• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.217-227
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• 2009

The present study was set to evaluate the effect of pomegranate extracts on improvement of the menopausal syndromes such as face flushing in ovariectomized rats by carrying out short- and long-term experiments. Pomegranate extracts used to feed rats were prepared from the pulp part which does not contain the rid of the pomegranate, and were dissolved in propylene glycol. From the short-term (16 days) experiment, it was clear that when the 25, 250, 1,250 mg/kg/day concentrations of pomegranate extracts were orally fed to ovariectomized rats, the body temperature of the rats in all the 3 groups were decreased with statistical significance compared to other control groups which were fed with propylene glycol only. Especially, the body temperature decreased by $2.7^{\circ}C$ compared to control groups even when the pomegranate extracts were fed at the low concentration of 25 mg/kg/day implying the usefulness of pomegranate extracts in improving face flushing troubles. In addition, the body weight of the groups fed with pomegranate extracts also decreased when compared to groups fed with only propylene glycol, and the results were also statistically significant. In case of the estradiol level in the blood of rats, the levels were somewhat higher in the groups fed with pomegranate extracts than the control groups, even though the difference was not statistically significant. As found from the results of the short-term experiment, in long-term experiment, the groups fed with pomegranate extracts showed statistically significant decrease in the body temperature and the body weight, whereas the increase of the estradiol levels in blood in each groups were statistically insignificant. During the short- and long-term experiments, no sign of toxicity was found in rats fed with pomegranate extracts indicating no toxic side effects of the pomegranate extracts when orally fed. The concentrations of pomegranate extracts 25, 250, 1250 mg/kg/day treated to ovariectomized rats in this study can be estimated to be 1.5, 15, and 75 g/day when treated to women whose body weight is 60 kg which is average for women with menopausal syndromes. Since even the 75 g/day of high concentration of pomegranate extracts did not show any toxicity in short- and long-term experiments, taking 1.5 g/day concentration of pomegranate extracts would be safe dose for not causing any side effects. Therefore, it can be concluded from the results of this study that taking 1.5 g/day of pomegranate extracts for certain period time will improve the menopausal syndromes including face flushing.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2010

A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled human intervention study involving 58 menopause women was performed to investigate the effect of pomegranate extracts on menopausal symptoms. The volunteers were randomly distributed into two groups, one taking pomegranate extracts (1.5 g/day) and the other being a placebo by taking oral administration for 8 weeks. The results from this study showed that duration of hot flush and sweating were significantly decreased by taking pomegranate extracts. In addition, menopausal rating scales and the Kuppermann index were significantly decreased in pomegranate extract taking group. This result suggests a possibility that pomegranate extracts can be helpful for menopause women.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.1063-1072
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• 2011

이란산과 국내산 석류를 착즙하여 과즙과 부산물로 버려지는 외피, 내피, 씨의 4부분으로 나누어 기능성 성분과 항산화능을 분석하였다. 석류 부위별 추출물의 기능성 성분 중 총 페놀 함량은 국내산 석류 외피가 210 mg/g${\pm}$8.08로 가장 높았고, 플라보노이드의 함량은 이란산 석류 내피와 이란산 석류 외피가 가장 높았다. Phytoestrogen 함량은 이란산에 비해 국내산 석류 내피에서 96.04 ${\mu}g/mL$로 가장 높게 측정되어 전반적으로 이란산 석류보다 국내산 석류의 기능성 성분의 함량이 높았다. 부위별 석류 에탄올 추출물의 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성과 SOD 유사활성, 환원력은 국내산 석류 내피의 활성이 가장 높았고 superoxide anion 소거활성에서는 이란산 석류 내피의 활성이 가장 높았다. ABTS$^+$ 소거활성에서는 이란산 석류 외피의 항산화능이 가장 높게 측정되었고, 아질산염 소거활성은 국내산 석류 외피추출물이 가장 높았다. 또한 석류의 총 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드, 식물성 에스트로겐의 양이 높을수록 항산화성이 높아 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과에 따르면, 기능성 성분은 국내산 석류에서 함량이 높았고 항산화활성은 각 항산화 측정방법에 따라 조금씩 차이가 있지만 대체적으로 국내산 석류의 항산화능이 높게 분석되었다. 또한 부위별로 비교해 본 결과 석류는 과즙보다 껍질과 씨 부분 특히 내피에 기능성 성분의 함량이 많고 항산화 활성도 높게 나타났다. 따라서 과즙 착즙 시 버려지는 부산물인 석류의 외피와 내피는 기능성 성분 및 항산화성이 우수하여 식품의 산화방지를 위한 천연 항산화제로서의 가치가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.388-400
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• 2020

This study was conducted to develop chicken meat patties by incorporating pomegranate peel and bagasse powders and their extracts. Patties were developed by incorporating pomegranate peel powder (PPP, 2 g), pomegranate aril bagasse powder (PABP, 4 g), pomegranate peel powder aqueous extract (PPAE, 6 g) and pomegranate aril bagasse powder aqueous extract (PABAE, 9 g) individually per 100 g of minced meat. Both types of powders and extracts treated patties had significantly higher total phenolic content than control and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) treated patties. Both types of powder (PPP and PABP) treated patties had significantly higher water holding capacity, ash, crude fibre content, and hardness values, and significantly lower moisture content and lightness values in comparison to control patties. Emulsion stability and cooking yield of PABP treated patties were significantly higher than control. Addition of extracts and BHT did not influence the physico-chemical properties and proximate composition of chicken patties. Both types of powders and extracts provided better protection to chicken meat patties against oxidative rancidity and microbial proliferation in comparison to control and BHT treated patties during refrigerated storage. It is concluded that pomegranate fruit byproducts in the form of peel powder, aril bagasse powder and their extracts can be successfully utilised in development of healthier chicken meat patties and these byproducts can also be effectively used as a replacement of synthetic antioxidants such as BHT.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.368-372
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• 2005

Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal compounds found in a variety of plants, which exert estrogenic effects in animals. In this study, the useful compounds of pomegranate as preliminarily research for the developing of natural estrogen supplement were determined. The estrogenic activity of phytoestrogens in the pomegranate was estimated by using the Yeast Estrogen Receptor and E-screen assay. Estrogenic activity of all pomegranate extracts in the Yest Estrogen Receptor assay were not significant difference at all concentration. Whereas peel extracts of Iranian and domestic red pomegranate are significantly enhanced in the E-screen assay. When various pomegranate extracts enzyme and acid hydrolyzed, three aglycones of phytoestrogen, kaempferol, quercetin and catechin were detected. Peel extract of domestic red pomegranste contained more than kaempferol(87.0 mg%), quercetin(172.8 mg%)) and catechin(956.8 mg%) than other extracts. These differences in concentrations of key phytoestrogens among various extracts seemed to be responsible for their differences in estrogenic activities. Among these three compound, kaempferol showed the highest MCF-7 cell enhancing efface.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2017

Functional foods are of great significance since our society is accelerating into aging. An aging society has many physiological metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, dementia and geriatric diseases. Fundamental treatments for the elderly are almost impossible and the social burden is heavy. If these diseases can be prevented or alleviated by improving dietary habits using functional foods, the significance would be very large. Pomegranate has been found to have 124 different kinds of phytochemicals. Polyphenols have a wide range of protective effects including various physiological metabolic diseases and cancers. It is necessary to develop functional foods such as preservatives and food extenders which can contribute to food safety, required in the food industry, by using such bioactive substances. Pomegranates have been reported to decrease the impact of many serious illnesses. There is a considerable amount of bioactive substances in the peel of a pomegranate, which has potent anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties. Unfortunately, the peel is typically discarded after processing. Despite knowledge regarding the bioactive substances in the pomegranate peel and peel extracts, including their functionality and diversity, the knowledge is not well known by consumers in general. The aim of this study was to review up to date research trends for processing and developing new functional foods by utilizing nutritional functional substances, favourite food materials, and materials for processing food contained in pomegranate peels and pomegranate peel extracts. This study will summarize the data found in pomegranate peel and pomegranate peel extract literature mainly recently published in Science Direct. There are polyphenolic compounds (ellagitannins, punicalagin, proanthocyanidin, flavonoids, polysaccharides, etc.) in the fruit peel, making up about 50% of the pomegranate's weight. The polyphenol content of a pomegranate fruit peel is 149.91 mg/g, which is about 100 times higher than the juice. Paying attention to the fact that the ellagitannin content (14.22 mg/g) in the fruit peel is also twice as high as that of the fruit juice and seeds, that confirms the possibility of utilizing the peel as a food ingredient capable of developing new, functional bioactive foods.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2006

Women's aging made a functional decline at ovary, This functional problem causes estrogen deficiency and many disorders, such as, sexual dysfunction, obesity, osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, skin and all body's aging, etc. We determined the ameliorative effects of some herbal extracts mixture on postmenopausal symptoms in ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats. Nine-weeks-old female rats were ovariectomized and treated with singled pomegranate extracts (0.40, 1.20 g/kg/day) and mixed pomegranate extracts (1.08, 3.24g/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Oral administration of pomegranate extracts for 8 weeks were increased serum estradiol level and improved the serum osteocalcin, ALP activity and bone specific ALP level. And pomegranate extracts were reduced body weight, adipose tissue. Uterus weight in treated group tended to improve. In addition, the concentrationl of triglyceride and total cholesterol were lower after 8 weeks. HDL-cholesterol levels improved with does-dependency in treated groups. Collagen level on skin and cartilage showed a slight increase at treatment for 8 weeks. $^{\infty}These$ results showed that both of singular extract treatments and extracts mixture treatments were effective on general postmenopausal symptoms at overiectomized rats, and especially, the mixture treatments were more effective than singular treatment. $^{\infty}In$ conclusion, these herbal extracts' mixture showed improvement effect in general factors related with postmenopausal disorders.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.171-174
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• 2005

Three flavonoid compounds - quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol - were analyzed from two commercially available concentrated pomegranate extracts produced in Turkey and Italy, respectively. The samples were freeze-dried and hydrolyzed by 0.4 M hydrochloric acid in 50% ethanol at $80^{\circ}C$. HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) with DAD (diode array detection) at a wavelength of 260 nm was used for the detection of the three flavonoids. The detection limits of the three compounds were in hundreds of picograms and the signal-to-noise ratio ranged from 4 to 5: quercetin: >308 pg, s/n=4.0; luteolin: >262 pg, s/n=4.5; kaempferol: >688 pg, s/n=5.0. Quercetin, but not luteolin and kaempferol, was detected in the both pomegranate extracts. The concentrations of quercetin were $49.7\;{\mu}g/g$ and $27.7\;{\mu}g/g$ in the two pomegranate extracts made in Turkey and Italy, respectively.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2002

천연 호르몬 보충 제제의 개발을 위한 기초 연구로 이란산 흑석류 과즙 농축액과 이를 이용한 제품의 화학성분들을 분석하였다. 석류 농축액의 일반성분은 수분 39.3%, 조지방 0.4%, 조단백질 0.9%, 조회분 1.4%, 그리고 탄수화물은 42.0%이었다. 아미노산 함량은 글루탐산이 1310.0ppm, 아스파르트산이 896.2ppm, 아르기닌이 877.7ppm, 페닐알라닌이 57.5ppm순으로 무기 성분들은 철분 6640.0ppm, 염소 3464.0ppm, 칼륨 2550.8ppm, 인 150.0ppm, 칼슘 80.0ppm순으로 많이 함유되어 있었다. 비타민은 5가지의 수용성 비타민이 함유되어 있었으며 그 중 비타민 C(20mg/100g)를 제외한 나머지 비타민들이 아주 적은 양이 있었다. 주요 지방산은 palmitic acid(8.3%)와 stearic acid(69.4%)로 전체 지방산의 약 60~80%를 차지하고 있었다. 또한 6종의 Phyto 및 에스트로겐류가 들어 있었으며 각각 daidzein 23.72ppm, quercetin 9,75ppm, catechin 1.48ppm, genistein 0.29ppm, 2,3-di-MeO-estradiol이 0.04ppm, 그리고 17$\beta$-에스트라디올이 0.15ppm이 함유되어 있었다. 이상의 결과들을 석류 농축액으로 제조한 제품 포에버 120과 칡과 대두 isoflavon 농축분말과 비교하였다.

• 한국염색가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국염색가공학회 2008년도 제38차 학술발표대회
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• pp.105-107
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• 2008

Dyeing properties of the colorants extracted from pomegranate hull on hair were investigated to study its efficay of natural hair coloring dye. Effect of dyeing condition and mordanting on dye uptake, color change and colorfastness were explored. In addition, tensile strength retention is measured and the surface of the hair was observed by SEM. The water extracted pomegranate hull was concentrated and freeze-dried for preparing colorant powders. It was considered that ionic bonding was involved in the adsorption of pomegranate colorants to hair. Pomegranate hull colorants produced greyish brown colors on hair and the hair mordanted with Fe showed dark brown color. Mordant except Fe did not significantly increased dye uptake. Mordant except Cu increased light fastness, mordant except Cr increased washing fastness. SEM to observe the hair is damaged by ultraviolet light and cleaning. This is consistent with the results of tensile strength retention. From the results of colorfastness th washing and light, it was concluded that colorants from pomegranate hull can be need as a semi-permanent natural hair coloring dye.