• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.71-96
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• 2011

Within the traditional medical delivery system, patients residing in medically vulnerable areas, those with body movement difficulties, and nursing facility residents have had limited access to good healthcare services. However, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) provides us with a convenient and useful means of overcoming distance and time constraints. ICT is integrated with biomedical science and technology in a way that offers a new high-quality medical service. As a result, rapid technological advancement is expected to play a pivotal role bringing about innovation in a wide range of medical service areas, such as medical management, testing, diagnosis, and treatment; offering new and improved healthcare services; and effecting dramatic changes in current medical services. The increase in aging population and chronic diseases has caused an increase in medical expenses. In response to the increasing demand for efficient healthcare services, a telehealth service based on ICT is being emphasized on a global level. Telehealth services have been implemented especially in pilot projects and system development and technological research. With the service about to be implemented in earnest, it is necessary to study its overall acceptance by consumers, which is expected to contribute to the development and activation of a variety of services. In this sense, the study aims at positively examining the structural relationship among the acceptance factors for telehealth services based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data were collected by showing audiovisual material on telehealth services to online panels and requesting them to respond to a structured questionnaire sheet, which is known as the information acceleration method. Among the 1,165 adult respondents, 608 valid samples were finally chosen, while the remaining were excluded because of incomplete answers or allotted time overrun. In order to test the reliability and validity of the assessment scale items, we carried out reliability and factor analyses, and in order to explore the causal relation among potential variables, we conducted a structural equation modeling analysis using AMOS 7.0 and SPSS 17.0. The research outcomes are as follows. First, service quality, innovativeness of medical technology, and social influence were shown to affect perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the telehealth service, which was statistically significant, and the two factors had a positive impact on willingness to accept the telehealth service. In addition, social influence had a direct, significant effect on intention to use, which is paralleled by the TAM used in previous research on technology acceptance. This shows that the research model proposed in the study effectively explains the acceptance of the telehealth service. Second, the research model reveals that information privacy concerns had a insignificant impact on perceived ease of use of the telehealth service. From this, it can be gathered that the concerns over information protection and security are reduced further due to advancements in information technology compared to the initial period in the information technology industry, and thus the improvement in quality of medical services appeared to ensure that information privacy concerns did not act as a prohibiting factor in the acceptance of the telehealth service. Thus, if other factors have an enormous impact on ease of use and usefulness, concerns over these results in the initial period of technology acceptance may become irrelevant. However, it is clear that users' information privacy concerns, as other studies have revealed, is a major factor affecting technology acceptance. Thus, caution must be exercised while interpreting the result, and further study is required on the issue. Numerous information technologies with outstanding performance and innovativeness often attract few consumers. A revised bill for those urgently in need of telehealth services is about to be approved in the national assembly. As telemedicine is implemented between doctors and patients, a wide range of systems that will improve the quality of healthcare services will be designed. In this sense, the study on the consumer acceptance of telehealth services is meaningful and offers strong academic evidence. Based on the implications, it can be expected to contribute to the activation of telehealth services. Further study is needed to assess the acceptance factors for telehealth services, such as motivation to remain healthy, health care involvement, knowledge on health, and control of health-related behavior, in order to develop unique services according to the categorization of customers based on health factors. In addition, further study may focus on various theoretical cognitive behavior models other than the TAM, such as the health belief model.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.125-150
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• 2009

RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) is a wireless frequency of recognition technology that can be used to recognize, trace, and identify people, things, and animals using radio frequency(RF). RFID will bring about many changes in manufacturing and distributions, among other areas. In accordance with the increasing importance of RFID techniques, great advancement has been made in RFID studies. Initially, the RFID research started as a research literature or case study. Recently, empirical research has floated on the surface for announcement. But most of the existing researches on RFID adoption have been restricted to a dichotomous measure of 'adoption vs. non-adoption' or adoption intention. In short, RFID research is still at an initial stage, mainly focusing on the research of the RFID performance, integration, and its usage has been considered dismissive. The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors are important for the RFID adoption and implementation with organizational resources. In this study, the organizational resources are classified into either finance resources or IT knowledge resources. A research model and four hypotheses are set up to identify the relationships among these variables based on the investigations of such theories as technological innovations, adoption stage, and organizational resources. In order to conduct this study, a survey was carried out from September 27, 2008 until October 23, 2008. The questionnaire was completed by 143 managers and workers from physical distribution and manufacturing companies related to the RFID in South Korea. 37 out of 180 surveys, which turned out unfit for the study, were discarded and the remaining 143(adoption stage 89, implementation stage 54) were used for the empirical study. The statistics were analyzed using Excel 2003 and SPSS 12.0. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the adoption stage shows that perceived benefits, standardization, perceived cost savings, environmental uncertainty, and pressures from rival firms have significant effects on the intent of the RFID adoption. Further, the implementation stage shows that perceived benefits, standardization, environmental uncertainty, pressures from rival firms, inter-organizational cooperation, and inter-organizational trust have significant effects on the extent of the RFID use. In contrast, inter-organizational cooperation and inter-organizational trust did not show much impact on the intent of RFID adoption while perceived cost savings did not significantly affect the extent of RFID use. Second, in the adoption stage, financial issues had adverse effect on both inter-organizational cooperation and the intent against the RFID adoption. IT knowledge resources also had a deterring effect on both perceived cost savings and the extent of the RFID adoption. Third, in the implementation stage, finance resources had a moderate effect on environmental uncertainty and extent of RFID use while IT knowledge resources had also a moderate effect on perceived cost savings and the extent of the RFID use. Limitations and future research issues can be summarized as follows. First, it is difficult to say that the sample is large enough to be representative of the population. Second, because the sample of this study was conducted among manufacturers only, it may be limited in analyzing fully the effect on the industry as a whole. Third, in consideration of the fact that the organizational resources in the RFID study require a great deal of researches, this research may deem insufficient to fulfill the purpose that it initially set out to achieve. Future studies using performance research are, therefore, needed to help better understand the organizational level of the RFID adoption and implementation.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

목적: 일본뇌염 백신의 면역원성 및 중화항체 지속률을 평가하여 일본뇌염 예방 사업을 위한 토대를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법: 국내 6개 대학병원에 입원한 2-6세의 어린이 중 기초접종력이 확인된 170명을 대상으로 기초접종 완료 경과 기간에 따른 중화항체가를 조사하였다. 결과: 총 170명 중 불활성화 백신 접종군 103명, 생백신 접종군 64명, 교차접종군 3명이었다. 항체검사까지의 기간은 불활성화 백신 17.5개월, 생백신 21.0개월이었고 모두 일본뇌염 방어가 가능한 항체가를 보여 불활성화 백신 322, 생백신 266이었다. 추가접종 후 항체역가 변화는 1-4개월에 가장 높았고 이후 서서히 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 결론: 불활성화 백신과 생백신의 면역원성과 중화항체 지속률에는 차이가 없고 두 백신 모두 일본뇌염 예방을 위한 적절한 수준의 면역원성을 갖고 있었다. 향후 대규모 표본을 대상으로 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.309-317
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• 1999

만성 신부전증은 지속적인 혈액투석을 하고 있음에도 다양한 형태의 좌심실 기능부전을 보이며, 특히 좌심실 수축기능이 정상이면서 이완기능 장애만으로 임상적인 심부전증 증상인 폐부종 등이 나타나기도 한다. 또한 혈액투석 후 급격한 혈액량의 변화가 생기므로 적정 심박출을 유지하기 위하여 좌심실 이완기능이 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 혈액투석이 좌심실의 수축 및 이완기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 Doppler 심초음파도 지표들을 이용해 투석 전후에 좌심실 수축 및 이완기능의 변화를 비교분석 하였다. 심초음파 검사상 좌심실 수축기능 부전이 없고(fractional shortening>30%), 심장 판막질환이나 심근 국소벽 운동장애가 없으며 정상 심율동을 가진 만성 신부전증 환자 30명(남자 15명, 연령$45{\pm}10$세)을 대상으로 이면성 심초음파도 검사를 시행하고, 혈액투석 전후의 좌심실 용적, 좌심실 수축기능 및 Doppler 심초음파도를 이용한 좌심실 이완기능 지표들의 변화를 관찰하여 분석하였다. 혈액투석 후 맥박은 약간 증가하는 소견을 보였으나 통계적 유의성은 없었고, 혈압은 수축기 혈압 및 이완기 혈압의 감소가 있었다. 혈액투석 후 좌심방 및 좌심실 확장기 내경의 크기가 감소했으나 좌심실 수축기 내경의 크기는 변화가 없었고, 심실중격 및 좌심실 후벽의 두께는 변화가 없었다. 좌심실 수축기능 지표인 Fractional shortening, 좌심실 구혈율, 좌심실 박출지수, mean VCF은 투석 전후에 유의한 변화를 보이지 않아 혈액투석으로 인한 좌심실 수축지표의 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 혈액투석 후 좌심실 이완기능지표의 변화로서 peak E velocity는 현저히 감소하였고, peak A velocity의 변화는 통계적 유의성이 없었다. E/A ratio가 감소하였고, IVRT(Isovolumic Relaxation Time)의 증가가 있었으나, DT(Deceleration time)의 변화는 없었다. 수축기 및 이완기 기능 지표로 사용되는 IMP(Index of Myocardial Performance)는 좌심실 구혈율의 증가와 함께 현저히 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로 혈액투석 후 전부하의 감소에 따른 좌심실 이완기능 지표의 변화로서 E파속 및 E/A비의 감소, IVRT 증가가 나타나고 수축기 기능 및 이완기 기능의 지표로 이용되는 IMP의 증가가 발생하므로, 혈액투석 후 흔히 좌심실 이완기능 장애의 악화가 발생하는 것으로 추정된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7633-7640
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• 2015

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and it is responsible for most cases of cervical uterine cancer. Although HPV infections of the cervix do not always progress to cancer, 90% of cervical cancer cases have been found to be associated with high risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection. HPV DNA testing is widely used, along with Papanicolaou (Pap) testing, to screen for cervical abnormalities. However, there are no data on the prevalence of genotype-specific HPV infections assessed by measuring HPV E6/E7 mRNA in women representative of the Chinese population across a broad age range. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we compared the results with the CervicGen HPV RT-qDx assay, which detects 16 HR-HPV genotypes (Alpha-9: HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58; Alpha-7: HPV 18, 39, 45, 51, 59, and 68; and Alpha-5, 6: HPV 53, 56, 66, and 69), and the REBA HPV-ID assay, which detects 32 HPV genotypes based on the reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA) for the detection of oncogenic HPV infection according to cytological diagnosis. We also investigated the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection with a total of 324 liquid-based cytology samples collected in western Shandong province, East China. Results: The overall HPV prevalences determined by HPV DNA and HPV E6/E7 mRNA assays in this study were 79.9% (259/324) and 55.6% (180/324), respectively. Although the positivity of HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression was significantly lower than HPV DNA positivity, the HPV E6/E7 mRNA assay showed greater specificity than the HPV DNA assay (88.6% vs. 48.1%) in normal cytology samples. The prevalence of Alpha-9 (HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58) HPV infection among these women accounted for up to 80.3% and 76.1% of the high-grade lesions detected in the HPV mRNA and DNA tests, respectively. The HR-HPV genotype distribution, based on HPV DNA and E6/E7 mRNA expression by age group in patients with cytologically confirmed lesions, was highest in women aged 40 to 49 years (35.9% for cytologically confirmed cases, Pearson correlation r value=0.993, p<0.001) for high-grade lesions. Among the oncogenic HR-HPV genotypes for all age groups, there was little difference in the distribution of HPV genotypes between the HPV DNA (HPV -16, 53, 18, 58, and 33) and HPV E6/E7 mRNA (HPV -16, 53, 33, 58, and 18) assays. HPV 16 was the most common HPV genotype among women with high-grade lesions. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the HPV E6/E7 mRNA assay can be a sensitive and specific tool for the screening and investigation of cervical cancer. Furthermore, it may provide useful information regarding the necessity for early cervical cancer screenings and the development of additional effective HPV vaccines, such as one for HPV 53 and 58. Additionally, gaining knowledge of HPV distribution may also inform us about ecological changes in HPV after the vaccination.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2012

본 연구는 조사료 품질평가에서 근적외선 분광법의 현장 이용성 확대를 위하여 시료 전처리 방법에 따른 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지의 사료가치 및 발효품질의 예측정확성을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었으며 검량식 개발을 위하여 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지를 전북지역에서 174점을 수집하였다. 시료 전처리 방법은 사일리지를 건조 후 분쇄하는 방법과 원물 (생) 시료를 건조 분쇄하지 않는 방법을 두었으며 각각의 시료는 근적외선 분광기를 이용하여 스펙트럼을 측정한 후 측정된 스펙트럼과 실험실 분석값간에 상관관계를 이용한 다변량회귀분석법을 통하여 검량식을 유도한 다음 각 성분별로 예측 정확성을 평가하였다. 시료 전처리 방법에 따른 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지의 수분함량의 예측 정확성은 건조 분쇄하지 않은 원물(생)시료를 그대로 측정하는 방법 (SECV 1.37%, $R^2$=0.96)이 건조 분쇄처리 방법 (SECV 4.31%, $R^2$=0.68) 보다 예측 정확성이 높게 나타났다. ADF와 NDF 함량의 예측 정확성은 건조 후 분쇄처리한 방법이 개발된 검량식을 상호검증 (SECV)한 결과 각각 0.72% ($R^2$=0.97)와 0.85% ($R^2$=0.94)로 높게 나타났으며 조회분함량 평가에 대한 검량식개발 결과는 건조분쇄하지 않은 원물(생) 시료 전처리 방법에서 가장 낮은 정확성 (SECV 1.17%, $R^2$=0.66)을 나타내었다. pH와 젖산함량은 건조 분쇄 전처리 방법에서 각각 0.48 ($R^2$=0.87)와 0.24% ($R^2$=0.87)로 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합해보면 근적외선분광법을 이용한 시료 전처리 방법에 따른 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지의 사료가치 및 발효품질 평가에 대한 예측정확성은 수분함량을 제외하고는 건조 후 분쇄하는 시료 전처리 방법이 예측 정확성 측면에서는 우수한 것으로 나타났으나 시료 전처리가 필요치 않은 원물(생) 시료의 측정 방법도 매우 양호한 예측 정확성을 보임으로써 실제 근적외선분광법의 현장 활용측면에서는 매우 유용한 전처리 방법으로 판단되어진다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.354-377
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• 2002

Aging population is a global trend and Korea is no exception. Due to the progress of the medical and scientific sectors, increase in the average lifetime incurred increase in the number of elderly people. Meanwhile, the family function of supporting the elderly has become a major issue in a society due to the changes in the society's structure and increased entry of the women into the workforce. As a means to substitute the protection of the elderly who are not protected at their respective homes and to replace the tending needs, weekly protection centers and short-stay centers for the elderly were established and operated in Seoul since 1992. However, structured and satisfactory services are not yet to be provided, thus this research intends to understand the current situation at the short-stay centers for the elderly, to identify users' characteristics and to conduct study on nursing need for the health reasons so that the results of the research can be utilized as basic data for the development of nursing care program. Towards this end, this research targeted 142 elderly people who were undergoing treatment at the 11 short-stay centers for the elderly out of total of 13 located in Seoul that were willing to cooperate. The research was conducted from April to May 2002, with the measurement tool developed by Rhee, Seon-ja (2001) to measure the level of nursing need. Then data was collected and analyzed using SPSS program. The results are as follows. The general characteristics of users of the short-stay centers for the elderly were: 123 females $(86.6\%)$, 19 males $(13.4\%)$ and 72 elderly were over the age of 80 $(50.7\%)$. Among these, 24$(16.9\%)$ were living by themselves. Among the illnesses that the subjects were inflicted with were: dementia $(54.2\%)$, stroke $(54.1\%)$ and high blood pressure $(50.7\%)$, in the respective order. Despite the fact that they were diagnosed with illnesses, $47.2\%$ responded that they do not undergo special treatment due to financial reasons. When the level of needs for nursing care among the elderly who use the short-stay centers is divided into informational. physical. and emotional need levels and scored between zero to two, the level of emotional need is the highest with 1.80, followed by physical (1.45) and informational (1.44) need levels. As for the realities of services at the centers and improvement areas, restriction on term was cited as the greatest inconvenience with $38.7\%$, followed by lack of budget (24 respondents, $16.9\%$). Wishful services were financial assistance $(46.5\%)$, medical and nursing services $(40.1\%)$, meal provision service $(8.5\%)$ and counseling service $(4.9\%)$, in the respective order. Based on the above mentioned results, the research identified the need to develop nursing program for the patients of dementia that can be applied onto the short-stay centers and the need to develop volunteer service, backed by societal support. Also, placement of specialized cadre of professionals is needed so that medical and nursing service functions can be provided in a complementary manner.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권3호
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• pp.328-333
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• 1998

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 잣나무넓적잎벌(Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura) 항공약제방제(航空藥劑防除)를 실시(實施)한 임분(林分)에 대(對)한 방제(防除) 전후(前後)의 해충밀도변동(害蟲密度變動)과 해충방제(害蟲防除)로 인한 피해임분(被害林分)의 회복과정(回復過程)을 분석(分析)함으로써 금후 본(本) 해충(害蟲)의 관리체계(管理體系)와 방제전략(防除戰略)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제공(提供)하기 위하여 경기도(京機道) 가평군(加平郡) 운악면(雲嶽面) 회곡리(檜谷里) 소재(所在)의 국유림(國有林)에서 수행(遂行)되었으며 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1.항공약제방제(航空藥劑防除) 임분(林分)에서의 잣나무넓적잎벌 토중유충밀도(土中幼蟲密度)는 1회(回) 방제실시후(防除實施後) 약(約) 7년(年)동안 피해허용수준(被害許容水準)(50%) 이하(以下)로 유지(維持)되었다. 2. 잣나무넓적잎벌의 가해(加害)로 인(因)한 엽손실율(葉損失率) 70% 이하(以上)의 피해목(被害木)은 약제방제실시후(藥齊防除實施後)에도 수고생장(樹高生長)과 직경생장(直徑生長)의 저해(沮害)가 2-3년간(年間) 지속(持續)되었다. 3. 잣나무넓적잎벌의 피해(被害)를 받았던 잣나무의 직경생장(直徑生長)은 수간(樹幹)의 하부(下部)보다는 상부(上部)에서 더 빠른 속도(速度)로 회복(回復)되었다. 4. 엽손실율(葉損失率) 70% 이상(以上)의 피해목(被害木)은 약제방제실시후(藥齊防除實施後)에도 3-4년간(年間) 임목(林木)의 재적감소(材積減少)가 지속(持續)되었으며 이 기간(期間)의 재적손실율(材積損失率)은 19.6-54.0% 범위(範圍)였다. 5.잣나무넓적잎벌의 경제적피해허용수준(經濟的被害許容水準)의 엽손실율(葉損失率) 50% 이하(以下)에서 약제방제(藥濟防除)를 실시(實施)한 임분(林分)은 미방제상태(未防除狀態)로 엽손실율(葉損失率) 90% 이상(以上)의 피해극심임분(被害極甚林分)에 비(比)하여 ha당(當) 약(約) $40m^2$의 임목재적(林木材積) 감소방지효과(減少防止效果)가 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2000

본 연구는 경기도 광주군에 위치한 경희대학교 연습림내의 낙엽송, 잣나무 및 신갈나무의 천연활엽수로 구성된 3개의 임분의 선정된 구간에서 경사도별로 토층 분화와 강우에 따른 수분분포 특성을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 조사대상 임분의 O층과 A층의 깊이는 활엽수나 낙엽송 염분에 비하여 임분 밀도가 높은 잣나무 임분에서 더 깊어지는 결과를 보여 토층 분화는 경사도, 토양침식과 물질퇴적과 함께 임분을 구성하는 식생과 임분 밀도 등이 주요인으로 작용하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 각각의 임분에서 선정된 지점별로 용적밀도를 조사한 결과 경사도가 높은 지점에서는 용적밀도가 낮은 반면 토층이 잘 발달된 경사도가 낮은 지점에서는 용적밀도가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 산림토양의 깊이별 용적밀도 변화는 토양표면에서의 침식, 유기물 함량, 토양입자의 수직적 이동과 상관성이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 이러한 용적밀도와 유기물의 토양내 분포 특성은 수리전도도에도 영향을 미쳐 용적밀도와 수리전도도는 반비례하는 경향을 보였으나, 유기물 함량에 따른 표층토만의 수리전도도의 변이는 높지 않았다. 낙엽송 임분에서 각각의 경사도와 토층 분화 깊이가 다른 세 지점에서 강우의 침투 특성을 볼 때 토양의 용적밀도와 경사도가 임분에 가해지는 강우의 수직적 이동뿐만 아니라 수평이동에도 영향을 마치는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 lysimeter 실험 결과로부터 추정할 때 토양내 수분이 용적밀도가 다른 토양층간을 이동할 때 수분은 작은 범위의 수리전도도가 수분 이동을 결정하며, 특히 불포화 형태로 수분이 이동할 때는 유기물에 의한 수분 보유력도 토양내 수분이동에 영향을 미칠 것으로 추측할 수 있다. 결론적으로 산림토양에서의 수분 분포와 이동 특성은 사면경사도와 같은 지형적인 요인과 토양의 물리적 성질인 용적밀도와 유기물 함량 등에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.207-226
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• 1992

This study was designed to develop a conceptual framework for the curriculum and develop the details of the learning content for the education of Community Health Practitioners (CHPs). Since education programs for CHPs started 10 years ago, concepts related to CHP services have changed because of changes in society. The objectives of the study were as follows : 1) to analyse the usefulness of the present education program for CHPs, 2) to analyse the Job performance and self -confidence of the CHPs, 3) to identify the health needs of the clients served by the CHPs and the community problems related to health. 4) to develop a conceptual framework for the curriculum, for the education of CHPs, 5) to develops details for the learning content of the education program for CHPs. Phase I of the study was conducted by questionnaires to 150 CHPs who have worked in remote rural areas for more than 2 years. Among them, 147 responded. Data was collected from August 16, to August 25, 1990. In order to identify the health needs of the community people, research within the last five years was reviewed and analyzed. The data on 1, 842 communities gathered by the WHO Nursing Collaborations Center of the College of Nursing, Yonsei University was utilized to identify community problems related to health and the self - confidence in job performance of the CHPs. Psase II of the study consisted of a workshop with 13 professionals including Community Health Practitioners to evaluate the existing education program and a conceptual framework of the curriculum for the job education of CHPs. The results of the study are Summariged below : 1. The only 26 among 45 content items of the education program related to job skills was used by 80% of the responding CHPs. The knowledge of $\ulcorner$Networking community organization$\lrcorner$ was used by only 53.7% of the respondents. Educational content about $\ulcorner$Mental disease$\lrcorner$ was used by less than 50% of CHPs because of a knowledge deficit. 2. The CHPs reported that their activities concentrated on clinical services during the last six months. The survey showed that they seemed to neglect the activities for health promotion and disease prevention. Thus, $\ulcorner$Education for community loaders$\lrcorner$(15.9%), $\ulcorner$Activity for eavironmental health$\lrcorner$(16.3%) and $\ulcorner$Social work for needey people$\lrcorner$(23.3%) were done by less than 30% of CHPs. 3. More than 90% of CHPs reported being self - confident for the activities of $\ulcorner$Health education and counselling$\lrcorner$, $\ulcorner$Medicine prescription$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Immunization$\lrcorner$. But 50% of CHPs reported that they were not have self - confident in $\ulcorner$Management of water and environmental health$\lrcorner$ and only 25.6% of CHPs could insert an IUD independently. 4. It was identified that respiratory diseases and the gastrointestinal diseases were most common problems for the community people, followed by musculoskeletal and skin problems. 5. The community problems were classified into eight categories : physical environmental problems, environmental hygiene, health problems, health behavior, social problem, lack of resources, financial problem and the problems of the cultural and value system. 6. The conceptual framework consisted of the target population and their health status, nursing process working site and primary health care services such as health promotion, disease prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. 7. The contents of curriculum of education program for CHPs were formulated from the results of this study.