• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.33-52
• /
• 2014

This paper proposes a unified structural account of some instances of the English Modals and Semi-auxiliaries. The classification and the syntactic/structural description of the English Modal auxiliary verbs and verb-related elements have long been the center for many proposals in the history of generative syntax. According to van Gelderen (1993) and Lightfoot (2002), it was sometime around 1380 that the Tense-node (T) appeared in the phrasal structures of the English language, and the T-node is under which the English Modal auxiliaries occupy. Closely related is the existing evidence that English Modals were used as main verbs up to the early sixteenth century (Lightfoot 1991, Han 2000). This paper argues for a bi-clausal approach to English Modal auxiliaries with the infinitival particle 'to' such as 'ought to' 'used to' and 'dare (to)' 'need (to)', etc. and Semi-auxiliaries including 'be to' and 'have to'. More specifically, 'ought' in 'ought to' constructions, for instance, undergoes V-to-T movement within the matrix clause, just like 'HAVEAux' and all instances of 'BE', whereas 'to' occupies the T position of the embedded complement clause. By proposing the bi-clausal account, Radford's (2004, 2009) problems can be solved. Further, the historical motivation for the account takes a stance along with Norde (2009) and Brinton & Traugott (2005) in that Radford's (2004, 2009) syncretization of the two positions of the infinitival particle 'to' is no different from the 'boundary loss' in the process of Grammariticalization. This line of argument supports Krug's (2011), and in turn Bolinger's(1980) generalization on Auxiliaryhood, while providing a novel insight into Head movement of V-to-T in Present Day English.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.66-79
• /
• 2000

한국산 쓴풀속(용담과) 식물 중 남한에 분포하는 5분류군과 변이체라 생각되는 1분류군, 총 6분류군에 대하여 줄기, 잎, 자방, 악, 자방의 횡단면, 주두, 잎표피, 주맥표면, 화관열편 표면, 밀선, 종피와 화분의 해부학적 형질과 미세구조를 조사하여 절과 종간의 한계를 분명히 하여 종 동정의 어려움을 해결하고 분류학적 위치를 설정하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 북한에 분포하는 1분류군은 동경대학의 소장품을 관찰하여 분류군의 기재에 사용하였다. 연구결과, 자방의 내부구조, 밀선의 형태, 화관열편 표면의 미세구조 그리고 화분 표면의 무의 등에 의해 2개의 절로 구분되었고 밀선과 종피의 미세구조에 의해 종간의 구분이 가능하였으며, 이 형질들은 쓴풀속의 분류군들을 구별할 수 있는 매우 유용한 형질로 밝혀졌다. 변이체라고 생각되었던 큰잎쓴풀(화관 열편에 자색 점무늬를 갖는 분류군)A형은 자색 점 이외의 형질들에서는 전혀 차이를 찾아볼 수 없어 모종의 변이 폭에 넣는 것이 타당하다고 생각된다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.1133-1133
• /
• 2001

Fruit sweetness, as indexed by total soluble solids (TSS), and fruit acidity are key factors in the description of the fruit eating quality. Our group has been using short wave NIR spectroscopy (SW-NIR; 700-1100 nm) in combination with chemometric methods (PLS and MLR) for the non-invasive determination of the fruit eating quality (1,2). In order to further improve calibration performance, we have investigated SW-NIR spectra of sucrose and D-glucose. In previous reports on the band assignment for these sugars in the 1100-2500 nm spectral region (3-7), it has been established that change in concentration, temperature and physical state of sugars reflects on the shape and position of the spectral bands in the whole NIR region(5-7). The effect of change in concentration and temperature of individual sugar solutions and sugar spiked Juice samples was analysed using combined spectroscopic (derivative, difference, 2D spectroscopy) and linear regression chemometric (PLS, MLR) techniques. The results have been compared with the spectral data of a range of fruit types, varying in TSS content and temperature. In the 800-950 nm spectral region, the B-coefficients for apples, peaches and nectarines resemble those generated in a calibration of pure sucrose in water (Fig. 1). As expected, these fruits exhibit better calibration and prediction results than those in which the B-coefficients were poorly related to those for sugar.(Figure omitted).

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.100-106
• /
• 2017

Outline map is used for the description and reconstruction of the traffic accident. One way to produce the outline map is by adopting detailed measurements from the accident site such as final position of the vehicle and pedestrian, width of the road, and locations of the oil and tire marks. This method consumes large amount of time not to mention that of the production of detailed version as fine as the picture of the site. Aerial recording equipment so called HeliCam can produce an outline map that can substitute that of manual method with even faster production time and higher resolution. However, the produced picture have errors which are resulted by distortion due to the characteristics of camera and direction of the photographing. This paper provides correction of the distortion of oultline map produced by HeliCam using Adobe Photoshop and PC-Rect. The result showed resonable error range less than 6 cm(0.1%) for $60m{\times}30m$ area taken by HeliCam. The presented method develops outline map with small error, which is useful to traffic accident analysis, and traffic accident cases analyzed in this study were also.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.61-80
• /
• 2020

Objectives : To clarify the construction, changes, and contents of the diagrams of spleen through comparison of 30 different diagrams originated from Mingtangzangfutu. Methods : The diagrams were analyzed in whole shape, ratio between width and height, shape of the lower part, and concavo-convex of the middle part, then matched to the characteristics of the section diagram. The contents of the diagram of the spleen were newly interpreted with comparison to the classical texts. Results : The whole shape is described to be a long sword, long stick, bottle gourd, western pear, sole of feet. The height to width ratio was mostly above 4.0:1, but those listed in the 『Bianquemaishunaning』 and 『Hehensancaituhui』 were 1.9:1~1.0:1, most similar to the numbers described in the 『Nanjing』. The shape of the lower part was narrow and sharp, narrow and flat or wide and flat. To analyze through affiliation characteristic, properties of other affiliations could be found. In comparison to classical texts, the diagrams could be found to be affected by 『Nanjing』 and Wangbing's annotations. The diagrams of the spleen should be composed of the spleen, the cord of spleen, and Sangao(散膏); but those which distinguish the spleen and the cord of spleen are twelve. The description of its shape as being similar to sword or sickle seems to come from Lichan's misunderstanding of the diagram in 『Zhenjiujuying』. Those that mention Sangao are merely two and their opinion on the position are different from each other; both did not identify it with the pancreas. Conclusions : In the process of the diagrams differentiating into 30 they were affected by the classical texts. The various changes seem to come from difference in understanding of the content composition of the diagram of the spleen.

• 치위생과학회지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 2020

Background: Despite the demand for greater competence of dental hygienists in recent times, and the consequent standardization of systems in the organizations, there is a lack of a proper system for hierarchal positions of dental hygienists. The aim of this study was to identify the tasks performed by Korean dental hygienists in various work settings and hierarchal positions to suggest a standardized system for task-related hierarchal positions. Methods: A survey was conducted by sending questionnaires to 966 dental hygienists, and responses from 757 participants were included in the final analysis. The survey comprised questions regarding participants' general characteristics, tasks, current positions, and the internal policies or standards of the respective organizations to define these positions. The participants' positions were analyzed as frequency and cross-sectional analysis with respect to their general characteristics, their place in the organizational charts, the size of their workplaces, and differences in the tasks performed. Results: Data showed that 82.6% of the hospitals and clinics in Korea have organizational systems to determine the positions, and there was a significant difference in the systems according to the size of the health facility (p<0.05). The standards or policies used to define positions within general or university hospitals were determined by internal regulations or bylaws, whereas work experience was the major determinant of positions in smaller dental hospitals or clinics. The main tasks performed by dental hygienists in Korea were dental assistance (81.2%), routine dental hygiene tasks (53.4%), and administrative tasks, such as reception and billing (46.1%). Conclusion: Most dental hygienists in Korea are actively involved in dental assistance. Therefore, their specific tasks and responsibilities should be standardized more effectively. The data obtained from this study can be used to establish a standardized position system.

• 대한지리학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.109-122
• /
• 1998

본 연구는 지리교육에서 지리적 가치문제를 다룰 수 있는 가치 교수-학습 프로그램을 개발하고, 이 프로그램의 전개과정을 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 프로그램은 7단계의 수업절차 즉, 지리적 가치문제의 인식(지리적 가치문제의 내용 읽기, 그리고 관련된 행동 기술과 목록화), 지리적 가치문제의 분석(지리적 가치문제의 분석과 비교, 그리고 가치입장의 순위화), 의사결정, 의사결정의 정당화 그리고 행동화로 조직되었다. 그리고 본 프로그램을 실험집단에 적용하여 간단한 임상실험을 실기하였다. 그 결과, 지역사회문제에 대한 의사결정과정과 활동을 강조하는 본 프로그램은 학생들에게 주관적인 경험을 제공하고, 의사결정능력을 개발하고, 의사결정에 대한 책임의식을 심어줄 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그래서 본 수업 프로그램은 학생들의 민주시민으로서의 사회적 참여능력을 신장시키는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 중환자간호학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.25-40
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the frequency and importance of task performance and the perceived competence to perform of the emergency nurse practitioners (ENPs) certified in Korea. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 41 ENPs certified by March 2012. The questionnaire to identify frequency, importance, autonomy, and perceived competence to perform 131 typical ENP task elements was developed on the basis of the standardized role of an ENP defined by the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The professional nursing practice showed the highest scores for performance frequency, task importance, autonomy, and perceived competence to perform as compared to other job categories. Clinical decision making was the most frequently performed duty. Data collection was the duty with highest levels of importance, autonomy, and perceived competence for the ENPs. However, the ENPs reported that research was the duty with the lowest levels of frequency, importance, autonomy, and perceived competence Conclusion: ENPs in Korea perform various tasks. In order to improve their position in the field, it is necessary to clarify their job description and enhance their competence to perform evidencebased professional nursing practices.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.179-183
• /
• 1984

Tetracyclines복용으로 유발된 것으로 생각되는 약제성 식도궤양 3예를 보고하고 관계문헌의 내용을 고찰하고 비교해 보았다. 갑작스런 흉골하 작열감, 상복부 불쾌감 및 연하통을 호소할 때는 약제에 의한 식도궤양을 생각해보고 더 많은 관심을 가지고 내시경검사를 시행하면 쉽게 진단할 수 있을 것으로 생각되어지나, 병력과 문진으로도 대개 진단할 수 있다. 또한, 식도궤양을 유발할 수 있는 약물의 capsule이나 정제를 투약할 때는 복용방법과 시각에서, 약이 씻겨 내려갈 정도의 충분한 양의 액체를 같이 복용하도록 하고 잠자리 들기 바로전의 시각은 피하여 복용한 후 약이 내려갈 정도의 충분한 시간동안 눕지 않도록 권유하면 쉽게 예방할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.345-355
• /
• 2014

Since the beginning of the 21st century, emergence of innovative technologies in robotic and telepresence surgery has revolutionized minimally access surgery and continually has advanced them till recent years. One of such surgeries is endoscopic surgery, in which endoscope and endoscopic instruments are inserted into the body through small incision or natural openings, surgical operations being carried out by a laparoscopic procedure. Due to a vast amount of developments in this technology, this review article describes only a technological state-of-the arts and trend of endoscopic robots, being further limited to the aspects of key components, their functional requirements and operational procedure in surgery. In particular, it first describes technological limitations in developments of key components and then focuses on the description of the performance required for their functions, which include position control, tracking, navigation, and manipulation of the flexible endoscope body and its end effector as well, and so on. In spite of these rapid developments in functional components, endoscopic surgical robots should be much smaller, less expensive, easier to operate, and should seamlessly integrate emerging technologies for their intelligent vision and dexterous hands not only from the points of the view of surgical, ergonomic but also from safety. We believe that in these respects a medical robotic technology related to endoscopic surgery continues to be revolutionized in the near future, sufficient enough to replace almost all kinds of current endoscopic surgery. This issue remains to be addressed elsewhere in some other review articles.