• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.9-30
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• 1985

The study was carried out to find out the changes of the sex hormone levels in the milk of Holstein cows during the reproductive stages such as the estrous cycle, pregnancy and periparturient period. The FSH, LH, estradiol-17$\beta$ and progesterone from the milk samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The levels of progesterone and estradiol-17$\beta$ were similar among inter-quarters, but they were higher in after milking than before milking times, with no statistical significance. 2. The milk progesterone levels during the estrous cycles reached a peak mean level of 3.55$\pm$0.26ng/$m\ell$ at 15 days after estrus and they did not show any differences among the length of estrous cycles. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the estrous cycles showed a peak level of 36.40$\pm$2.38pg/$m\ell$ at estrus, and decreased(17.20$\pm$0.46 pg/$m\ell$ to 18.65$\pm$1.26pg/$m\ell$) at luteal phase. 3. The FSH levels during the estrous cycles ranged from 2.25$\pm$0.23mIU/$m\ell$ to 4.35$\pm$0.24mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. The LH levels during the estrous cycles gradually increased and remained a peak level of 10.90$\pm$0.36mIU/$m\ell$ from 20 to 25 days after estrus. 4. The progesterone levels during the pregnancy were decreased from 30 to 60 days after artificial insemination, and therafter continuously increased until 240 days. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the pregnancy were 24.56$\pm$1.19pg/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial inseminaton, and increased rapidly until 180 days. The levles were agagin decreased by 26.17$\pm$3.03pg/$m\ell$ until 210 days and markedly increased by 68.00$\pm$8.70pg/$m\ell$ until 240 days. 5. The prolactin levels during the pregnancy were 31.27$\pm$2.31ng/$m\ell$ and 42.60$\pm$2.37ng/$m\ell$ at day 150 and 240 after artificial insemination respectively. The LH levels during the pregnancy reached a peak of 27.47$\pm$7.90mIU/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial insemination, and thereafter gradually decreased. 6. The progesterone levels during the periparturient period reached a peak of 4.61$\pm$0.34ng/$m\ell$ at day 3 prepartum, and thereafter gradually decreased, and showed 2.05$\pm$0.60ng/$m\ell$ at day 7 postpartum. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the periparturient period showed high level from 207.23$\pm$6.04pg/$m\ell$ at day 1 prepartum to 239.90$\pm$13.90pg/$m\ell$ at day 2 prepartum, and thereafter began to decline and reached 51.87$\pm$1.72pg/$m\ell$ at by 7 postpartum. 7. The prolactin levels during the periparturient period showed relatively higher level at the time of parturition. The LH levels during the periparturient period rnage from 6.32$\pm$0.32mIU/$m\ell$ to 13.90$\pm$1.37mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. 8. The progesterone levels(4.6$\pm$0.8ng/$m\ell$) of the pregnant cows were significantly higher than those (1.84$\pm$1.4ng/$m\ell$) of nonpregnant cows. The cows of artificial insemination from 61 to 90 days after parturition showed higher progesterone levels. 9. During 20 to 25 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from milk progesterone levels were 94.4% for nonpregnant cows(<2.3ng/$m\ell$), and 75.0% for pregnant cows( 3.2ng/$m\ell$). The average overall accuracy of pregnancy prediction for nonpregnant and pregnant cows 83.3% 10. The results obtained this study suggest that the understanding of the endocrinological mechanisms by means of milk hormone analysis during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and parturition would give the basic information needed for increasing efficiency of reproduction. This study would not only provide an accurate method of the early pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone levels but also contribute to the research of providing the method of detecting of FSH levels in milk, which was difficult in blood serum.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2001

본 실험은 한국재래산양에 있어서 분만 후 초기에 prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$(PG $F_{2{alpha}$)의 투여가 호르몬 농도 및 난포발육에 미치는 효과를 검토하기 위하여 수행되었던 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 분만한 한국재래산양에 혈장중 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$의 농도는 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$처리 후 2일에 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$처리군 (GR-1 및 GR-2)에서 각각 6.35$\pm$0.5 및 0.22$\pm$0.2pg/$m\ell$로서 저하한 후 점차 증가하여 4일 후 21.18$\pm$1.6 및 4.21$\pm$0.4 pg/$m\ell$로서 절정에 도달하였다. 2. 혈장중 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$의 농도는 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ 처리 전 9.08$\pm$1.2 및 5.44$\pm$1.8 pg/$m\ell$였으며 처리후 농도는 다소 저하하였으나 처리 군간에 유의차는 없었다. 3. 혈장중 estradiol-l7$\beta$( $E_2$)농도는 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ 처리 후 2일까지 점차 감소한 후 3일에 증가하여 4일에 최대치에 도달하였다. 4. 혈장중 luteinizing hormone (나T)의 농도는 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ 처리 후 약간의 증가가 있었으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 5. 혈장중 prolactin (PRL)의 농도는 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$처리후 감소되었으나 저농도의 수준으로 남아 있었다. 6. PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$의 처리 후 소형 및 중형의 난포의 수는 거의 유사하였으나 4mm 이상 대형 난포의 수는 숫적로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ 및 estradiol-17$\beta$는 난포의 직경과 관계가 있다고 암시되며 PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$는 난포발육을 촉진하였다고 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2014

This review focuses on modulation of growth hormone (GH) and its downstream actions on periparturient dairy cows undergoing physiological and metabolic adaptations. During the periparturient period, cows experience a negative energy balance implicating that the feed intake does not meet the total energy demand for the onset of lactation. To regulate this metabolic condition, key hormones of somatotropic axis such as GH, IGF-I and insulin must coordinate adaptations required for the preservation of metabolic homeostasis. The hepatic GHR1A transcript and GHR protein are reduced at parturition, but recovers on postpartum. However, plasma IGF-I concentration remains low even though hepatic abundance of the GHR and IGF-I mRNA return to pre-calving value. This might be caused by alternation in IGFBPs and ALS genes, which consequently affect the plasma IGF-I stability. Plasma insulin level declines in a parallel manner with the decrease in plasma IGF-I after parturition. Increased GH stimulates the lipolytic effects and hepatic glucose synthesis to meet the energy requirement for mammary lactose synthesis, suggesting that GH antagonizes insulin-dependent glucose uptake and attenuates insulin action to decrease gluconeogenesis.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.9-21
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• 1981

The purpose of this study was to observe and describe the maternal attachment behavior during the mother's first interactions with her newborn and define the factors contributing to differences in maternal attachment behavior. Observations of the mother's first interaction with her newborn can offer valuable information about the mother-infant relationship, and it provides an opportunity for planning individulized care for them. Data was collected from Sep. 1, 1950 to Oct.30, 1980 at Ewha Womans University Hospital. Maternal attachment behaviors of healthy full-term infants were observed and recorded on the .maternal attachment tool and analysed by the use of means, standard deviations and ANEVA test. The following trends of maternal behaviors were observed: 1. Identifying behaviors was the predominant mode and all of the mothers inspects baby's body features. 2. Modalities of interaction, that is, touching was initiated on the babies extremities and heads (57.3%) rather than the trunks (8.7%) and mothers touched their infants with their fingertips (58.2%) more than palm touching (14.6%) 3. Care-taking activities performed by the mother were negligible at the first interaction. 4. Parity of mother, sex of infant, age of mother, planned pregnancy, length of visits by mother to infant appeared to have significant influence on the maternal attachment behaviors.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.157-170
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• 1991

Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropln(${\gamma}$BST) on hematologie and blood chemical values were investigated in twenty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows. Recombinant BST was administered by two different routes ; intramusculary(12.5mg and 25mg/day) and subcutaneously(500mg and 750mg) in sustained-release vehicle every 2 weeks beginning 4 weeks postpartum and continuing for 7 months. Whole blood and serum samples were collected 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 months after beginning of treatments from control and ${\gamma}$BST-administered groups. Hematologic values including RBC, PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, WBC and differential counts of treatment groups receiving ${\gamma}$BST were similiar to those of control group. Blood chemical values observed were total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, glucose, cholesterol, Ca, Pi, Ca/pi ratio, total bilirubin, creatinine, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. There were no significant differences in blood chemical values of cows administered with ${\gamma}$BST from those of control. Although some blood chemical values were fluctuated at a certain observation period, they were remained within the normal physiological ranges. It is concluded from the observations of these experiments that the dose and dosage froms of ${\gamma}$BST employed in this work might not affect hematologic and blood chemical values in dairy cows under the normal sanitary condition and adequate nutritional balance.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.444-453
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• 1992

Recent research reported that postpartum mothers showed different responses according to the type of delivery, and though most mothers preferred vaginal delivery to cesarean section, the numbers of negative comments about the delivery experience were higher in a vaginal delivery group than in a cesarean section group. This study set out to understand the meaning of vaginal delivery as perceived by mother who delivered their babies vaginally and how the mothers felt about their delivery experience. The subjects of this study were 17 primiparous mothers right after vaginal delivery in one university affiliated hospital. Date were collected from March to April, 1992 through interviews lasting 20∼30 minutes using open ended questions about the delivery experience. The data were analyzed by Giorgi's phenomenological analysis method and categorized according to similarity of countent. The meaning of the vaginal delivery was grouped in to four categories and the reason for vaginal in to three. One category of the meaning of vaginal delivery was pain, consisting of the subcategories too painful, want to be rid of the pain, unbearable pain and bearable pain. Another cutegory was a sense of accomplishment containing the subgroups wonderful, good and being finished, The third category was the feeling of becoming a mother The fourth category was that of not having any sense yet of the experience. The reasons for preference for vaginal delivery to a cesarean section were categorized in to the instinctive thinking that vaginal delivery was the natural method, a shortened period of recovery and a lower incidence of complications and a stronger feeling of maternal identity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1093-1101
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• 2003

Reproductive data, such as numbers of days to the first estrus and A.I. service postpartum, number of days to conception, number of A.I. services required for conception, interval between the first estrus and first A.I. service and the average interval of A.I. service in Thai native-Friesian crossbred and pure Friesian dairy cows, were compiled in the National Dairy Training and Applied Research Institute in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The data were analyzed statistically and the effect of milk production on these reproductive traits was investigated. The reproductive efficiency of purebred cows was obviously inferior when compared with crossbred animals, in spite of special care being given to the purebred only in order to alleviate the effect of a tropical climate and provide better feeding. However, the regression analysis between reproductive and lactational parameters revealed a definite antagonistic effect of lactation on reproduction, especially in the purebred cows, which had a larger amount of milk production and longer lactation period. If these effects of lactation were eliminated, there would be no evident difference in reproductive efficiency between purebred and crossbred cows in the conditions of this study. Among the reproductive parameters examined, the number of days to the first estrus and interval between the first estrus and first A.I. service were less affected by breed difference and the magnitude of lactation than other reasons.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.842-849
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• 2005

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to establish a nursing intervention data base to improve maternal attachment. Method: The first group of mothers( control group), experienced their first physical contact with their infants after being discharged from the hospital. The second group (experimental group) practiced early initial mother-infant postpartum contact known as the most sensitive period for founding maternal-infancy attachment. The subjects of this study gave birth to normal infants at M hospital from Aug.25 to Sept.30, 2004. During the same time, data was collected through direct observation, with instruments designed by Cropley et al., to assess the behaviors of normal attachment. The statistical methods for data analysis were percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test with an SPSS program. Result: The group practicing initial mother-infant contact, showed a higher degree of physical and functional bonding than the group experiencing the first contact after discharge from the :10spital (control group)(p<.0l). The group practicing initial mother-infant contact, showed higher degrees of bonding attachment assessments than the group experiencing their first initial contact after their discharge from the hospital(p<.01). Conclusion: The group practicing early mother-infant contact, showed more maternal-infant interaction than the group experiencing their initial contact after their discharge from the hospital. These results show that maternal attachment behavior increases according with an early initial mother-infant contact.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1993

The present study was conducted to examine the reproductive performance of dairy cow at alpine area. 1,515 dairy cows were managemented at above 800m of sea level around the Dea-Gwan Ryeong in Kangweon-Do. The results at this study were as follows ; 1. The average first estrus was 105.0 days after pastruation. 2. The highest percentage ofpregnancy(26.4%) and parturation(27.6%) were obtained at September to November and June to August, respectively. 3. The rate of pregnancy was 61.0%. Pregnancy rates according to insemination times of 1, 2 and 3 were 60.8, 23.5 and 9.8%, respectively and insemination time per pregnancy was 1.64. 4. Ages of first inseminatin, pregnancy and parturition of heifer were 17.9, 18.6 and 27.7 months, respectively. 5. Time of postpartum pregnancy was 133.0 days after parturition, and pregnancy period and calving interval were 279.6 and 410.3 days, respectively. 6. Six ratio of offspring was 52.1% of female versus 47.9% of male, and the proportion of twins was 0.65%. 7. The proportions of normal parturition, stillbirth and abortion were 91.9, 2.2 and 5.9%, respectively.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2005

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to verify the effects of aromatherapy on labor pain and perception of the childbirth experience. Methods: This study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this experiment consisted of forty eight primiparas without problems during the gestation period. Twenty four primiparas in the experimental group were given general obstetric nursing care with aromatherapy every two hours. Twenty four primiparas in the control group were given general obstetric nursing care only. Data was collected for labor pain measured by a labor pain expression scale, uterine contraction activity measured by Montevideo units in the latent phase, active phase, and transition phase and the perception of childbirth experience 24hours after birth. Data was analyzed by t-test, and repeated measures of ANOVA with an SPSS program. Results: No significant group effects were found, but significant time effects were found for labor pain, and uterine contraction activity. There was no significant difference in postpartum mothers' perception about childbirth. Conclusion: In this study, effects of aromtherapy decreasing labor pain expression, and increasing the perception of childbirth was not found.