• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.187-194
• /
• 1986

The purpose of this study is to develop a new method which enables the goat ESR to be used as an effective clinical test. Blood samples were taken from 61 Korean native goats aged above one year old and the effect of tube inclinations, tube bores, tube lengths, environmental temperatures during tests and packed erythrocyte volumes (PCV) on the ESR were observed. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The ESR/hr using capillary hematocrit tube (Micro-Ht-tube) was gradually increased as the tube angle inclined from 90 (vertical) to 15 degrees and the best angle in view of both security and fast sedimentation rate was found to be an angle of 45 degrees. 2. The 45-degree angled ESR ($45^{\circ}$-ESR) increased as the diameter of tube bore decreased. 3. The tube length did not affect the $45^{\circ}$-ESR in percent. 4. The $45^{\circ}$-ESR increased with the increased environmental temperature during the ESR test. 5. The heparinized Micro-Ht tubes did not affect the $45^{\circ}$-ESR of EDTA-blood in healthy group but in anemic group. In the anemic group, the ESRs by the heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes were slightly higher than those by non-heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes. 6. By using the autologous plasma, PCV of the blood was adjusted to be 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50ml/100ml and $45^{\circ}$-ESRs were determined in the Micro-Ht-tubes. The $45^{\circ}$-ESRs increased as the values of PCV decreased. The regression of the $45^{\circ}ESR$ to PCV was curvilinear with the second degree polynomial, $Y=42.1838-1.7355X+0.0180X^2$(r=0.9997). 7. The $45^{\circ}$-ESR/hr, using non-heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes at $20^{\circ}C$, was determined in 35 healthy Korean native goats. The average PCV was $30.6{\pm}1.4ml/100ml$. The observed ESR values averaged $6.8{\pm}1.7%$ and the corrected ESR values to the standard PCV of 31ml/100ml averaged $6.5{\pm}1.2%$. From these results, the angled capillary tube method was found to be desirable ESR test of goat blood in which EDTA-blood is filled in nonheparinized Micro-Ht-tubes held at an angle of 45 degrees for an hour at $20^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.203-212
• /
• 2015

This study was performed to describe the influence of temperature on the clearance rate and ingestion rate of the blue mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis with three food organisms and habitat location (shell size) of mussel. Food organisms used in this experiments were Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros didymus and Prorocentrum dentatum. The size of mussels inhabiting higher midlittoral zone was smaller than those of lower midlittoral zone. Regardless of the kind of food organisms, filtration rates and ingestion rates of higher midlittoral mussels were higher than those of lower midlittoral mussels in experiment temperature conditions. The variation of filtration rate and ingestion rate showed same tendency with temperature. Filtration rates and ingestion rates increased with temperature, and recorded maximum values at $20-25^{\circ}C$ of temperature, and thereafter decreased gradually. Theoretical optimum temperatures showing maximum filtration rates and ingestion rates estimated from polynomial regression curves were also in the range of $20-25^{\circ}C$. Blue mussels showed different variation of filtration rate and ingestion rate with the kind of food organisms. Filtration rates and ingestion rate based on cell number were similar regardless of habitat location(tidal elevation) and food organisms. Ingestion rates based on carbon content showed very high values in case of P. dentatum beside I. galbana and C. didymus as food organism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.131-138
• /
• 1998

In order to minimize the trial frequency in the new filter cigarette design, we studied the relationship between smoke yield and tipping materials of cigarette. A three levels full factorial design involving filament denier (X1,2.5-3.3d), Porosity of the acetate filter plug wrap (X2, 3,500-16,000CU) and porosity of the tip paper (X3, 400-1,200CU) was used. Three independent factors (Xl, X2, X3) were chosen for their effects on the various responses and the function was expressed in terms of a quadratic polynomial equation, Y : $\beta$o + $\beta$1Xl + $\beta$2X2 + $\beta$3X3 + $\beta$11Xl2 + $\beta$22X22+ $\beta$33X32 + $\beta$12X1X2 + $\beta$13XIX3 $\beta$23X2X3 which measures the linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Twenty-nine trial numbers were obtained as a results of using a three levels full factorial design and it was analyzed by the multiple regression analysis with backward stepwise in STATISTICA/pc under restricted conditions. Tar yields of the cigarette was affected by porosity of tip paper (0.66), filament denier (0.47) and porosity of plug wrap (0.28) in the decreasing order, and linear effect of tip paper porosity (B3) and filament denier (91) were significant at a level of 0.01($\alpha$). The filament denier and tipping paper porosity interaction F ratio among three factors had a P-value of 0,000041, indicating higher interaction between these factors. Based on the analysis of variance, the model fitted for Tar (Y1) was significant at 5% confidence level and the coefficient of determination (0.96) was the proportion of variability in the data fitted for by the model.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.259-266
• /
• 1998

To achieve the 2D dose distribution around the designed high dose rate Ir-192 source substitution for Co-60 brachytherapy source, we determined the exposure rate constant and tissue attenuation factors as a large depth as a 20 cm from source center. The exposure rate constant is used for apparent activity in designed source with self-absorption and encapsulation steel wall. The tissue dose delivered from the 4401 segments of 2.5 mm in a diameter and 2.5 mm height of disk-type source layer. In the experiments, the tissue attenuation factors include the tissue attenuation and multiple scattering in a medium surrounding the source. The fitted the polynomial regression with 4th order for the tissue attenuation factors are very closed to the experimental measurement data within ${\pm}$1% discrepancy. The Meisberger's constant showed the large uncertainty in large distance from source. The exposure rate constant 4.69 Rcm$^2$/mCi-hr was currently used for determination of apparent activity of source and air kerma strength was obtained 0.973 for tissue absorbed dose from the energy spectrum of Ir-192 source. In our experiments with designed high dose rate brachytherapy source, the apparent activity of Ir-192 source was delivered from the 54.6 % of actual physical source activity through the self-absorption and encapsulation wall attenuations. This paper provides the 2-dimensional dose tabulation from unit apparent activity in a water medium for dose planning includes the multiple scattering, source anisotropy effect and geometric factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.567-571
• /
• 2005

In this study, the effects of varying the amount of water, soaking time at $25^{\circ}C$ and drying time after soaking at $45^{\circ}C$ on the induction of resveratrol were evaluated to optimize the soaking treatment by response surface methodology (RSM). After response surface regression (RSREG), the second-order polynomial equation was fitted to the experimental data. The analysis of variance showed that the model appeared to be adequate $(R^2=0.9547)$ with no significant lack of fit (p>0.1). From statistical analysis, amount of water and soaking time were found to be significant factors. On the other hand, drying time was not significant. Ridge analysis showed that the optimized parameters were $67.15\%$ for amount of water, 19.58 hr for soaking time, 65.56 hr for drying time. It was confirmed that resveratrol content was increased from $0.1\;{\mu}g/g$ to $4.55\;{\mu}g/g$ under the optimized conditions. In addition, the experimental values at the optimized condition agreed with values predicted by ridge analysis. The analytical method validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, and specificity were calculated to ensure the method's validity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.219-228
• /
• 2003

Background:Liquid nitrogen freezing techniques have already met with widespread success in biology and medicine as a means of long-term storage for cells and tissues. The use of cryoprotectants such as glycerol and dimethylsulphoxide to prevent ice crystal formation, with carefully controlled rates of freezing and thawing, allows both structure and viability to be retained almost indefinitely. Cryopreservation of various tissues has various con-trolled rates of freezing. Material and Method: To find the optimal freezing curve and the chamber temperature, we approached the thermodynamic calculation of tissues in two ways. One is the direct calculation method. We should know the thermophysical characteristics of all components, latent heat of fusion, area, density and volume, etc. This kind of calculation is so sophisticated and some variables may not be determined. The other is the indirect calculation method. We performed the tissue freezing with already used freezing curve and we observed the actual freezing curve of that tissue. And we modified the freezing curve with several steps of calculation, polynomial regression analysis, time constant calculation, thermal response calculation and inverse calculation of chamber temperature. Result: We applied that freezing program on mesenchymal stem cell, chondrocyte, and osteoblast. The tissue temperature decreased according to the ideal freezing curve without temperature rising. We did not find any differences in survival. The reason is postulated to be that freezing material is too small and contains cellular components. We expect the significant difference in cellular viability if the freezing curve is applied on a large scale of tissues. Conclusion: This program would be helpful in finding the chamber temperature for the ideal freezing curie easily.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.884-892
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to optimize the water homogenization process of mandarin orange peel for colored rice. Four variables were used to determine the optimum conditions for homogenization speed, time, temperature, and water volume with a five level central composite design and response surface methodology. The process was optimized using the combination of EI and b values of rice coated with water extract of the mandarin orange peel. The effect of water volume was the most significant compared to the other variables on the quality of water homogenate. The regression polynomial model was a suitable (p>0.05) model by lack-of-fit analysis showing high significance. To optimize the process, based on surface response and contour plots, individual contour plots for the response variables were superimposed. The optimum conditions for manufacturing water extract from mandarin orange was with 8,500 rpm homogenization speed, 2.8 min time, $53^{\circ}C$ temperature, and 42 mL water volume with the maximum of restricted variables of EI above 400 and h value above 24.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.35
• /
• pp.1-30
• /
• 1998

The primary objectives of this research is to identify (1) demographic and behavioral characteristics of donors for social welfare organizations in Korea and (2) factors that predicts the degrees of donors' philanthropic effort measured by the fraction of personal income given to these organizations. This study uses the data based on the responses of 191 participants among 500 donors selected randomly from the donor population of 5 major social welfare organizations. In the demographic aspect, this study showed that donors have higher frequencies in college education, Christianity, married status, age of 30s & 40s, and middle class. In the behavioral aspect, this study showed that donors have higher frequencies in inner motivation for philanthropic participation ("joy of giving"), satisfaction about the activities of social welfare organizations, trust toward funds administration of social welfare organizations, and active participation ("solicitation to others") about donation. This study also showed that donor's duration is distributed around 3 years (median) and donors' donation amount is distributed around 20,000 Won (median). This study found that the median value of donors' philanthropic effort is 1.2 percent and the distribution of philanthropic effort by income has the U shape. Finally, using polynomial regression analysis, this study found that the first power and second power of donor's income, age, continuation motivation of donation, and degree of active participation are statistically significant in predicting the degree of donors' philanthropic effort. This study will contribute to expanding knowledge about donors' characteristics and provide a practical implication for financial resource mobilization strategies in nonprofit nongovernmental sector.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.539-542
• /
• 1990

The effects of immersion temperature $(20,\;40\;and\;60^{\circ}C)$ and immersion times (6. 12 and 18 min) in a distilled water prior to air dehydration upon the browning reaction and pyruvic acid content of air dried onions to a 4.071 moisture content (wet basis) were analyzed by a response surface methodology (RSM). Those values were also predicted by using a second degree polynomial regression model. Immersion temperature had more influence to browning reaction and pyruvic acid content than immersion time in these experimental ranges. The processing conditions to minimize the browning reaction of dried onions at $50^{\circ}C$ of air temperature (O.D.=0.071) were $60^{\circ}C$ of immersion temperature and 18 min of immersion time compared to control (O.D.=0.168) of air dehydration at $50^{\circ}C$ Pyruvic acid contents of dried onions at $50^{\circ}C$ of air temperature were maximized $(39.85{\mu}mole/g\;onion\;solid)$ at $60^{\circ}C$ of immersion temperature and 12 min of immersion time compared to control $(24.08{\mu}mole/g\;onion\;solid)$ of air dehydration at $50^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.19 no.11
• /
• pp.541-549
• /
• 2018

This paper deals with the braking dynamic behavior of diesel electric locomotive pulling domestic cargo and passenger vehicles. Friction coefficient, pneumatic pressure, and running resistance affecting the braking system were tested. For the friction coefficient, the Dynamo test was performed with reference to UIC 541-4. The results are analyzed by multivariate regression and the relationship between braking force and ititial velocity is presented. The pneumatic pressure were classified into service braking and emergency braking. In order to reflect the characteristics of the brake valve and piping, the pressure rising over time was measured in the vehicle. In order to reflect the external force acting on the vehicle, we carried out the test of EN 14067-4 and presented the second order polynomial formula on a running resistance. The running resistance test results were compared with other countries. The dynamic behavior of a diesel electric locomotive running on a straight flat track based on vehicle resources, friction coefficient, braking pressure, and running resistance is simulated using the time integration presented in EN 14531-1. The simulation results were compared and verified with the vehicle braking test results. The results of this study can be used to analyze the dynamic braking behavior of a train. Also, it is expected that various parameters affecting braking in vehicle design can be analyzed and used as basic data for braking performance improvement.