• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2004

Total 160 head of porcine kidneys were examined for gross and histopathological lesions and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Leptospira species and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Grossly, 137 kidneys (85.6%) had lesions characterized by the presence of the scattered white foci. Microscopically, multifocal interstitial nephritis, which classified into 4 grades such as, no lesion (Score 0), mild lesion (Score 1), moderate lesion (Score 2) and severe chronic lesion (Score 3) with fibrosis, was observed in 159 cases (99.4%). The histopathologic mean score for multifocal interstitial nephritis was significantly different (P<0.05) between the cases of PCV-2 single infection and the cases of co-infection with PCV-2 and PPV. According to PCR evaluation, PCV-2 were detected in 73.8% (118 cases), PPV were in 66.9% (107 cases), however Leptospira spp. and PRRSV were negative in all kidneys. Both PCV-2 and PPV were detected in 52.5% (84 cases). In 84 cases co-infected with PCV-2 and PPV, the occurrence of lymphoid follicle and vasculitis were observed as 65.5% (55 cases) and 26.2% (22 cases), respectively. These results revealed that PCV-2 and PPV were major infectious agents for interstitial nephritis in slaughtered pigs, Jeju. And the histopathologic lesions of multifocal interstitial nephritis were more severe in the case co-infected with PCV-2 and PPV.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.236-240
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• 2013

A total of 170 litters (575 samples) of aborted and stillbirth fetuses submitted to the Gyeongsangbuk-Do Veterinary Service Laboratory (GVSL) between January 2006 and December 2010 from pig farms in Gyeongbuk province were studied to identify porcine abortion- and stillbirth-associated viruses such as Porcine parvovirus (PPV), Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV), Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), and Aujeszky's Disease Virus (ADV). Virus was not detected by PCR in 36 litters, but viral antibody was detected by HI and ELISA in 93 litters. The majority of etiological viruses were PPV (67 litters, 39.4%), EMCV (50 litters, 29.4%), PRRSV (15 litters, 8.8%), and JEV (11 litters, 6.5%); ADV was not detected by either PCR or ELISA. Single infection occurred in 52 litters (30.6%), co-infection occurred in 41 litters (24.1%), and unknown cases with no detection of any of the five viruses occurred in 77 litters (45.3%).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.175-185
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the pathogenesis and pathogenicity of the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Korean isolate from weaned pigs. Twenty four weaned pigs, PCV2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) antibodies free, were allocated to 4 groups (n = 6). Six pigs were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 alone, 6 with PCV2 and PRRSV, 6 with the combined PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculum, and 6 were remained as a uninoculated negative control. Pigs were killed 3 and 6 weeks after inoculation and tissue samples examined for gross and microscopic lesions and for the presence of PCV2 antigens and nucleic acids. Experimentally inoculated pigs were evaluated for 3 considerations: 1. development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), 2. distribution of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 3. cytokine mRNA levels in lymph nodes. Pigs inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV/PPV showed typical clinical signs, gross findings, and histopathologic characteristics of PMWS. In the PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculated group, the PCV2 antigen was widely distributed in various parenchymal organs such as brain, spinal cord, tonsil, lymph nodes, lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and peyer's patch. Lymph node mRNA expression of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-2R and IL-8 was determined by real-time PCR. The pigs of PCV2/PRRSV and PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculation group, the mRNA expression was characterized by a decrease of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-2R and IL-8. The decrease of cytokine mRNA represent the state of T cell immuno-suppression in pig, and nicely support the evidence for the impairment of immune system in pigs with PMWS. In conclusion, PCV2 infection and some additional infectious causes such as PRRSV and/or PPV are warranted for the presence of PMWS in weaned pigs in Korea.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.346-353
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• 2009

이식을 위해 사용하는 사람 양막은 기증자로부터 수혜자에게 바이러스, 세균, 진균과 같은 감염성 위해인자를 전파할 위험이 있다. 따라서 적절한 소독 및 멸균 공정을 통해 이식용 양막 내재 또는 혼입 가능한 감염성 위해인자를 완벽하게 불활화하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 인체조직은행에서 사용하고 있는 소독 공정과 멸균 공정의 바이러스 및 세균, 진균 불활화 효과를 검증하기 위해 국제적 가이드에 따라 5종의 바이러스[human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV)]와 2종의 세균(Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis), 1종의 진균(Candida albicans)을 생물학적 지표로 사용하였다. 양막에 각 생물학적 지표를 첨가한 후 70% 에탄올 소독 공정, 감마선 조사 공정, 산화에틸렌 가스 멸균 공정을 실시한 다음 각 바이러스, 세균, 진균을 회수하여 정량한 후 불활화 정도를 비교하였다. 70% 에탄올 처리 공정에서 HIV-1, BHV, BVDV 같은 외피 바이러스는 처리 시간 2.5분 안에 불활화되었지만, HAV와 PPV 같은 비-외피 바이러스는 에탄올에 매우 큰 저항성을 나타내었다. 감마선 2.5 kGy 조사에 의해 HIV-1, BHV, BVDV는 검출한계 이하로 완벽하게 불활화되었다. HAV와 PPV는 각각 5 kGy와 25 kGy 조사에 의해 검출한계 이하로 불활화되었다. 산화에틸렌 가스 처리에 의해 본 연구에 사용한 모든 바이러스가 검출한계 이하로 불활화되었다. 70% 에탄올 처리 공정에서 E. coli와 C. albicans는 모두 5분 안에 완벽하게 사멸하였다. 하지만 B. subtilis는 큰 저항성을 나타내었다. 감마선 조사 공정과 산화에틸렌 가스 멸균 공정에서 E. coli, B. subtilis, C. albicans 모두 완벽하게 불활화되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.140-147
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• 2004

Urokinase is an enzyme with fibrinolytic activity (plasminogen activator) isolated from fresh urine of healthy men. Viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical preparation of the protein from urine. In order to increase the viral safety of a high purity urokinase in regard to non-enveloped viruses, a virus removal process using a novel polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filter (Viresolve NFP) has been optimized. Urokinase was able to pass through the filter with recoveries of 95% in the production scale process. No substantial changes were observed in physical and biochemical characteristics of the filtered urokinase in comparison with those of the enzyme before filtration. A 47-mm disk membrane filter was used to simulate the process performance of the production scale cartridges and tested if it could remove several experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including porcine parvovirus (PPV), human hepatitis A virus (HAV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and bovine herpes virus (BHV). Non-enveloped viruses (PPV, HAV, and EMCV) as well as enveloped viruses (BVDV and BHV) were completely removed during filtration. The log reduction factors achieved were $\geq$4.86 for PPV, $\geq$4.60 for HAV, $\geq$6.87 for EMCV, $\geq$4.60 for BVDV, and $\geq$5.44 for BHV. These results indicate that the virus filtration process successfully improved the viral safety of the final products.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2009

사람과 동물 유래의 혈장, 세포, 조직 등을 이용하여 생물의약품을 생산하기 위해서는 바이러스 안전성 확보가 필수적이다. 바이러스 안전성 보증을 위해 생물의약품 제조공정은 바이러스 불활화/제거 단계를 포함하여야 한다. 짧은 파장자외선(UVC) 조사는 바이러스 불활화 효과가 매우 높은 것으로 알려졌지만, UVC 조사로 인한 단백질의 변성과 대상 물질에 동일하게 조사를 할 수 있는 기계적 장치 개발의 어려움으로 인해 UVC 조사는 생물의약품 제조 공정에 사용되지 못했다. 최근에 이러한 결점을 해결한 연속 유동 UVC 반응기(UVivatec)가 개발되었다. UVivatec의 바이러스 불활화 효과 및 단백질 회수율을 검증하기 위해 단백질 의약품을 대상으로 적용가능성을 조사하였다. 최적화된 $3,000\;J/m^2$ 조사 공정에서 단백질의 회수율은 98%이상이었다. UVC 조사에 의한 human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), hepatitis A virus(HAV), bovine herpes virus(BHV), bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV), porcine parvovirus(PPV), bovine parvovirus(BPV), minute virus of mice(MVM), reovirus type 3(REO), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3(BPIV) 불활화 효과를 평가하였다. HAV, PPV, BPV, MVM, REO와 같은 비외피(nonenvelope) 바이러스는 $3,000\;J/m^2$ 조사량에 의해 검출한계 이하로 완벽하게 불활화되었다. HIV, BVDV, BPIV 같은 외피(envelope) 바이러스도 $3,000\;J/m^2$ 조사량에 의해 검출한계 이하로 완벽하게 불활화되었다. 또한 BHV도 매우 민감하게 불활화되었다. UVC 조사에 의한 각 바이러스들의 로그 감소율은 HIV는 ${\geq}3.89$, HAV는 ${\geq}5.27$, BHV는 5.29, BVDV는 ${\geq}5.96$, PPV는 ${\geq}4.37$, BPV는 ${\geq}3.55$, MVM은 ${\geq}3.51$, REO는 ${\geq}4.20$, BPIV는 ${\geq}4.15$이었다. 이와 같은 결과에서 UVivatec을 이용한 UVC 조사는 바이러스 불활화에 매우 효과적인 방법임을 확인하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2004

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) has been associated with various disease in pigs worldwide including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PCV were produced, characterized and applications of MAbs as diagnostic reagents were described. Spleen or lymph node cells from BALB/c mouse immunized respectively with PCV-1, PCV-2 or expressed PCV-2/ORF2 proteins in baculovirus were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hybridoma cells producing PCV-1 or PCV-2-specific antibody were screened by an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test. A total of fifteen MAbs were produced against PCV. Six MAbs were PCV-1-specific and nine were PCV-2-specific. All PCV-1-specific MAbs reacted with only PCV-1 and all PCV-2-specific MAbs were reactive with only PCV-2 by IIF test. None of the MAbs was reactive with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine rotavirus (PRV), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Some PCV-2-specific MAbs recognized the PCV-2 infected porcine tissues by IIF or immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. From this experiment, it was confirmed that MAbs produced in this study were PCV-specific and could be used as reliable diagnostic reagents for PCV-1/PCV-2 detection and differentiation.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2011

This study was to determine the microbiological safety and tensile strength of gammairradiated porcine tendon for the development of safe xenografts. Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were used as model pathogens and inoculated as $10^6{\sim}10^7log$ colonies forming unit $(CFU)g^{-1}$. As model virus from porcine, porcine parvovirus (PPV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and poliovirus were inoculated as $10^5{\sim}10^6$ tissue culture infectious dose $(TCID)_{50}g^{-1}$ into porcine skin. The $D_{10}$ value of E. coli and B. subtilis was measured as $0.32{\pm}0.082kGy$ and $4.0{\pm}0.312kGy$, respectively. Additionally, the $D_{10}$ values of PPV, BVDV and poliovirus were also shown as $1.75{\pm}0.131kGy$, $3.70{\pm}0.212kGy$ and $6.26{\pm}0.332kGy$, respectively. Gamma irradiation decreased the tensile strength of porcine tendon. Results indicate that microbiological safety of porcine tendon can be improved significantly by gamma irradiation. However, further studies are needed to improve the tensile strength of gamma-irradiated porcine tendon.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.858-864
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to examine the efficacy and mechanism of the fraction IV cold ethanol fractionation and pasteurization ($60^{\circ}C$ heat treatment for 10h) steps, involved in the manufacture of albumin from human plasma, in the removal and/or inactivation of blood-born viruses. A variety of experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including the Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), Bovine herpes virus (BHV), Murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and Porcine parvovirus (PPV), were selected for this study. Samples from the relevant stages of the production process were spiked with the viruses, and the amount of virus in each fraction was then quantified using a 50% tissue culture infectious dose ($TCID_{50}$). The mechanism of reduction for the enveloped viruses (BHV and BVDV) during fraction IV fractionation was inactivation rather than partitioning, however, it was partitioning in the case of the non-enveloped viruses (EMCV and PPV). The log reduction factors achieved during fraction IV fractionation were ${\geq}6.9$ BHV, $\geq5.2$ for BBDV, 4.9 for EMC, and 4.0 for PPV. Pasteurization was found to be a robust and effective step in inactivating the enveloped viruses as well as EMCV. The log reduction factors achieved during pasteurization were $\geq7.0$ for BHV, $\geq6.1$ for BVDV, $\geq6.3$ for EMCV, and 1.7 for PPV. These results indicate that the production process for albumin has sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin for virus safety.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2001

A serological survey was performed to establish basic data for the prevalence of antibodies to some major diseases of domesticated boar serum samples from January to December 2000. Sera collected in breeding farms in Gyeongbuk province were tested for Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), Porcine parvovirus(PPV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Bordetella bronchiseptica(B bronchiseptica), Mycoplasma ; APP), Toxoplasma, and Brucella. There was no antibody to ADV in domesticated boars serum samples detected by Anti-ADV-gpI assay kit. Sero-positive samples to PRRS by IFA were 0.9%(3/330) The HI titers to PPV ranged variously from less than 10 to over 1,280. Two hundred ninety-four out of 330 tested sera showed HI titer of less than 10. In HI test to JEV, 90.3% of the sera (298/330) were below 10. The majority of the serum samples had low prevalence of the antibody B bronchiseptica. ELISA titers to M hyopneumoniae ranged variously from $\leq$ 10 to $\geq$ 1,280. Antibody titers to A pleuropneumoniae type 2(APP2) and type 5(APP5) were 58.2% and 52.7%, respectively, and the tested samples showing ELISA antibody titers of less than 20. There was no significant geographical difference between APP2 and APP5 in this study. In the antibody test of Toxoplasma, 11.5%(38/330) were positive and samples were all negative in sera test of Brucella.