Middle School Science Class: Focus on 7th grade Biology)

  • 이민주;김희백
    • 한국과학교육학회지
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    • 제34권8호
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    • pp.731-744
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    • 2014
  • 학습자가 가진 문화와 자원을 수업의 중심 자원으로 이끌어내고자 하는 노력은, 학습자에게 보다 호응할 수 있는 교수학습을 모색하는 연구자들에게 중요한 단초를 제공할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 과학수업의 혼성적 공간에서 학습자들이 드러내는 지식자본으로는 어떤 것이 있는지 살펴보고, 이같은 지식자본이 자발적 과정을 통해 수업 상황으로 유입되고, 수업의 핵심적 자원으로 작용하려면 어떠한 교수적 지원이 뒷받침되어야 하는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 7학년 '주변의 생물', '식물과 영양' 단원에서의 실제 수업 상황에서 5개월에 걸친 참여관찰을 수행하였고, 학습자의 지식자본이 가장 활발하게 부상하는 수업을 추출하였으며, 근거이론에 기반한 지속적 비교분석법을 이용하여 수집된 자료를 범주화 하였다. 연구 결과, 학생의 지식자본은 가정, 지역공동체, 또래문화, 대중문화 등의 4가지 기반에서 근거한 것으로 범주화할 수 있었으며, 특히 또래문화와 관련된 지식자본이 학습자의 보다 활발한 발화 및 참여를 촉진하는 것으로 드러났다. 또 이와 같은 지식자본이 수업 상황으로 보다 적극적으로 유입되기 위해서는 혼성적 수업 환경의 제공과 더불어 유입된 지식자본의 보편성, 지식자본의 공유와 확장, 그리고 지식의 공동 구성 및 공유라고 하는 실행공동체의 지향이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이 같은 교수학습적 특성에 기반하여, 학습자가 가진 '잠재적 수업자원'으로서의 지식자본을 어떻게 '실질적인 수업의 자원'으로 끌어올릴 수 있을 것인지에 대한 교육적 함의를 제시하였다. 학습자의 지식자본을 기반으로 한 수업은 전통적인 수업에서 점점 소외되고 있는 다양한 비참여자들을 포함하여 학습자들을 보다 적극적으로 수업으로 초대할 수 있는 발판이 되어준다. 또한 학습자의 삶에서 비롯된 경험과 과학 지식의 혼성적 상호작용을 통하여 지식의 공동 구성을 가능하게 하며, 보다 유의미한 학습 경험으로 자리 잡을 수 있게 한다는 데 그 의의가 있다.

재난과 미술적 대응: 헤르만 조셉 하크(Hermann Josef Hack)의 기후난민 프로젝트 (Disaster and Artistic Measures: Hermann Josef Hack's Project of World Climate Refugee Camp)

  • 김향숙
    • 미술이론과 현장
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    • 제14호
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    • pp.53-83
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    • 2012
  • This thesis is a study of artistic measures and climate refugees, based on Hack's World Climate Refugee Camp project. According to Hack, climate refugees appeared with the process of globalization. Hack claimed that the people who put climate refugees in danger are the industrialized nations, and therefore, their rejection of refugees is nonsense. He also stated that the fundamental solution would be the active participation of such nations. Thus, he travels around the world, encouraging participants and globalizing his project. Interestingly, the practical participation method of his climate calamity project is divided into four methods, which are all related to realizing the danger and presenting various solutions. First, the aesthetic of survival: the reason Hack focused on the warming trend and claimed that we have to accept the climate refugees as refugees comes from the thought that we are all potential refugees, and the anxiety that climate refugees may cause war in the end. The solution Hack found for surviving in such a world is to create "refugee camps" to notify people about the seriousness of climate change, and to put the "aesthetic for survival" in action. Second, a relation-oriented relationship: communication between Hack and the participants was done in various ways. They are experiencing a bond and emotions of an interrelationship through their actions in the experimental field, experiencing a new form of art, which they were not able to experience in a museum. Third, a utopian measure: Hack's utopian measure started from the fear of dystopia but Hack still believes that it is not only a dream, but that it can be realized. He claims that even though the start may be feeble, it is possible to rescue children from starvation and to treat climate refugees as proper human in the end, when communication and cooperation is done the right way and properly. Fourth, the aesthetic of global relation, the internet: the new solution Hack is trying on the internet is to make more people participate in his project. It is fate that "human are the wrongdoer and the victim at the same time", but according to Hack's opinion, social disaster can be avoided through effort and it is optimistic that we can give form to the culture revolution we are experiencing now. Hack's project illustrated the importance of daily life, compared to art inside a museum, through active participation of the people and opened up a new method of art through realistic responses to disasters. This is distinctive from the past exhibitions, where artists gave shape and form to ideals and an imaginary world, in that it shows that the artist and audience aim for creating a community-like structure, just like Bourriaud's art method. Hack's project of climate calamity illustrates that installation and action art is not only an art genre which shows installation and activities, but that it can include social and political issues and that it can be completed with the help of participants, consequently becoming a genre of modern art. Hack raises a question about art's identity through various descriptions. Artists as planners, who base their artworks on their subjectivity or the characteristics of a specific period, the people as participants, the duet of art work and play, human and human, and further, human and nature. The practical participation method, as a measure for "disaster", reveals the new art of the 21st century within Hack's artworks. Even though there are several problems with Hack's usage of art as a measure for disaster, it will actively open up a new page for the 21st century's art with the theme of disaster.

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대중문화에 나타난 뉴에이지 사상의 특징 -아바타를 중심으로- (The Characteristics of New Age Consciousness in the Popular Culture - Focus on 'Avatar')

  • 이준수
    • 만화애니메이션 연구
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    • 통권41호
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    • pp.1-29
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구는 뉴에이지 사상에 나타난 특성이 애니메이션이라는 대중문화에서 어떻게 표현되고 있으며 그 특징이 대중적으로 어떻게 사용되고 있음을 연구하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 뉴에이지 사상은 뉴에이지 운동과 혼용되어 사용되고 있다. 뉴에이지 사상의 기본적 철학은 '인간의 무한한 잠재력이 인간 자신과 지구를 변화시킴으로 평화와 빛과 사랑의 새시대가 일시에 나타날 것이다'라고 말하는 인본주의에 중심을 두고 있다. 이 사상은 서양의 기독교에 대한 부정과 서구의 비술과 동양사상을 바탕으로 1960년대의 미국의 기존질서를 의심하고 부정하는데서 출발하여 포스트모더니즘의 사상과 반문화운동의 영향을 받아 1970년대에 대체종교로 발전하게 되었다. 하지만, 뉴에이지 사상은 자체적 한계로 인하여 종교적 사상보다는 문화, 평화, 인류의 행복과 치유를 위한 사회운동으로의 변환을 시도하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 뉴에이지 문화에는 본질적인 종교적 특성이 들어있으며 그러한 특성은 대중문화에서 차용하기에 용의하고 침투력도 높다. 종교란 넓은 의미에서 보면 제도화된 기성 종교, 성스럽고 가장 높은 가치를 부여하는 것에 대한 사회적 움직임이나 경향, 그리고 많은 개인들이 갖고 있는 고유한 종교적 믿음과 수행 모두를 포함한다. 종교는 개인에게 삶의 의미와 올바른 방향을 제시하는 한편, 사회질서의 유지와 시회통합에 기여한다는 점에서도 가장 총체적이며 복합적인 문화현상으로 평가된다. 그러한 이유로 종교와 문화는 깊은 상관관계를 가지고 있으며 대중문화가 수용자에게 깊은 감동과 재미를 주기 위해서는 인간의 깊은 의식 속에 숨어 있는 종교적 갈망을 포착하고 들어낼 필요가 있기 때문이다. 본고에서는 뉴에이지의 환생, 환상, 명상, 범신론과 일원론과 같은 특징을 분석하고 이러한 특징이 대중문화와 대중문화를 공부하는 학생들에게 영향을 미치는 것에 대해 분석하고자 한다. 또한, '아바타'를 통하여 애니메이션에서 나타난 뉴에이지사상의 특징을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 다양한 대중문화의 사상적 실체가 되는 종교적 영향력을 재조명하고 다양한 시각으로 대중문화를 바라보는 통찰력을 가지는데 도움이 되었으면 하는 바람이다.

PM10 질량농도 측정을 위한 시료채취기의 비교 연구 (A Comparison Study of Aerosol Samplers for PM10 Mass Concentration Measurement)

  • 박주면;구자건;정태영;권동명;유종익;서용칠
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.153-160
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    • 2009
  • PM10(공기역학 직경${\leq}$10 ${\mu}m$) 시료채취기는 사람이 부유 먼지에 잠재적으로 노출되는 정도를 정량화하고 정부의 규제에 대응하기 위한 목적으로 사용된다. 본 연구는 동일한 PM10 분리한계 직경을 가지지만 다른 기울기를 가지는 미국 환경청의 PM10 시료채취 기준과 미국산업위생전문가협의회/유럽표준위원회/국제표준기구의 흉곽성 PM10 시료채취 기준을 이론과 실험을 통해 비교 평가하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 미국 환경청의 기준을 따르는 4개의 PM10 시료채취기와 흉곽성 PM10 기준과 일치하는 1개의 RespiCon 시료채취기를 비교 평가 수단으로 사용하였으며, 1개의 DustTrak 측정기를 PM10의 실시간 질량농도를 확인하기 위하여 사용하였다. 6개 시료채취기를 다양한 크기 분포를 가지는 비산재를 이용하여 입자 발생 챔버안에서 실험하였다. 이론적 질량농도는 측정된 비산재의 입자크기 분포 특성(기하평균 = 6.6 ${\mu}m$, 기하표준편차= 1.9)을 각 시료채취 기준에 적용하여 계산하였다. 챔버 실험을 통하여 측정된 질량농도 결과는 흉곽성 PM10 시료채취 기준을 가지는 RespiCon 시료채취기가 미국 환경청의 PM10 기준을 가지는 PM10 시료채취기보다 상대적으로 작은 질량농도를 측정함으로써 이론적 질량농도와 일치하였다. 전체적 챔버 실험 결과는 PM10 시료채취기를 기준 시료채취기로 사용하였을 때, (1) RespiCon 시료채취기는 PM10 시료채취기로 포집된 PM10 먼지 질량농도에 비해 평균 60% 정도 낮게 측정한 것을 의미하는 정규화계수 1.6으로 나타났으며 (2) PM10 유입구를 사용한 DustTrak 실시간 채취기는 2.1의 보정계수를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다.

RSP(Reverse Science Principle)기반 화학 탐구 프로그램의 효과 및 가능성 탐색 (A Study on the Effectiveness and Possibility of Chemistry Inquiry Programs Based on Reverse Science Principle)

  • 조은지;양희선;강성주
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제62권4호
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    • pp.299-313
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    • 2018
  • 과학교육에서 탐구 중심의 교육은 중요하나 실제 교육 현장에서는 현실적인 어려움으로 인하여 획일화된 형태의 과학 탐구가 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 대안으로 본 연구에서는 RS(Reverse Science)를 중학교 화학 교과 수업에 활용하여 학생들에게 능동적으로 탐구 학습에 참여하고 과학적 사고가 가능한 기회를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 이를 개발하고 적용하여 중학교 학생들의 과학 탐구 능력에 미치는 효과와 이에 대한 학생들의 인식을 알아보았다. 프로그램 적용을 위해 D 소재 중학교 2학년 6학급을 선정하고, 실험 집단과 비교 집단을 각각 64명, 64명으로 128명을 구성하였다. 실험 집단에는 RSP기반 화학 탐구 프로그램을, 비교 집단에는 같은 주제의 강의식 수업과 확인실험을 3개의 주제로 7차시에 걸쳐 지도하였으며, 과학 탐구 능력 검사지를 사용하여 사전 사후 검사 결과를 분석하고, 수업 관찰, 학생 활동지, 주관식 설문지, 인터뷰 내용의 분석을 통해 드러난 학생들의 인식을 바탕으로 프로그램의 효과를 논의하였다. 그 결과, 본 프로그램을 활용한 수업이 중학생의 과학 탐구 능력에 통계적으로 유의미한 변화를 보였으며, 구체적으로 실험집단은 비교집단에 비하여 기초 탐구 능력의 하위요소 중 예상에서 유의미한 것으로 나타났고 통합 탐구 능력의 하위요소인 자료변환, 가설설정, 변인통제에서 그 차이가 유의한 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 또한, 학생들이 과학 법칙이 생성되는 과정에 관심을 가지게 되었고 친구들과 협력으로 인해 높은 흥미를 보였으며 학생들에게 과정 중심의 탐구를 통해 과학적 사고를 하는 기회를 제공하였다. 결국, RSP기반 화학 탐구 프로그램이 학생들에게 미치는 긍정적인 영향을 바탕으로 프로그램의 활용 가능성을 확인 할 수 있다.