• 전자공학회논문지C
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• 제34C권7호
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• pp.61-69
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• 1997

With the vigorous researches in the character recognition, the need to recognize run-on multilingual handwritten characters is increasing to provide uses with more comfortable PUI(pen user interface) environments. In general, many intermediate word candidates word candidates are generated in run-on multilingual recognition because there is no information of ending position and linguistic kind of character. To remove unnecessary word candidates which are generated in run-on multilingual recognition, we classify them into two groups and select the best candidate among the word candidates in the group where the final characater is completed using 5 attributes. In this research, we propose a method in order to select the best one candidate. It is called WRM (Weighted ranking method). The weights are adaptively trained by LMS(Least mean square) learning rule. Results show that the abilities of decision makin gusing weights are much better than those not using weights.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.42-52
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• 1997

Computer aided process planning and Offline programming are decisive factors in successful implementation of automated robotic production. However, conventional offline programming procedure has proven ineffective due to time-consuming teaching process for robot programming and due to inefficient system modeling. The paper presents an efficient procedure to semi-automatically generate robot job programs for ship block welding applications. In the research, the teaching positions are automatically determined by predefined rules which are functions of the type and the dimensions of the given welding section of ship block. And a sequence of robot movements and welding conditions such as welding type, welding current, welding speed, and welding torch orientation, are determined by use of Standard Program which is experimentally proved to work well for the welding wection group. Finally, a robot program for the welding section is generated automatically. Based on the algorithm, a offline automatic teaching software is developed. The paper presents also the algorithm and structure of the software.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제10B권2호
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• pp.219-228
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• 2003

본 논문은 한국어정보처리 과정에서 구문 관계를 의미역으로 사상시키기 위한 규칙을 효과적으로 구축하는 방법을 제시하고 있다. 의미역의 결정은 의미 분석의 핵심 작업 중 하나이며 자연어처리에서 해결해야 하는 매우 중요한 문제 중 하나이다. 일반적인 언어학 지식과 경험만 가지고 의미역 결정 규칙을 기술하는 것은 작업자의 주관에 따라 결과가 많이 달라질 수 있으며, 또 모든 경우를 다룰 수 있는 규칙의 구축은 불가능하다. 하지만 본 논문에서 제시하는 방법은 대량의 원시 말뭉치를 분석하여 실제 언어의 다양한 사용례를 반영하며, 또 수십 명의 한국어 학자들이 심도 있게 구축하고 있는 세종전자사전의 격틀 정보도 함께 고려하기 때문에 보다 객관적이고 효율적인 방법이라 할 수 있다. 의미역을 보다 정확하게 결정하기 위해 구문관계, 의미부류, 형태소 정보, 이중주어의 위치정보 등의 자질 정보를 사용하였으며, 특히 의미부류의 사용으로 인해 규칙의 적용률이 향상되는 효과를 가져올 수 있었다.

• 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 기존 파티클 스웜 최적화를 기반으로 추적 대상 객체의 이동 궤적을 이용하는 객체 추적기에서 시간 정보 활용의 문제점을 개선한 강인한 객체 추적 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 추적 대상 객체와 유사한 특징을 가지는 변위들의 집합에 대한 위치들의 온라인 업데이트와 추적을 가능하게 한다. 객체들의 중첩을 검출하고 추적 대상의 위치를 결정하기 위해 궤적 정보와 변위들의 집합을 기반으로 적응적 파라미터를 사용하는 규칙기반 접근을 사용한다. 기존 알고리즘들과 비교해보면 제안하는 접근법은 가용한 정보를 복합적으로 사용함으로써 각종 임계값에 대한 적응적 조정을 가능하게 한다. 또한, 파티클 스웜 최적화에서 발산에 의한 손실과 불완전한 수렴의 문제를 해결하기 위해 효율적인 가중치 조절 함수를 제안하고 있다. 제안하는 가중치 조절 함수는 파티클들이 최적의 해에 수렴하기 이전에 전체 프레임 영역에서 탐색할 수 있도록 한다. 유사한 특징 조합을 가지는 다중 객체가 존재하는 환경에서 제안 알고리즘을 테스트한 결과, 기존 스웜 최적화 기반의 객체 추적기들에 비해 기존 유사 변위들에 대한 잘못된 추적을 현저히 줄이는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제2권
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• pp.31-67
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• 1990

One of the first issues which arose in the evolution of air law was the determination of the vertical limits of airspace over private property. In 1959 the UN in its Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, started to give attention to the question of the meaning of the term "outer space". Discussions in the United Nations regarding the delimitation issue were often divided between those in favour of a functional approach ("functionalists"), and those seeking the delineation of a boundary ("spatialists"). The functionalists, backed initially by both major space powers, which viewed any boundary as possibly restricting their access to space(Whether for peaceful or military purposes), won the first rounds, starting with the 1959 Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space which did not consider that the topic called for priority consideration. In 1966, however, the spatialists, were able to place the issue on the agenda of the Outer Sapce Committee pursuant to Resolution 2222 (xxx1). However, the spatialists were not able to present a common position since there existed a variety of propositions for delineation of a boundary. Over the years, the funtionalists have seemed to be losing ground. As the element of location is a decisive factor for the choice of the legal regime to be applied, a purely functional approach to the regulation of activities in the space above the Earth does not offer a solution. It is therefore to be welcomed that there is clear evidence of a growing recognition of the defect inherent to such an approach and that a spatial approach to the problem is gaining support both by a growing number of States as well as by publicists. The search for a solution of the problem of demarcating the two different legal regimes governing the space above the Earth has undoubtedly been facilitated, and a number of countries, among them Argentina, Belgium, France, Italy and Mexico have already advocated the acceptance of the lower boundary of outer space at a height of 100km. The adoption of the principle of sovereignty at that height does not mean that States would not be allowed to take protective measures against space activities above that height which constitute a threat to their security. A parallel can be drawn with the defence of the State's security on the high seas. Measures taken by States in their own protection on the high seas outside the territorial waters-provided that they are proportionate to the danger-are not considered to infringe the principle of international law. The most important issue in this context relates to the problem of a right of passage for space craft through foreign air space in order to reach outer space. In the reports to former ILA Conferences an explanation was given of the reasons why no customary rule of freedom of passage for aircraft through foreign territorial air space could as yet be said to exist. It was suggested, however, that though the essential elements for the creation of a rule of customary international law allowing such passage were still lacking, developments apperaed to point to a steady growth of a feeling of necessity for such a rule. A definite treaty solution of the demarcation problem would require further study which should be carried out by the UN Outer Space Committee in close co-operation with other interested international organizations, including ICAO. If a limit between air space and outer space were established, air space would automatically come under the regime of the Chicago Convention alone. The use of the word "recognize" in Art. I of chicago convention is an acknowledgement of sovereignty over airspace existing as a general principle of law, the binding force of which exists independently of the Convention. Further it is important to note that the Aricle recognizes this sovereignty, as existing for every state, holding it immaterial whether the state is or is not a contracting state. The functional criteria having been created by reference to either the nature of activity or the nature of the space object, the next hurdle would be to provide methods of verification. With regard to the question of international verification the establishment of an International Satelite Monitoring Agency is required. The path towards the successful delimitation of outer space from territorial space is doubtless narrow and stony but the establishment of a precise legal framework, consonant with the basic principles of international law, for the future activities of states in outer space will, it is still believed, remove a source of potentially dangerous conflicts between states, and furthermore afford some safeguard of the rights and interests of non-space powers which otherwise are likely to be eroded by incipient customs based on at present almost complete freedom of action of the space powers.

• 의료법학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.3-28
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• 2016

민사법에서 제조물 책임이 전문용어로 정착된 반면, 형사법에서는 일반적으로 받아들여진 전문용어는 없다. 민사법에서 제조물책임과 달리 형사책임에서는 개개인의 책임성과 규범질서의 장애가 중요하다. 즉 구체적인 개개인의 의무위반행위가 그리고 제조물이 법익위태화 또는 법익침해라는 결과를 야기했다는 인과관계가 입증되어야 한다. 형법에서 제조물 책임은 일반 거동범을 제외하고는 상해죄 또는 과실치상죄, 살인죄 또는 과실치사죄가 주로 문제가 된다. 물론 결과발생과 관련된 행위가 작위인지 부작위인지 구별되어야 하고, 그 행위와 결과사이에 인과관계가 입증되어야 하며, 고의 혹은 과실도 인정되어야 한다. 이 글에서는 우리나라, 독일, 스페인 등에서 실제로 문제가 되었던 판례들을 분석하여 인과관계의 확정에서 드러난 문제점을 중심으로, 특히 제조물과 관련된 형사책임을 인정하기 위한 핵심문제인 인과관계의 문제를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이 글에서는 인과관계의 검토단계를 자연과학적 인과법칙과 규범적 인과관계로 나누어 2단계로 검토하는 견해를 따랐다. 이 절차에 따른 제조물의 형사책임을 인정하기 위한 인과관계의 입증은 우선 그 제조물의 특정물질이 결과발생을 야기할 수 있는 일반적인 위험성이 있어야 하고, 그것을 전제로만 구체적인 사안에서 인과관계의 검토가 의미가 있는 것으로 보았다. 일부 판례와 학설에서 나타나는 것처럼, 일반적 인과관계 자체가 전혀 존재하지 않는 경우에도 자유심증에 의해 구체적 인과관계를 확정한다고 하더라도 일반적 인과법칙에 반하는 것이 아니며, 법관의 심증을 경험법칙보다 우위에 놓은 것도 아니므로 구체적 인과관계의 인정이 가능하다는 견해가 있다. 하지만 이 글은 구체적 인과관계를 인정하기 위한 전제인 객관적이고 합리적으로 의심없는 인과법칙이 존재하지 않는다면 법관은 "의심스러울 때는 피고인의 이익으로(in dubio pro reo)" 원칙에 따라 무죄를 선고해야 하며, 사실상 입증책임의 전환의 효과가 있는 자유심증이라는 방식으로 객관적으로 입증되지 않는 사실에 대한 부담을 피고인이 지도록 하는 것은 허용되지 않는다는 입장을 취하였다. 법관의 임무는 인과관계가 100% 확실하다는 데 대한 합리적 의심이 없어야 한다는 것으로 보기 때문에 인과관계를 추정하는 것이지만, 일반적 인과관계가 100% 확실한 것을 의미하는 것이 아니라 통계적으로 유미의한 인과관계가 있다는 점을 인정하는 것이 라는 점을 강조하였다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-35
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• 1997

Fertilized egg, by successive cell divisions, differentiates into different tissues and organs with various structures and functions. Different cells and tissues contain different proteins, products of selective gene expression. Not all the genes in any genomes are equally active, temporal and spatial gene expression being the general rule. Present paper attempts to review the tanscriptional mechanisms or the initiations of transcription from several angles. In some of the organisms the genes in the process of transcription or the genes in the inactive state can be seen under the light microscope. Some bands of Drosophila polytene chromosomes may exhibit a swollen or puff appearance under certain conditions. A puff, unfolded or decondensed form of chromomere, represents sets of intense transcriptional activity or RNA synthesis. The heterochromatic X chromosome whose genes remain inactive in the female mammals can be visualized as a dark staining structure called Barr body, Configuration of chromatin differs between transcribed and nontranscribed chromatin. Modification to the chromatin facilitates RNA synthesis. The movement of large polymerase molecule along the DNA would probably be facilitated if some modifications of the chromatin configuration is effected. Methylation of cytosines in CG sequences is associated with inactive genes. Methylation can play a role in determination of mammalian cells during embryogenesis. Demethylation is necessary for the gene to be expressed during development A histone modification that is also known to be correlated with transcriptional capacity of chromatin is acetylation of the lysine residues of the core histones. Chromatin containing a high level of histone acetylation is very sensitive to DNase 1. For the transcription to occur TBP must first bind to the TATA box. Another TF, TF IIB, then binds to the promoter-TBP complex, facilitating the access of RNA polymerase to the transcription initiation site. As recently as eight years ago researchers assumed that histones were irrelevant to the regulation of gene expression. Histones combine with the DNA to form nucleosome of the chromatin. Histones are vital participant in gene regulation. Histone and basal factors compete for access to TATA box. When DNA is exposed to basal factors before histones are introduced, the basal factors assemble on TATA boxes preventing the access of histones, allowing transcription to occur, for transcription to begin, activator protein at the upstream activation sequence or enhancer must interact with the tail of histone H4 at TATA box and cause the histone role particle to dissociate from the TATA box leading to partial breakup of the histone core particle and allowing the basal factors to bind to the TATA box. New concept of genomic flux in contrast to the old concept of static genome has been developed based on the powerful new molecular techniques. Genomic changes such as repetitive DNAs and transposable elements, it is assumed but not yet proved, may affect some of the developmental patterns that characterize particular cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. In the last decade or so remarkable achievement have been made in the researches of the structures and functions of TFs and the specific target sequences located in promoters or enhancers where these TFs bind. TFs have independent domains that bind DNA and that activate transcription. DNA binding domain of TFs serves to bring the protein into the right location. There are many types of DNA binding domains. Common types of motifs can be found that are responsible for binding to DNA. The motifs are usually quite short and comprise only a small part of the protein structure. Steroid receptors have domains for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activating transcription. The zinc finger motif comprises a DNA binding domain. Leucine zipper consist of a stretch of amino acids with a leucine residue in every seventh position Two proteins form a dimer because they interact by means of leucine zippers on similar α-helical domain. This positions their DNA binding basic domains for interaction with the two halves of a DNA sequence with dyad symmetry of TGACTCA, ACTGAGT.