• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.54
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• pp.58-75
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• 2011

This study explores the management of cable local channel and its related issue of renewed license. Programming of the local channel is the special obligation duty on the cable system operators(SO) under the article 70 (3) of the Broadcast Act. The law provides that SO should operate a local channel which produce, program and transmit the local information, a broadcast program guide and the official announcement items etc. under the conditions as prescribed by Presidential Decree. And the article 55 of the Enforcement Decree defines the scope of broadcast program which transmit through the local channels. And the Korea Communications Commission(KCC) grants a renewed licence 3-5 years based on the level of contribution to the development of local community under the article 31 of the Broadcasting Act and the Rules of Broadcast Evaluation. However, the management of local channel does not give the operators real benefit for the investment of a significant cost, and it could be a reason why the local channel programming has not been vitalizing despite of the legal coercion. To solve the several research questions, this study used in-depth interviews with the experts concerned and literature review for the government documents. The result shows that each SO local channel schedule almost 24 hour a day, but much of them is the repeat programming. In addition to that, the outcome reveals that the scale of the cost investment on the local channel is decreasing and the evaluation score of its management is not so positive figures. These result indicates that the policy of the cable local channel needs revised policy alternatives or paradigm on the basis of realistic goals.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.13
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• pp.5355-5358
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• 2014

Background: To assess the role of sonographic endometrial thickness and hysteroscopic polyp size in predicting premalignant and malignant polyps in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 328 postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium underwent operative hysteroscopy due to detection of endometrial polyps were included in this retrospective study. Preoperative endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography and polyp size on hysteroscopy were noted. Hysteroscopic resection with histology was performed for endometrial polyps. Endometrial thickness and polyp size were evaluated on the basis of final diagnosis established by histologic examination. Receiver operator characteristic curves were calculated to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of endometrial thickness and polyp size for detecting pemalignant and malignant polyps. Results: Premalignant and malignant polyps were identified in 26 (7.9%) of cases. Sonographic measurement showed a greater endometrial thickness in cases of premalignant and malignant polyps when compared to benign polyps. On surgical hysteroscopy, premalignant and malignant polyps were also larger. Endometrial thickness demonstrated a sensitivity of 53.8%, specificity of 85.8%, PPV of 24.6% and NPV of 95.6% at a cut-off limit of 11.5 mm with diagnostic accuracy of 83.2%. Polyp size has a diagnostic accuracy of 94.8% with a sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 95.0%, PPV of 61.5% and NPV of 99.3% at a cut-off point of 19.5mm. Conclusions: Endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography is not sufficient in predicting premalignant and malignant endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium. Polyp size on hysteroscopy is a more accurate parameter, because of better sensitivity and specificity. However, while polyp size ${\geq}19.5mm$ seems to have a great accuracy for predicting premalignancy and malignancy, histologic evaluation is still necessary to exclude premalignant and malignant polyps.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.229-240
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• 2010

Most of all researchs and analyses in the field of television industry of Korea were related to Cable Television SO(System Operator), but few about PP(Program Provider) from the viewpoint of Industrial Theory in Korea. However, there wasn't a comprehensive research analysis in terms of the co-relationship of the market structure, market conduct and market performance of PP. This research analyzes co-relationship and dynamics of the market structure of PP, its market conduct and market performance in a comprehensive way in Cable TV industry. Especially this paper focuses on the analysis of 1)relationship and its influence between market structure and market conduct, 2) relationship and its influence between their market conducts and market performances and 3) relationship and its influence between market structure and market performance among 40 commercial PPs in terms of the theory of Industrial Organization in Korea. This paper is delated and reported as follows in conclusion : 1)the type of horizontal integration has an effect on the price and scale in the relationship between the structure and its conduct. 2)the price has effect on the revenue and viewing rate between the conduct and performance. And high dependency of the Cable TV license fee has an effect on viewing rate and revenue per subscribers(ARPU) between the conduct and performance. 3)The horizontal integration between the structure and performance had a positive effect on viewing rate and its product differentiation has an effect on the revenue per subscribers. Net cost of the product had a negative effect on the rate of profit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.489-495
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the consumer-brand relationship Quality (CBRQ) on the brand loyalty in the fast food restaurant in Masan, Korea. The Questionnaires were distributed to 250 students in the K University located in Masan, who were sampled by convenience-sampling method. The surveys were performed from December 6 to 14, 2004. The 246 Questionnaires were responded, and 12 unusable Questionnaires were excluded, then 234 were used for the final analysis $(response rate:\;93.7\%)$. For the statistical analysis, SPSS (12.0) was used to conduct the descriptive analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. The result of this study showed that 2 constructs (satisfaction and commitment) of consumer-brand relationship Quality have significant positive effects on the brand loyalty in the fast food restaurant. It meant that as consumer-brand relationship quality becomes stronger, the customer's brand loyalty becomes greater. The differences of customer loyalty between the high and low group of self-connective attachment, satisfaction, commitment, trust and intimacy were significant. So the brand loyalty of high group of customer-brand relationship quality was significantly higher than that of low group of customer-brand relationship quality. As a conclusion, the operator in the fast food restaurant should focus on the marketing strategy to strengthen the quality of consumer-brand relationship in order to increase the brand loyalty of customers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Objectives: The purposes of this study are to investigate workers' exposures to respirable particles generated in taconite mines and to compare two metric methods for mass concentrations using direct-reading instruments. Methods: Air monitorings were conducted at six mines where subjects have been exposed primarily to particulate matters in crushing, concentrating, and pelletizing processes. Air samples were collected during 4 hours of the entire work shift for similarly exposure groups(SEGs) of nine jobs(N=37). Following instruments were employed to evaluate the workplace: a nanoparticle aerosol monitor(particle size range; 10-1000 nm, unit: ${\mu}m^2/cc$, Model 9000, TSI Inc.); DustTrak air monitors($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, unit: $mg/m^3$, Model 8520, TSI Inc.); a condensation particle counter(size range; 20-1000 nm, unit: #/cc, P-Trak 8525, TSI Inc.); and an optical particle counter(particle number by size range $0.3-25{\mu}m$, unit: #/cc, Aerotrak 9306, TSI Inc.). Results: The highest airborne concentration among SEGs was for furnace operator followed by pelletizing maintenance workers in number of particle and surface area, but not in mass concentrations. The geometric means of $PM_{2.5}$ by the DustTrak and the Ptrak/Aerotrak were $0.04{\mu}m$(GSD 2.52) and $0.07{\mu}m$(GSD 2.60), respectively. Also, the geometric means of RPM by the DustTrak and the Ptrak/Aerotrak were $0.16{\mu}m$(GSD 2.24) and $0.32{\mu}m$(GSD 3.24), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient for DustTrak $PM_{2.5}$ and Ptrak/Aerotrak $PM_{2.5}$ was 0.56, and that of DustTrak RPM and Ptrak/Aerotrak RPM was 0.65, indicating a moderate positive association between the two sampling methods. Surface area and number concentration were highly correlated($R^2$ = 0.80), while $PM_{2.5}$ and RPM were also statistically correlated each other($R^2$ = 0.79). Conclusions: The results suggest that it is possible to measure airborne particulates by mass concentrations or particle number concentrations using real-time instruments instead of using the DustTrak Aerosol monitor that monitor mass concentrations only.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.137-150
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• 1996

Safety is built in to the activities of the prudent ship operator. Ant investment made towards this end is likely to have a measurable payback in positive terms. That there must be an investment is inevitable, because the industry at large has let things slip too far too long. Those who have not allowed it to slip too far and who are the first to recognize that safety, far from costing money, in the long term actually preserves it, will be wieners. Too many seem to have lost sight of the fact that every one hundred pennies saved is a full one hundred pennies profit. Every hundred pennies of additional revenue contributes no more then fifteen pence to profit. Environmental protection is not so simple, nor so financially attractive. Man needs the minerals of the Earth as well as the products of the soil and sea survive. We(the human race) are still not in the position, politically or financially to manage the Earth's assets without causing damage. The evidence of our damage is evident in many different parts of the Glove and will in some cases haunt several generations still to come. We have learned a lot, and continue to learn, but despite the best intentions some Government needs for their people will be at the expense of people in another region for the foreseeable future. We sailors ply the seas with the raw materials of commerce as well as the finished and part finished goods. It does not always sit well to consider too deeply what effect the ship and the cargo it carries is having, or may have, on some communities, or on the sea through which sail. None my generation can hold up his head and claim to be without blame in the pollution of the seas. Times are changing though, and Governments are turning their attention more to the protection of our planet and its precious resources. This will not be without cost. The investment will have to be made not for our benefit, but for the benefit of generations yet to come, however the cost will have to be borne by society as a whole, not by the shipping community alone. The debate surrounding the choice between engineering our way to a better tomorrow, or adapting our working practices will continue. Each method has the same goal as its target and as long as we attain the goal does it really matter how we get there?

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.399-407
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• 2023

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs in more than 15% of the dogs over 10 years of age and causes irreversible renal function deterioration. Therefore, it is important to diagnose CKD early and treat the disease properly. The purpose of this study aimed to to evaluate the clinical utility of urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) using POC (point-of-care) device as an early detection urinary biomarker in CKD dogs and to confirm the correlation between ACR and other known CKD biomarkers. Urine and serum samples were obtained from 50 healthy dogs and 50 dogs with CKD. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations, and urine protein creatinine ratio (UPC) were measured. Urine specific gravity (USG) was evaluated using refractometer, and ACR was measured using an i-SENS A1Care analyzer. The ACR values of dogs with CKD were significantly different from those of healthy dogs (p < 0.001), as with other renal biomarkers. ACR showed significant differences between healthy dogs and dogs with CKD at every IRIS stage (p < 0.005), whereas no significant differences were observed between dogs with CKD IRIS stage I and healthy dogs with UPC. There are significant positive correlation between ACR and BUN (r = 0.611, p < 0.001), creatinine (r = 0.788, p < 0.001), SDMA (r = 0.747, p < 0.001), and UPC (r = 0.784, p < 0.001), and significant negative correlation between ACR and USG (r = -0.700, p < 0.001). In receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.982 (95% CI 0.963-1.000, p < 0.001), with an optimal cut-off value of 64.20 mg/g (94% sensitivity and 94% specificity). Thus, ACR is a useful urinary biomarker for the early diagnosis of proteinuria in CKD and combined use of ACR and other renal biomarkers may be helpful for early diagnosis and prevention of CKD in dogs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.190-197
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• 2001

Noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL) was the highest rate (43.5%~58.5% from 1996 to 1998) of positive findings through specific medical program in Korea. There were much more NIHL at workers of automobile manufacturing factories than other manufacturing factories. The specific aim of the present study was to determine the noise exposure of automobile press lines, according to their job titles, press line types(auto, semiauto), dosimeter parameters setting. There were a total 11 press lines sampled at a automobile manufacturing company. Among those press lines, 10 press lines were autolines with acoustic enclosure, one semiauto press line was no aucostic enclosure Noise exposure data were sampled for an work shift using noise dosimeter, which recorded both time-weighted average(TWA) and 1-min average. The mean OSHA TWA(Korea TWA with threshold 90) was $80.7dB(A){\pm}4.7dB(A)$ for leader, $82.8dB(A{\pm}4.5dB(A)$ for pallette man, $76.7dB(A){\pm}4.3dB(A)$ for press operators, $76.6dB(A){\pm}5.6dB(A)$ for crane operators, $77.1dB(A){\pm}2.8dB(A)$ for forklift drivers, whereas the mean NIOSH TWA was $88.9dB(A){\pm}1.7dB(A)$ for leader, $89.6dB(A){\pm}2.1dB(A)$ for pallette man, $86.7dB(A){\pm}1.8dB(A)$ for press operators, $88.5dB(A){\pm}2.0dB(A)$ for crane operators, $87.7dB(A){\pm}1.0dB(A)$ for forklift drivers. While L10 for NIOSH TWA samples was 84.8 dB(A) ~ 87.3 dB(A), L10 for OSHA TWA samples was 69.5 dB(A) ~ 77.4 dB(A). L10 means that the TWA for 90% of the samples exceeded L10. Among OSHA TWA(Korea TWA with threshold 90) samples for pallette man, 7.7 % exceeded 90 dB(A), the OSHA permissible exposure level, but OSHA TWA samples for the other job titles didn't. Among NIOSH TWA samples, the samples over 85 dB(A), the NIOSH recommended exposure limit, was 100% (leaders), 83.3 %(operators), 97.4%(palletteman), 100%(forklift drivers), 91.7 %(crane operator). The results of One-way random effects analysis of variance models shows that the difference between job titles was significant by OSHA TWA(p<0.05), but not significant by NIOSH TWA(p>0.05). NIOSH TWA samples were significantly higher than OSHA TWA samples(P<0.05). Regression analysis was used to obtain relationships between OSHA TWA samples and NIOSH TWA samples. In this case the coefficient of determination = 0.90, which shows the high degree association between two methods. Regression equation, NIOSH TWA = 0.552 * OSHA TWA + 42.13 dB(A), shows that if OSHA TWA is known, NIOSH TWA can be predicted by the equation. The mean TWA difference between threshold 80 dBA and 90 dBA was significant(p<0.01). While the TWA noise exposures were 7.7% above the Korea(OSHA) PEL, they were more than 83.3% over NIOSH REL. Automobile workers were exposed to noise level that could be potentially damaging to their hearing. It found that there is approximately 25% excess risk of hearing loss even if a worker is protected to the PEL in according to NIOSH study.