• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2014

TGF-${\beta}$ induces IgA class switching by B cells. We previously reported that Smad3 and Smad4, pivotal TGF-${\beta}$ signal-transducing transcription factors, mediate germline (GL) ${\alpha}$ transcription induced by TGF-${\beta}1$, resulting in IgA switching by mouse B cells. Post-translational sumoylation of Smad3 and Smad4 regulates TGF-${\beta}$-induced transcriptional activation in certain cell types. In the present study, we investigated the effect of sumoylation on TGF-${\beta}1$-induced, Smad3/4-mediated $GL{\alpha}$ transcription and IgA switching by mouse B cell line, CH12F3-2A. Overexpression of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-1, SUMO-2 or SUMO-3 did not affect TGF-${\beta}1$-induced, Smad3/4-mediated $GL{\alpha}$ promoter activity, expression of endogenous $GL{\alpha}$ transcripts, surface IgA expression, and IgA production. Next, we tested the effect of the E3 ligase PIASy on TGF-${\beta}1$-induced, Smad3/4-mediated $GL{\alpha}$ promoter activity. We found that PIASy overexpression suppresses the $GL{\alpha}$ promoter activity in cooperation with histone deacetylase 1. Taken together, these results suggest that SUMO itself does not affect regulation of $GL{\alpha}$ transcription and IgA switching induced by TGF-${\beta}1$/Smad3/4, while PIASy acts as a repressor.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.252-255
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• 2017

$Mo_xW_{1-x}Si_2$ heaters were fabricated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) process and post sintering process. To validate the reliability of the $Mo_xW_{1-x}Si_2$ heaters, the accelerated life test (ALT) was conducted, and then lifetime to $Mo_xW_{1-x}Si_2$ heaters was estimated by using Minitab programs. Also, the failure analysis of $Mo_xW_{1-x}Si_2$ heaters after ALT was performed through electrical and structural properties. As the results, it was confirmed that the dominant failure mode of $Mo_xW_{1-x}Si_2$ heaters is the crack formation in heaters and the delamination of protective $SiO_2$ layers.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1994

The long term goal of this research is to develop an efficient procedure for large scale production of genetically identical or cloned animals. To improve nuclear transpalntation efficiency in the rabbit, this study evaluated the age of nuclear recipient oocytes on the different steps of nuclear transplantation. The ovulated oocytes in different ages were collected from the superovulated does by flushing oviducts with Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline(D-PBS) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum(FCS) from 13 to 15, 17 to 20 and 23 to 26 hours after hCG injection. The denuded oocytes were used as nuclear recipient cytoplasm following enucleation by micromanipulation. The blastomeres separated from the 8-cell embryos were used as nuclear donor. The enucleated oocytes receiving a blastomere in the perivitteline space were fused in the 0.28 M mannitol solution at 1.5 kV/cm, 60 sec for three times. The fused oocytes were co-cultured with the monolayered rabbit oviductal epithelial cells in TGM-199 solution with 10% FCS for 72 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$ in a 5% $CO_2$ incubator. The cultured nuclear transplant embryos and in vivo developed embryos collected at 72 hours after hCG injection were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye. Their cell numbers were counted under a fluorescent microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The aged oocytes(20 hrs. post hCG) showed significantly(P<0.05) higher fusionrates(70 ~ 90%) than the recently ovulated oocytes(30.8%) 2. The aged oocytes which were electrically activated and fused at 20 hours developed to blastocyst at significantly(P<0.05) high rate, while none of the recently ovulated oocytes developed to blastocyst. 3. Even though the aged oocytes at 23~26 hours showed higher fusion rate(85.7%), not only they were inadequate to manipulate but also their developmental potential to blastocyst was highly impaired. 4. The developmental potential in vitro of nuclear transplant embryos was significantly retarded than in vivo deveolped embryos.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2016

This study was to investigate effect of progesterone ($P_4$) on prostaglandin (PG) synthases and plasminogen activators (PAs) system in bovine endometrium during estrous cycle. Endometrium tissues were collected from bovine uterus on follicular and luteal phase and were incubated with culture medium containing 0 (Control), 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 ng/ml $P_4$ for 24 h. The $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ synthase (PGFS), $PGE_2$ synthase (PGES), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), urokinase PA (uPA), and PA inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) mRNA in bovine endometrium were analyzed using reverse transcription PCR and PA activity was measured using spectrophotometry. In results, COX-2 was higher at 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group than control group in luteal phase (p<0.05), but, it did not change in follicular phase. Contrastively, PGES was significantly increased in 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to control group in follicular phase, but there were no significant differ among the treatments in luteal phase. uPA was no significant difference between $P_4$ treatment groups and control group in both of different phase. PAI-1 was decreased in 20 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to control group in follicular phase (p<0.05). PA activity was decreased in 2 ng/ml $P_4$ group compared to other groups in follicular and luteal phase (p<0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that $P_4$ may influence to translation and post-translation process of PG production and PA activation in bovine endometrium.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.719-727
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• 2011

Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum, which produces seven (A-G) antigenically diverse neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are the most poisonous substances known to humans, with a median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of approximately 1 ng/kg of body weight. Owing to their extreme potency and lethality, they have the potential to be used as a bioterrorism agent. The mouse bioassay is the gold standard for the detection of botulinum neurotoxins; however, it requires at least 3-4 days for completion. Attempts have been made to develop an ELISA-based detection system, which is potentially an easier and more rapid method of botulinum neurotoxin detection. The present study was designed using a synthetic gene approach. The synthetic gene encoding the catalytic domain of BoNT serotype B from amino acids 1-450 was constructed with PCR overlapping primers (BoNT/B LC), cloned in a pQE30 UA vector, and expressed in an E. coli M15 host system. Recombinant protein production was optimized at 0.5 mM IPTG final concentration, 4 h post induction, resulting in a maximum yield of recombinant proteins. The immunogenic nature of the recombinant BoNT/B LC protein was evaluated by ELISA. Antibodies were raised in BALB/c mice using various adjuvants. A significant rise in antibody titer (p<0.05) was observed in the Alum group, followed by the Titermax Classic group, Freund's adjuvant, and the Titermax Gold group. These developed high-titer antibodies may prove useful for the detection of botulinum neurotoxins in food and clinical samples.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.883-888
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• 2012

The efficacy of cowdung, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA)-biofertilizer, and Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)-biofungicide, alone or in combination, was evaluated for controlling foot rot disease of lentil. The results exhibited that BINA-biofertilizer and BAU-biofungicide (peat soil-based Rhizobium leguminosarum and black gram bran-based Trichoderma harzianum) are compatible and have combined effects in controlling the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii, which cause the root rot of lentil. Cowdung mixing with soil (at 5 t/ha) during final land preparation and seed coating with BINA-biofertilizer and BAU-biofungicide (at 2.5% of seed weight) before sowing recorded 81.50% field emergence of lentil, which showed up to 19.85% higher field emergence over the control. Post-emergence deaths of plants due to foot rot disease were significantly reduced after combined seed treatment with BINA-biofertilizer and BAU-biofungicide. Among the treatments used, only BAU-biofungicide as the seed treating agent resulted in higher plant stand (84.82%). Use of BINA-biofertilizer and BAU-biofungicide as seed treating biocontrol agents and application of cowdung in the soil as an organic source of nutrient resulted in higher shoot and root lengths, and dry shoot and root weights of lentil. BINA-biofertilizer significantly increased the number of nodules per plant and nodules weight of lentil. Seeds treating with BAU-biofungicide and BINA-biofertilizer and soil amendment with cowdung increased the biomass production of lentil up to 75.56% over the control.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2015

The common way to obtain a stereoscopic image of a subject at a distance is to place two cameras on the parallel axis rather than crossing axis. To find the IAD and maximum focal length, left and right images are obtained by varying the IAD of cameras and the focal length of the camera lens and the depth budget for the obtained images is analyzed through post production. Then, the database for IAD and focal length of the camera lens with the depth range that does not cause visual fatigue and visual discomfort are developed. These data are used to design fuzzy control and deduce the IAD and focal length of the camera lens to shoot a subject at a distance, and the function of the fuzzy control is confirmed through the actual shooting within the range of deduced IAD and focal length of the camera lens.

• Korean Security Journal
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• 제42호
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• pp.423-447
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• 2015

This paper gives analyses on the historical origin where features from social punishment and re-socialization in North Korea have been developed. The process of the development largely consists of three periods, that is, the period of nation construction (1945-1950), the period of Korean War (1950-1953), the period of nation reconstruction (1950-1961). This paper provides that features from punishment and re-socialization have been developed during the historical transformation from pre-Korean War to post-Korean War. The 'wartime socialism system' had been established in the course of reconstruction of postwar nation. In the system, North Korean had been embraced into the structure of re-socialization in its production unit and living space.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.480-480
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• 2010

In the present work, we studied effect of the deposition parameters on the structure and properties of ZnO films deposited by DC arc plasmatron. The varied parameters were gas flow rates, precursor composition, substrate temperature and post-deposition annealing temperature. Vapor of Zinc acetylacetone was used as source materials, oxygen was used as working gas and argon was used as the cathode protective gas and a transport gas for the vapor. The plasmatron power was varied in the range of 700-1,500 watts. Flow rate of the gases and substrate temperature rate were varied in the wide range to optimize the properties of the deposited coatings. After deposition films were annealed in the hydrogen atmosphere in the wide range of temperatures. Structure of coatings was investigated using XRD and SEM. Chemical composition was analyzed using x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy. Sheet conductivity was measured by 4-point probe method. Optical properties of the transparent ZnO-based coatings were studied by the spectroscopy. It was shown that deposition by a DC Arc plasmatron can be used for low-cost production of zinc oxide films with good optical and electrical properties. Sheet resistance of 4 Ohms cm was achieved after the deposition and 30 min annealing in the hydrogen at $350^{\circ}C$. Elevation of the substrate temperature during the deposition process up to $350^{\circ}C$ leads to decreasing of the film's resistance due to rearrangement of the crystalline structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2017

Korea has established an advanced infrastructure for real-time precise positioning such as CORS, virtual reference station service and perform continuous upgrading. However, in order to utilize the national infrastructure, it is necessary to process the acquired spatial information and take many steps to derive the final product. In addition, this process is highly dependent on foreign software. In this study, GNSS field survey system was developed and evaluation of its usability was performed. Real-time GNSS field survey system was developed and the system improves user̓s convenience and usability. The system was able to conduct survey effectively and produce the results. In addition, we compare the existing software with the survey performance to show the availability of the real-time GNSS surveying system. The system developed through the research can perform all the functions from real-time survey to the production of the outputs. It can create economical added value of the foreign software as a whole and simplify the work required for post-survey performance.