• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2012

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes involved in the remodelling of chromatin, and have a key role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are emerging as an exciting new class of potential anti-cancer agents. In recent years, a number of structurally diverse HDAC inhibitors have been identifi ed and these HDAC inhibitors induce growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed at investigating the anti-tumor activity of various HDAC inhibitors, IN-2001, using T47D human breast cancer cells. Moreover, the possible mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors exhibit anti-tumor activity was also explored. In estrogen receptor positive T47D cells, IN-2001, HDAC inhibitor showed anti-proliferative effects in dose-and time-dependent manner. In T47D human breast cancer cells showed anti-tumor activity of IN-2001 and the growth inhibitory effects of IN-2001 were related to the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometry studies revealed that IN-2001 showed accumulation of cells at $G_2$/M phase. At the same time, IN-2001 treatment time-dependently increased sub-$G_1$ population, representing apoptotic cells. IN-2001-mediated cell cycle arrest was associated with induction of cdk inhibitor expression. In T47D cells, IN-2001 as well as other HDAC inhibitors treatment significantly increased $p21^{WAF1}$ and $p27^{KIP1}$ expression. In addition, thymidylate synthase, an essential enzyme for DNA replication and repair, was down-regulated by IN-2001 and other HDAC inhibitors in the T47D human breast cancer cells. In summary, IN-2001 with a higher potency than other HDAC inhibitors induced growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and eventual apoptosis in human breast cancer possibly through modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as cdk inhibitors, cyclins, and thymidylate synthase.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.281-288
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• 2003

21세기를 거듭나면서 산업의 발달은 우리생활에 크나큰 영향을 주고 있으며, 그 중에서도 교통수단인 자동차의 발달은 우리 삶의 편리함을 제공하고 있다. 그러나 점차 대중화 추세로 나아가는 자동차인구의 증가와 함께 주차 안전의 중요성이 어느 때보다 중요시되고 있으며 교통사고 중 우리가 안심하고 있는 자동차 주차 및 정차 시에 일어나는 사고가 빈번히 발생하고 있으므로 이러한 사고를 예방하기 위한 자동차 안전장비 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 주차 및 정차 시 발생하는 안전사고를 사전에 방지하기 위한 안전장비 개발로서 기존의 실용신안으로 제안된 안전 지지대에서 고려하지 못한 정지마찰력이 높고 도로의 다양한 환경변화, 비포장, 젖은 노면에 적응하며 타이어의 크기를 고려한 각도조절이 용이한 지지대를 개발하였다. 더 나아가 휴대성과 이동성이 고려된 향상된 안전 지지대를 개발하였다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 전체 교통사고 중 10%에 육박하는 주정차 안전사고의 경각심을 고취시키고 안전사고를 줄일 수 있는 방안을 모색하고 나아가 정책적인 의무사용규정을 확립하는데 기초자료를 도출하여 폭 넓은 보급과 활용 방안에 대한 방향을 제시하였다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1999년도 추계 학술대회지
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• pp.145-167
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• 1999

Our self-sufficiency of food has become less than $30{\%}$ and our nation is highly dependant on world's grain market for food. which is unstable in long term due to the world population growth faster than food production. Therefore, it is a great possibility that food might become a political weapon by way of its global shortage. its purchasing difficulty in international free trade market. and the resultant price rising. Our maximal capability of food production has become the most outstanding problem in the dimension of future food security. It would be the utmost scheme for maximal production of food to realize the maximal utilization of arable land through the enlargement of sufficient farming land and the conversion of rotation system for the more grain production. Extensional enlargement of arable land can be positively executed through the development of farming land in domestic and abroad countries. The readjustment of arable land and the installation or irrigation and drainage system can enforce the farming basement for maximal utilization of arable land through the improved rotation between paddy and upland. The prevention policy against farming land encroachment should be strictly executed through grain production encouragement on resting or marginal lands and regulation of utilization conversion for the other than food production on high grade farming lands. It is also required urgently to develope high yielding and high quality varieties through advanced genetic technology for the improvement of unit area yield, especially of wheat, corn. and soybean we import in large quantity The maximal utilization of arable land for the highest production of food can be realized through rational rotation system, the most adaptable crop cultivation on the suitable land, and the most optimal fertilization through the GIS analysis of agricultural environment information on the basis of the computerized soil resource data on super detailed soil maps(1:5000) surveyed plot by plot of whole nation.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.29-32
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• 2007

Background and Objectives: Improvements in the fields of neonatology and surgical subspecialities make tracheotomy possible to the younger population. But complication rates for infantile tracheotomy are significantly higher than that for the other pediatric tracheotomy. This study was designed to present our 9-year experiences of infantile tracheotomy and to evaluate the effect of several factors of complications. Materials and Methods: From 1996 through 2004, 60 tracheotomies were performed. Charts were reviewed with respect to indications for tracheotomy, underlying diseases, success rate in decannulation and length of support time until decannulation, complication and mortality rate. Results: There were 41 male patients and 19 female patients. Ventilatory support for neurological impairment(38.3%) was the leading indication for tracheotomy, followed by subglottic stenosis(36.7%), laryngomalacia(13.3%). Decannulation was accomplished in 60.0% of infants with an average of 56.5momths with tracheotomy. Complications occurred in 43.3%. There was one tracheotomy-related mortality in case of tracheal atresia. Most common complication was subglottic stenosis. Conclusion: Infantile tracheotomy had significant morbidities and its outcomes are thought to be usually related to the underlying disease and age. To prevent complication, early decannulation is advisable, and for long-term tracheotomy patients, regulation of reflux and infection may be necessary.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2013

Purpose: The South African government is determined in alleviating poverty while encouraging job creation and protecting the disposable incomes of poor households. This article looks at the challenges that are facing the South African Social Security system and argues that the provision of income security is amongst the most practical expressions of a nation's cohesion and values. Research Design, Data and Methodology: There are seven proposals in the Social Security and Retirement Reform and these proposals are based on the following two principal objectives of the government, that is, to ensure a basic standard of living and to prevent destitution in old age or in circumstances of unemployment or incapacity partly or wholly through redistributive measures, and to encourage savings to provide for the replacement of income on retirement, disablement or death through long-term insurance arrangements. Results: This article evaluates these seven proposals, state old age pension, wage subsidy, mandatory participation in a national social security system for all, mandatory participation in private occupational or individual retirement funds, Voluntary additional contributions to occupational or individual retirement funds, reform of the governance and regulation of the retirement funding industry and reform of the tax system. Conclusion: This article concludes that the population size of South Africa has increased significantly to 51, 8 million in 2011 and therefore the time is right for bold new steps in improving income security of the poor and strengthening the fabric of social solidarity that binds all South Africans together.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.919-927
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• 1996

Recently sports injuries are increasing due to the development of sports leisure industries as well as the increase of exercising population, and the study for sports injuries is needed more than before. Then the author studied the reasons for injuries, incidence rate, sites and sorts of sports injuries for the middle and high school football players during one year period from Jan. to Dec. 1994. The study subjects were 319 middle and high school players in Pusan and the method was questionnaire method. The results were as follows; 1. The average injury rate due to football play was 3.3 times per person for the 319 subjects during the last one year, and it was highest in goalkeeper as 4.6 times by position. 2. 68 % of the subjects did not receive periodic health examination, 74.9 % wore body protectors. The sports injuries due to football play occurred most commonly in soil play-ground(79.6 %), during training(52.3 %), and in winter time(33.7 %). 3. The commonly occurred injuries by motion were coalition(39.2 %), tackle(12.9 %), dribble (11.4 %) in order; those by sorts were contusion(34.4 %), sprain (32.9 %), spasm(9.0 %) ; and those by body portions lower extremities(82 %), trunk(17.6 %), upper extremities(12.5 %). 4. The frequently used treatment area was home care as in 42.7 % ; treatment methods were physical therapy, acupuncture/moxacautery, rest, operation in order; choices of treatment method were recommendation by coach/manager, and that by medical professional was the lowest as in 2.2 %. 5. If sports injury occurred during play, coach or manager let the players take rest in 56.2 %, but emergent management by medical professional was done only in 1.9 %. The return to play was decided mostly by the player himself(52.8 %), but that decided by a doctor was only in 1.0 %. In conclusion, to lessen the sports injuries due to football play, annual physical check-up, strengthening of play rules, improvement of playground, conditioning exercise, regulation of body protectors, and preventive training for expected injuries behaviors should be done and the decision to return to play and emergent management should be done by a medical professional as well. Football player, sports injury, injured body portions, sorts of injury, treatment method.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease observed in approximately 0.5-2.2% of the population, and it is recognized as a premalignant lesion that can progress into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The rate of malignant transformation is approximately 1.09-2.3%, and the risk factors for malignant transformation are age, female, erosive type, and tongue site location. Malignant transformation of OLP is likely related to the low frequency of apoptotic phenomena. Therefore, apoptosis-related genetic factors, like p53, BCL-2, and BAX are reviewed. Increased p53 expression and altered expression of BCL-2 and BAX were observed in OLP patients, and the malignant transformation rate in these patients was relatively higher. The involvement of microRNA (miRNA) in the malignant transformation of OLP is also reviewed. Because autophagy is involved in cell survival and death through the regulation of various cellular processes, autophagy-related genetic factors may function as factors for malignant transformation. In OLP, decreased levels of ATG9B mRNA and a higher expression of IGF1 were observed, suggesting a reduction in cell death and autophagic response. Activated IGF1-PI3K/AKT/mTor cascade may play an important role in a signaling pathway related to the malignant transformation of OLP to OSCC. Recent research has shown that miRNAs, such as miR-199 and miR-122, activate the cascade, increasing the prosurvival and proproliferative signals.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

To verify the inhibitory or protective effects of light-emitting diode(LED) irradiation on apoptotic cell death induced by $CoCl_2$, human SH-SY5Y cells were treated with $CoCl_2$ and LED were used to irradiate the cells. In the cell viability assay, cells were died slowly from $50{\mu}M$ to $250{\mu}M$ and about 50% of cells died after 12 hours at $400{\mu}M$ of $CoCl_2$. The Diff-Quik staining revealed that cells showed condensation of DNA and blebbing of the cell membrane. The DNA fragmentation assay revealed the DNA fragmentation, which is another apoptosis marker, occurred in cells treated with $400{\mu}M$ $CoCl_2$ for 16 hours. In the western blot for HIF-$1{\alpha}$, HIF-$1{\alpha}$ was expressed after 3 hours from induction and peaked maximally at 16 hours. In the cell viability assay of the effects of LED irradiation (at 590 nm for 1 hour 20 minutes), the cells showed more proliferation (about 20%) than the control group. The RPA assay of various apoptosis-related molecules showed that pro-apoptosis molecules such as Bax, Bak, and Bid were upregulated in the $CoCl_2$ treatment group. This means that the apoptotic cell population was increased. However there was some significant changes in LED irradiated cells. In the $CoCl_2$-treated LED irradiation group, those molecules were down-regulated more than in the only $CoCl_2$-treated group. These results have shown that $CoCl_2$ may induce apoptotic cell death in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. And LED irradiation has a positive effect on apoptotic cells by down-regulation of pro-apoptotic molecules.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.501-507
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• 2016

The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and is essential for coordinated transmission of information between them. Disruption of early stages of callosal development can cause agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC), including both complete and partial callosal absence, causing mild to severe cognitive impairment. Despite extensive studies, the etiology of AgCC remains to be clarified due to the complicated mechanism involved in generating AgCC. The biological function of PI3K signaling including phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate is well established in diverse biochemical processes including axon and dendrite morphogenesis, but the function of the closely related phosphatidylinositol-3,4,-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2) signaling, particularly in the nervous system, is largely unknown. Here, we provide the first report on the role of inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase II (INPP4B), a PI(3,4)P2 metabolizing 4-phosphatase in the regulation of callosal axon formation. Depleting INPP4B by in utero electroporation suppressed medially directed callosal axon formation. Moreover, depletion of INPP4B significantly attenuated formation of Satb2-positive pyramidal neurons and axon polarization in cortical neurons during cortical development. Taken together, these data suggest that INPP4B plays a role in the regulating callosal axon formation by controlling axon polarization and the Satb2-positive pyramidal neuron population. Dysregulation of INPP4B during cortical development may be implicated in the generation of partial AgCC.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제69권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2010

The year of 2009~2010 brought a number of concepts and new ideas were evaluated with promising results. However, some studies that challenged many beliefs. In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), recent clinical studies took into consideration of pathophysiologic changes of respiratory system compliance. Meta-analysis of positive end-expiratory pressure trials showed survival benefit of high positive end-expiratory pressure in ARDS. Until now, prone positioning did not show survival benefit in patients with ARDS. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) based management improved survival in patients with severe ARDS. ECMO can be a management option in severe ARDS. Sedation is a standard practice in critically ill patients needing mechanical ventilation. However, Danish group reported less sedation of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation was associated with an increase in days without ventilation. Although this single center study has some limitations, the overall results are promising. Use of maximal sterile barrier precautions (mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves, and large sterile drapes) with chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing reduced central venous catheter related infection. Selective oropharyngeal decontamination (application of topical antibiotics in the oropharynx) reduced the mortality rate of an intensive care unit (ICU) population. Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation and Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation (NICE-SUGAR) trial reported intensive glucose control increased mortality among adults in the ICU. Some of the results of above papers are promising. However, some ideas may need for more frequent individual assessment and increase the workload of ICU staffs. Before implementation of new practice in ICU, we should take into consideration of individual hospital situation including human and material resources.