• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.460-471
• /
• 2011

A port has been regarded as a significant contributor to air pollution in the surrounding areas. Port-related air pollutants are released from not only marine vessels, but also various land-side sources at ports, which include cargo handling equipment, vehicles, locomotives, and fugitive dust sources by port activities such as bulk handling and vehicle movements. However, most studies in Korea have only focused on vessel emissions and there is a lack of information on the emissions from other sources at port. In this study, in order to establish the port-related emission inventory and evaluate the relative contribution of these sources to air emissions from the Port of Incheon, the emissions from land-side sources were estimated and the CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) data for vessel emissions were used. In particular, the detailed information and activity data for the cargo handling equipment source were collected and the emission factors and emissions by equipment types were calculated using U.S. EPA methodologies. Total HC, CO, $NO_x$, $PM_{10}$, and $SO_2$ emissions from port-related sources including the vessel in 2007 were calculated as 229 ton/year, 638 ton/year, 4,861 ton/year, 307 ton/year, and 3,995 ton/year, respectively. It was found that the vessel was the largest contributor to air pollutant emissions from the port, the cargo handling equipment was responsible for about from 8% to 13% of HC, CO, and $NO_x$ emissions and the resuspended road dust contributed about 39% for $PM_{10}$ emissions. The results of this study will be used to establish the management and reduction strategies of air pollution in the port.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2011

The port of Busan is the fifth busiest container port in the world in terms of total mass of 20-foot equivalent units transported. Yet no attempts have been made to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the port of Busan by accounting for all port-related activities of the various transportation modes. With these challenges in mind, this study estimates the first activity-based GHG emissions inventory in the port of Busan, which consists of four transportation modes: marine vessels, cargo-handling equipment, heavy-duty trucks, and railroad locomotives. The estimation results based on the most recent and complete port-related activity data are as follows. First, the average annual transportation GHG emission in the port of Busan during the analysis period from 2000 to 2007 was 802 Gg $CO_2$-eq, with a lower value of 773 Gg $CO_2$-eq and an upper value of 813 Gg $CO_2$-eq. Second, the increase in the transportation-related GHG emissions in the port of Busan during the analysis period can be systematically explained by the amount of cargo handled ($R^2$=0.98). Third, about 64% of total GHG emissions in the port of Busan were from marine vessels because more than 40% of all maritime containerized trade flows in the port were transshipment traffic. Fourth, approximately 22% of the total GHG emissions in the port of Busan were from on-road or railroad vehicles, which transport cargo to and from the port of Busan. Finally, the remaining 14% of total GHG emissions were from the cargo handling equipment, such as cranes, yard tractors, and reach stackers.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.21-38
• /
• 2020

Currently, in-port emissions are a serious problem in port cities. However, emissions, especially non-greenhouse gases, from the operation of cargo handling equipment (CHE) have received significant attention from scientific circles. This study estimates the amount of emissions from on-land port diesel-powered CHE in the Port of Incheon. With real-time activity data provided by handling equipment operating companies, this research applies an activity-based approach to capture an up-to-date and reliable diesel-powered CHE emissions inventory during 2017. As a result, 105.6 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 243.2 tons of nitrogen oxide (NOx), 0.005 tons of sulfur oxide (Sox), 22.8 tons of particulate matter (PM), 26.0 tons of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 0.2 tons of ammonia (NH3) were released from the landside CHE operation. CO and NOx emissions are the two primary air pollutants from the CHE operation in the Port of Incheon, contributing 87.71% of the total amount of emissions. Cranes, forklifts, tractors, and loaders are the four major sources of pollution in the Port of Incheon, contributing 84.79% of the total in-port CHE emissions. Backward diesel-powered machines equipped in these CHE are identified as a key cause of pollution. Therefore, this estimation emphasizes the significant contribution of diesel CHE to port air pollution and suggests the following green policies should be applied: (1) replacement of old diesel powered CHE by new liquefied natural gas and electric equipment; (2) the use of NOx reduction after-treatment technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction in local ports. In addition, a systematic official national emission inventory preparation method and consecutive annual in-port CHE emission inventories are recommended to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of green policies conducted in the future.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.1251-1259
• /
• 2014

This study presents the linkage method combining the existing Port Management Information System (PORT-MIS) DB with the scattered vessel activity data sets including the hotelling and maneuvering characteristics and specification information of the vessels arriving and departing from the port of Busan from January 2009 to June 2010. By linking the data sets, this study made three types of vessel activity databases: L-PORT-MIS DB with low-level vessel activities, M-PORT-MIS DB with medium-level vessel activities such as hotelling time, H-PORT-MIS DB with high-level vessel activities such as hotelling time, engine power, etc. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimation results show that total GHG emissions decreases when the detailed vessel activities are employed. This decrease in the total GHG emissions by the level of vessel activities implies that the GHG emissions from the low and medium level vessel activities are overestimated due to the aggregated hotelling/maneuvering times and speeds resulting from the past vessel specifications. Therefore, the GHG emissions using the H-PORT-MIS DB are more reliable GHG emission estimates in that the vessel specifications and the observed hotelling time of each vessel are employed in the estimation process. Hence, the high-level vessel activity dataset should be constructed to implement more suitable countermeasures for reducing the GHG emissions in the port of Busan.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.133-150
• /
• 2015

This study estimates greenhouse and noxious gas emissions caused by cargo-handling equipment at the Port of Incheon in 2013 by applying the NONROAD Model (U.S. EPA). The port emitted 838.4 tons of NOx and 82,747 tons of CO2. The estimates are 2.4 times higher for NOx and 1.3 times higher for CO2 than those of the Port of Los Angeles. Emissions from general cargo-handling equipment are five times more than those from container cargo-handling equipment. Among the three ports comprising the Port of Incheon, the emissions at the North Port, which handles raw materials for industry are relatively higher than those at the other ports. Compared to the study conducted by Chang et al. (2013, 2014), this study finds that CO2 and NOx emissions per cargo-handling equipment are 10 times higher than the corresponding amounts per ship.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.15-28
• /
• 2016

Port of Busan is Korea's largest trading port processing over 18,000 TEU a year. This rapid growth causes air pollution problems in Busan. Ship emissions are significant air pollution sources and port area is relatively close to the business district, therefore it may have serious effects to the health of local people and environment. In this study, ship emissions are estimated, especially on hotelling large vessels. As a result, Port of Busan has 50,686, 48,842 ship calls and 2,343,037 and 2,297,118 tons of ship emissions in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Also, the environmental cost in Port of Busan is approximately 1.2 trillion won per year. This study emphasizes the necessity of ship emissions regulation, hence, it is expected to make a significant contribution in setting up ship emission management system.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 2015

The emissions of ozone precursors, NOx and VOCs from a biogenic source and port-related sources (ship, shipping container truck, and cargo handling equipment) were estimated in Busan during 2013. Total biogenic isoprene emission in Busan during 2013 was estimated to be $4,434ton\;yr^{-1}$ with the highest emission (e.g., $28ton\;day^{-1}$) in summer using a BEIS method. Seasonal ozone production rates by isoprene ranged from 0.15 (winter) to 2.08 (summer) $ppb\;hr^{-1}$, contributing the predominant portion to ambient ozone levels. Total emissions of NOx and VOCs from ship traversing Busan ports were estimated to be 29,537 and $814ton\;yr^{-1}$, respectively, showing the significant contribution to total NOx emission in Busan. The emissions of ozone precursors were significantly different depending on ship tonnage and port location. Compared to the ship emission, the emissions of NOx and VOCs from the shipping container trucks in Busan were insignificant (2.9% for NOx and 3.9% for VOCs). Total NOx and VOCs emissions from the cargo handling equipment were estimated to be 1,440 and $133ton\;yr^{-1}$, respectively with the predominance of yard tractors.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.146-157
• /
• 2015

Emissions of ozone precursors ($NO_x$ and VOCs) and photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs) of VOC emission sources were investigated in the largest port city (i.e., Busan), Korea during the year 2011. This analysis was performed using the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) national emission inventory provided by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea. For $NO_x$, the emissions from off-road mobile sources in Busan were the most dominant (e.g., $31,202ton\;yr^{-1}$), accounting for about 60% of the total $NO_x$ emissions. The emission from shipping of off-road mobile sources (e.g., $24,922ton\;yr^{-1}$) was a major contributor to their total emissions, amounting to 47% of the total $NO_x$ emissions due to the port-related activities in Busan. For VOCs, the emission source category of solvent usage was predominant (e.g., $36,062ton\;yr^{-1}$), accounting for approximately 82% of the total VOC emissions. Out of solvent usages, the emission from painting was the most dominant ($22,733ton\;yr^{-1}$), comprising 52% of the total emissions from solvent usages. The most dominant VOC species emitted from their sources in Busan was toluene, followed by xylene, butane, ethylbenzene, n-butanol, isopropyl alcohol, and propane. The major emission sources of toluene and xylene were found to be painting of coil coating and ship building, respectively. The value of POCP for the off-road mobile source (61) was the highest in ten major activity sectors of VOC emissions. Since the POCP value of ship transport of off-road mobile source (72) was also high enough to affect ozone concentration, the ship emission can play a significant role in ozone production of the port city like Busan.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2004

During the SI engine starting up, starting conditions directly contribute to the unburned hydrocarbon emissions in spark ignition engines. The effects of catalyst temperatures and fuel injection skip methods on HC emissions were investigated. The test was conducted on a 1.5 L, 4-cylinder, 16 valve, multipoint-port-fuel-injection gasoline engine. To understand the formation of HC emissions, HC concentration was measured in an exhaust port using a Fast Response Flame ionization Detector (FRFID). The result showed that HC emissions, which were emitted at the cold coolant and catalyst temperature, were generated much higher than those of hot coolant and catalyst temperatures. In additions, fuel injection skips reduced highly HC emissions. It is convinced that optimized fuel injection skip method according to coolant and catalyst temperatures could be applied to reduce HC emissions during the SI engine starts.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.289-297
• /
• 2016

In this study, we researched the emission source category and it was calculated emissions estimates from existing research or literature review related to port. In addition, we have created the basis for a policy that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions calculation based on the results of the harbor. Greenhouse gas emissions estimation results, we proposed a method for allocating the GIS space. In this study, we confirmed based on the calculated greenhouse gas emissions by sources resulting in the GIS Map Port result of the expression construct for space allocation. Based on these results, it tries to provide the basic data that can be used when you want to create a local government measures to reduce scenario in the future.