• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1093-1100
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• 2021

The present study investigated the effect of ammonia load on microbial communities in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of propionic acid. A laboratory-scale continuous anaerobic digester treating propionic acid as a sole organic substrate was operated under non-inhibitory condition and inhibitory conditions with ammonia (1.5 g and 3.5 g ammonia-N/L, respectively), and bacterial and archaeal communities in the steady states of each ammonia condition were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Thirteen bacterial families were detected as abundant bacterial groups in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of propionic acid. Increase in ammonia concentration resulted in significant shifts in microbial community structures. Syntorophobacter, Pelotomaculum, and Thermovigra were determined as the dominant groups of (potential) propionate oxidizing bacteria in the non-inhibitory condition, whereas Cryptanaerobacter and Aminobacterium were the dominant groups of (potential) propionate oxidizing bacteria in the ammonia-inhibitory condition. Methanoculleus and Methanosaeta were the dominant methanogens. Acetate-oxidation coupled with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis might be enhanced with increases in the relative abundances of Methanoculleus and Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans under the ammonia-inhibitory condition. The results of the present study could be a valuable reference for microbial management of anaerobic digestion systems that are exposed to ammonia inhibition and propionic acid accumulation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.311-319
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• 2022

Hyaluronic acid from Liparis tessellatus eggs (HALTE) was grafted with caffeic acid (CA-g-HALTE), ferulic acid (FA-g-HALTE), gallic acid (GA-g-HALTE), and nisin (Nisin-g-HALTE) and investigated for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) generation and prostaglandin E₂ activity were measured after treatment with the grafted HALTE samples. All grafted HALTE samples exhibited more antioxidant activity against 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals than 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. Nisin-g-HALTE showed the least antioxidant activity. Additionally, the NO assay results showed that all grafted samples had no cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages and reduced macrophage activity after treatment. The most effective concentrations of CA-g-HALTE and FA-g-HALTE were found to be above 100 ㎍/mL. Increased sample concentration resulted in increased activity except with Nisin-gHALTE at 100 ㎍/mL. CA-g-HALTE, FA-g-HALTE, GA-g-HALTE, and Nisin-g-HALTE were found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, which can be further explored for use in food, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and biomedical applications.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.438-443
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• 1993

Physico-chemical properties of glucitol fatty acid polyesters (GPE)-one of the potential fat substitutes-were analyzed and compared with conventional edible oil. The refractive Index, apparent viscosity and melting point of S-GPE (soybean oil GPE) were 1.472, 103 cps. at $37^{circ}C\;and\;-53^{\circ}C$, respectively. S-GPE were liquid at room teperature and the Yellowness of S-GPE was slightly stronger than that of soybean oil. The acid value and smoke point of S-GPE were 0.06 and $200^{\circ}C$. To supplement the weak thermal stability of S-PEG, SP-GPE (soybean-palm blended oil GPE) was prepared with soybeanpalm blended oil (70% of soybean oil and 30% of palm oil). The appearance and color of SP-GPE was not much different from S-GPE but the smoke point of that was increased to $210^{\circ}C$. It means that thermal stability of GPE can be enhanced by increasing saturation of the fatty acid composing GPE. Because most of physico-chemical properties of S-GPE or SP-GPE were similar to conventional edible oil, they are expected to be considered as a potential fat substitute with further study for confirming the safety.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.277-288
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary acidity load and clinical symptoms in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This case-control study examined 55 patients with RA and 215 healthy individuals in a Ravansar non-communicable diseases (RaNCDs) cohort study, Iran. Participants' food intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The dietary acidity was calculated using potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP), and dietary acid load (DAL) scores. The patients with RA were identified based on the self-reporting, medications history, and the approval of the cohort center physician following patients' examination. The odds ratio (OR) of joint stiffness in fully adjusted model was greater in the upper median of dietary acidity than in the lower median (PRAL: odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-2.36), but there was no statistically significant difference. The OR of joint pain in the upper median of dietary acidity was less than in the lower median in fully adjusted model (PRAL: OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.46-1.29), but the difference was not statistically significant. After adjusting potential confounders, people in the upper median of dietary acidity had a higher OR of developing RA than those in the lower median (PRAL: OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.70-2.76); however, it was not statistically significant. There was not any statistically significant relationship among dietary acidity and the odds of joint pain, joint stiffness, and developing RA.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.2139-2142
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• 2011

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.204-210
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of water states (water, osmotic potential and turgor pressure) of fruit vesicle and leaf on soluble solids and organic acid contents of fruits of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid, M16 A line during the fruit maturing season in plastic house cultivation. The 'Shirauhi' grafted on 'Swingle citrumelo', strong strength of rootstock, produced fruit with lower soluble solids and organic acid content than 'Trifoliate' orange rootstock. The fruits vesicle water potential and turgor pressure measured before dawn in 'Swingle citrumelo' were higher tendency than the 'Trifoliate' orange, but osmotic potential values were lower than the 'Trifoliate' orange. The changes of leaf water potential were very similar to the fruit. The results suggest that in the 'Shirauhi' fruits grafted on two rootstocks changes of soluble solids and organic acid content of the fruit were influenced by the leaf water potential and the osmotic potential of the fruit vesicles, which might be caused by the difference of root distribution between two rootstocks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 1996

This research was based on comparing ozonation with combined ozone/ultraviolet oxidation through the methods of reducing THM produced during water treatment. The results were as follows ; 1. The decline of THM concentration was appeared according as ozone dosage increases with ozonation and combined ozone/ultraviolet oxidation. The more effective method was the treatment of irradiating UV then ozonation. In the beginning of reaction the decline rate of THM formation potential was low, I thought it was because that the reaction of ozone and humic acid needed times to be steady state, or that THM formation potential existed according to humic acid. 2. The effect of combined ozone/ultraviolet oxidation when ozone dosage was 4.2mg/L min was almost the same that of ozonation when ozone dosage was 8.6mg/L min. 3. In experiment of TOC decline through ozonation and combined ozone/ultraviolet oxidation, TOC concentration was also dropped according to increasing ozone dosage and the more effective results were showed in treatment of irradiating UV than ozonation. But the similar TOC remove rates were showed in experiment of changing with ozone dosage during combined ozone/ultraviolet oxidation TOC remove rates were low in proportion to the remove rates of THM formation potential, it was considered that humic acid was made low molecule itself though ozonation and ozone/ultraviolet oxidation. Moreover, the high degree of remove efficiency will be get though the treatment of activated carbon of GAC treatment after combined ozone/ultravilet oxidation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 1989

Characterization and classification of the potential acid sulfate soils found on flood-plains in Yeongnam area were summarized as follows: 1. The "Potential acid sulfate soil" layer(s) were appeared in the around 2-4m substrata of soil profiles and characterized by the fine texture, high reduction and physical unripened soft mud deposits or having higher contents of organic matter with dark color. 2. The contents of total sulfur (T-S) in those soils were ranged around 0.45-0.9% and the materials exhibited a strong acidity upon the oxidation with $H_2O_2$. Although the T-S contents was low as much as 0.15%, the sulfidic materials were also acidified strongly by the oxidation with $H_2O_2$ in the condition of lower content of carbonates. As defined in Soil Taxonomy of USDA, most of the sulfidic materials contained less than 3 times carbonate ($CaCO_3$ equivalent wt. %), but there were some which abundant in shell fragments, contained more than 3 times carbonate by weight percentage and that not much acidified by the oxidation with $H_2O_2$. 3. The contents of T-S correlated negatively with the pH oxidized by $H_2O_2$ and with the fizzing time (minutes) due to addition of $H_2O_2$. 4. The potential acid sulfate soils could be defined as soil materials that had sulfidic layer(s) more than 20cm thick within 4m of the soil profile and contained more than 0.15% of T-S with less than 3 times carbonate ($CaCO_3$ equiv. %). A tentative interpretative soil classification system was proposed, i.e., "Weak potential acid sulfate (T-S, 0.15-0.5%)", "Moderate potential acid sulfate (T-S, 0.5-0.75%)", and "Strong potential acid sulfate (T-S, more than 0.75%)". Finally, it was proposed that the "Detailed soil survey with high intensity" should be carried out in the areas of agricultural engineering works such as arableland readjustment works, in advance.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.493-501
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• 2018

The present study was carried out with the hypothesis that combination of canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid may have potential effect on insulin level, insulin resistance, cardiac biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines and histological studies in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 DM was induced by injecting nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before STZ (60 mg/kg) injection. Canagliflozin (5 and 10 mg/kg) and omega-3 fatty acid (300 mg/kg) were given for 28 days after confirmation of diabetes. Biochemical estimations revealed elevated levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-R and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic group. Daily dosing of alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid slightly reduced elevated levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-R and inflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, and $TNF{\alpha}$), whereas canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid combination has reduced these biochemical parameters significantly when compared with diabetic group. Similarly in diabetic group the levels of cardiac biomarkers such as lipid profile, LDH, CKMB and troponin were significantly increased. Elevated levels of cardiac biomarkers were significantly reduced after daily dosing of alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid. Canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid combination has offered better improvement in cardiac biomarkers compared to alone canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid. Histopathological analysis also supported the above hypothesis that combination therapy (canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid) offered better protection against degenerative changes in ${\beta}-cells$ of pancreas as compared to alone treatment with these drugs. Thus the present study revealed that canagliflozin and omega-3 fatty acid can be used as potential combination therapy in type 2 DM along with cardiac complication.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.223-233
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• 2024

Objectives: The phytochemicals in the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias (also known as Sea Spurge) and their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Methods: The methanolic extract was characterized using GC-MS and HPLC techniques. The anti-inflammatory feature was estimated through a Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization technique, while the antimicrobial feature was evaluated by the disc diffusion agar technique, minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) via micro-broth dilution method. Results: The GC/MS results demonstrated the existence of various phytochemicals, such as n-hexadecenoic acid, cis-11-eicosenoic acid, and methyl stearate, recognized for their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial features. The similarity of the phytochemical composition with other Euphorbia species emphasizes the genus-wide similarity. The anti-inflammatory activity exhibited a noteworthy inhibitory effect comparable to the reference drug indomethacin. The extract's antimicrobial potential was tested against a range of microorganisms, demonstrating significant action against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. The quantification of total phenolics and flavonoids further supported the therapeutic potential of the extract. Conclusion: The methanolic extract from E. paralias emerges as a successful natural source of important active constituents with potential applications as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents. This research provides a first step to valorize Euphorbia paralias insights as a source of worthwhile phytochemicals that have potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.