• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.960-965
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• 2011

The content of benzo[a]pyrene from 69 smoked meat products commonly consumed in Korean food market was analysed with high performance liquid chromatography. Smoked meat products including smoked chicken, pork, turkey and duck were saponified, extracted and cleaned up to analyze the benzo[a]pyrene content. As a result of analysis from smoked meat products, the mean benzo[a]pyrene content was 0.42 ${\mu}g$/kg and the highest content of benzo[a]pyrene was 2.87 ${\mu}g$/kg detected in smoked chicken product. All somked meat products contained benzo[a]pyrene below the limit regulated by Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Exposure assessment of benzo[a]pyrene from smoked meat products ingestion was calculated by using National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS). The estimated lifetime average daily intake of benzo[a]pyrene was 0.187 ng/kg bw/d. Margin of exposure of benzo[a]pyrene was ranged from 1,657,754 to 3,957,219.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2009

The process of biodegradation in lingo-cellulosic materials is critically relevant to biospheric carbon. The study of this natural process has largely involved laboratory investigations, focused primarily on the biodegradation and recycling of agricultural by-products, generally using basidiomycetes species. In order to collect super white rot fungi and evaluate its ability to degrade lingo-cellulosic material, 35 fungal strains, collected from forests, humus soil, livestock manure, and dead trees, were screened for enzyme activities and their potential to decolorize the commercially used Poly-R 478 dye. In the laccase enzymatic analysis chemical test, 33 white rot fungi and 2 brown rot fungi were identified. The degradation ability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) according to the utilized environmental conditions was higher in the mushrooms grown in dead trees and fallen leaves than in the mushrooms grown in humus soil and livestock manure. Using Poly-R 478 dye to assess the PAH-degradation activity of the identified strains, four strains, including Agrocybe pediades, were selected. The activities of laccase, MnP, and Lip of the four strains with PAH-degrading ability were highest in Pleurotus incarnates. 87 fungal strains, collected from forests, humus soil, livestock manure, and dead trees, were screened for enzyme activities and their potential to decolorize the commercially used Poly-R 478 dye on solid media. Using Poly-R 478 dye to assess the PAHdegrading activity of the identified strains, it was determined that MKACC 51632 and 52492 strains evidenced superior activity in static and shaken liquid cultures. Subsequent screening on plates containing the polymeric dye poly R-478, the decolorization of which is correlated with lignin degradation, resulted in the selection of a strain of Coriolus versicolor, MKACC52492, for further study, primarily due to its rapid growth rate and profound ability to decolorize poly R-478 on solid media. Considering our findings using Poly-R 478 dye to evaluate the PAH-degrading activity of the identified strains, Coriolus versicolor, MKACC 52492 was selected as a favorable strain. Coriolus versicolor, which was collected from Mt. Yeogi in Suwon, was studied for the production of the lignin-modifying enzymes laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 2011

Hazardous chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals, are known as being harmful to human health were included in oils released by the Herbei Spirit Oil Spill accident in December 2007. To investigate changes of eating habits by the exposure to harmful substances, we conducted 5 focus group interviews for residents at Taean coast areas, who had experienced the oil spill accident. Participants included 46 women (mean age: $57.2{\pm}10.9$) who were mainly responsible for preparing family meals. Focus group discussions were audio-taped, transcribed and categorized by themes. Participants expressed more frequent illness symptoms such as dizziness, vomiting, visual loss, and skin diseases after the accident. They mentioned that their worries about economic hardship and worsened health status since the accident induced mental problems, such as depression about their children. Regarding eating habits, participants reported less intakes of fishes and meats and relatively more intakes of vegetables and kimchi due to the lack of household incomes after the accident. Although the participants had been used to collecting or catching fish or shellfish for their consumption previously, they mainly purchased these foods from local markets after the accident. Changes of eating habits induced by the accident included drinking boiled water and having steamed or fried seafood rather than raw seafood. Changes of food intakes occurred less frequently in older adults due to their longterm fixed eating habits, although they felt uncomfortable for having raw fish. The findings of this study clearly present that the exposure of hazardous substances by the oil spill accident had a significant impact on changes in eating habits besides economic, physical, and mental problems among the residents in Taean. Continuous health and nutrition monitoring and support are needed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 1989

The binding of bay region diol-epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to target tissue DNA is thought to be essential for the initiation of cancer by these compounds. In this study we investigated the effect of polyacetylenes such as panaxynol and panaxydol on the formation of benzo(a)pyreno (BP)-metabolite-DNA adduct in the liver of ICR mice. Treatment of mice by i.p. administration of polyacetylenes produced a marked reduction in BP metabolite binding to DNA in vitro. Following i.v. administration of (3H)BP(300, ${\mu}$Ci/21 nmoles/0.1 nt DMSO) to mice, radioactivity was detected in the DNA of the liver in vivo. The result of tentative identification of the 4 peaks between the two standard markers for high pressure liquid chromatography showed that the peaks. I, II, III, and IV were BP-phenol oxide-DNA adduct (or BP-diol-epoxide-dCyt. adduct), (-) BP$.$diolepoxide I:dGuO adduct, (+) BP-diol-epoxide I: dGuo adduct, and BP-diol-epoxide II:dGuO adduct, respectively. The minor adduct, (-) BP-diol epoxide I: dGuo was reduced to 6971 of the amount of the control, while the major adduct, (+) BP-diolepoxide I: dGuO(peak II) which was produced from (-) BP-7, 8-diol was reduced to 78% of that of the control. The amount of the minor adduct, BP-diol-epoxide II:dGuo adduct(peak IV) which formed from (+) BP-7, 8-diol was 58% of the control. These results show that the panaxydol is more related to inhibition of the formation of the minor ad- ducts than of the major adducts, which were generally produced from ($\pm$) BP-7, 8-dihydro-dials.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.201-206
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• 2012

Benzo(a)pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) whose metabolites are mutagenic and highly carcinogenic and is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC. It has been found at variable concentrations in several foods and is associated with several factors during the process including contaminated raw materials, exposure of environment, and procedure of process or cooking. In this study, benzo(a)pyrene in 45 oriental medicines were determined by HPLC/FLD. The calibration curves of benzo(a)pyrene was linear over the concentration range of 0.5~40 ng/mL with correlation coefficient of above 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of benzo(a)pyrene were 0.04 and 0.10 ${\mu}g/kg$. Benzo(a)pyrene in 3 samples out of 45 samples was not detected. The level of benzo(a)pyrene in 26 (57.7%), 8 (17.8%) and 7 (15.6%) samples was 0.1~0.5, 0.5~1.0 and 1.0~5.0 ${\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Especially, content of benzo(a)pyrene in Coptis Rhizome is the highest (5.97 ${\mu}g/kg$). In conclusion, these results suggest that could be applied to fundamental study and guideline on drying condition to decrease content of benzo(a)pyrene in oriental medicine.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.549-563
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• 2010

The environmental behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mainly governed by their solubility and partitioning properties on soil media in a subsurface system. In surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) systems, surfactant plays a critical role in remediation. In this study, sorptive behaviors and partitioning of naphthalene in soils in the presence of surfactants were investigated. Silica and kaolin with low organic carbon contents and a natural soil with relatively higher organic carbon content were used as model sorbents. A nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, was used to enhance dissolution of naphthalene. Sorption kinetics of naphthalene onto silica, kaolin and natural soil were investigated and analyzed using several kinetic models. The two compartment first-order kinetic model (TCFOKM) was fitted better than the other models. From the results of TCFOKM, the fast sorption coefficient of naphthalene ($k_1$) was in the order of silica > kaolin > natural soil, whereas the slow sorbing fraction ($k_2$) was in the reverse order. Sorption isotherms of naphthalene were linear with organic carbon content ($f_{oc}$) in soils, while those of Triton X-100 were nonlinear and correlated with CEC and BET surface area. Sorption of Triton X-100 was higher than that of naphthalene in all soils. The effectiveness of a SER system depends on the distribution coefficient ($K_D$) of naphthalene between mobile and immobile phases. In surfactant-sorbed soils, naphthalene was adsorbed onto the soil surface and also partitioned onto the sorbed surfactant. The partition coefficient ($K_D$) of naphthalene increased with surfactant concentration. However, the $K_D$ decreased as the surfactant concentration increased above CMC in all soils. This indicates that naphthalene was partitioned competitively onto both sorbed surfactants (immobile phase) and micelles (mobile phase). For the mineral soils such as silica and kaolin, naphthalene removal by mobile phase would be better than that by immobile phase because the distribution of naphthalene onto the micelles ($K_{mic}$) increased with the nonionic surfactant concentration (Triton X-100). For the natural soil with relatively higher organic carbon content, however, the naphthalene removal by immobile phase would be better than that by mobile phase, because a high amount of Triton X-100 could be sorbed onto the natural soil and the sorbed surfactant also could sorb the relatively higher amount of naphthalene.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.573-580
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• 2017

The oxicity assesment of Phenanthrene (PHE) has been investigated by using the rate (r) of survival and population growth in rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. The survival rate was determined after 24 h of exposure to PHE. The survival rate of PHE had no effect at a maximum of $300mg\;L^{-1}$. The r was determined after 72 h of exposure to PHE. It was observed that r in the controls (absence PHE) was greater than 0.5, but that it suddenly decreased with an increased concentration of PHE. PHE reduced r in a dose-dependent manner and a significant reduction occurred at a concentration of greater than $37.5mg\;L^{-1}$. The $EC_{50}$ value of r in PHE exposure was $63.7mg\;L^{-1}$. The no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) of r in PHE exposure was $18.8mg\;L^{-1}$. The lowest-observed-effect-concentration (LOEC) of r in the PHE exposure was $37.5mg\;L^{-1}$. From the results, the concentration of PHE (greater than $37.5mg\;L^{-1}$) has a toxic effect on the r of B. plicatilis in natural ecosystems. These results(including NOEC, LOEC and $EC_{50}$) might be useful for the Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) toxicity assessment in marine ecosystems.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2009

Concentrations of benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene in edible oils from Korean market were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. Benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene known of the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), has been found at variable concentrations in several foods. This is associated with several factors during the process including contaminated raw materials, exposure of environment, and procedure of process or cooking. The levels of benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene were ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 $\mu$g/kg in virgin olive oil. Benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene contents in refined and virgin olive oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, and processed oil were 0.6-1.0 $\mu$g/kg, 0.9-1.3 $\mu$g/kg, 0.6-3.3 $\mu$g/kg, 0.5-1.1 $\mu$g/kg, 1.2-1.7 $\mu$g/kg, 1.0-2.1 $\mu$g/kg, and 1.0-1.4 $\mu$g/kg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 2003

Burkholderia sp. D5, a polyaromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)-degrading bacterium, was isolated from oil-contaminated soil. The bacterium could utilize phenanthrene (Phe) as a sole carbon source but could not use pyrene (Pyr). However, the strain could degrade Pyr when a cosubstrate such as yeast extract (YE) was supplemented. The PAH degradation rate of the bacterium was enhanced by the addition of other organic materials such as YE, peptone and glucose. YE was a particularly effective additive in stimulating cell growth as well as PAH degradation. When 1 g-YE/L was supplemented into the basal salt medium (BSM) with 215 mg-Phe/L, the specific growth rate (0.28 h-1) and Phe-degrading rate (29.30 μmol/L/h) were enhanced approximately ten and two times more than those obtained in the BSM with 215 mg-Phe/L, respectively. Through kinetic analysis, the maximum specific growth rate (μmax) and PAH degrading rate (Vmax) for Phe were obtained as 0.34/h and 289 ${\mu}mol$/L/h, respectively. Also, μmax and Vmax for Pyr were 0.27 h-1 and 50 ${\mu}mol$/L/h, respectively. The degradation rates for each Phe (2.20 μmol/L/h) and Pyr (2.18 μmol/L/h) were lower in mixture substrates than in a single substrate (29.30 ${\mu}mol$/L/h and 9.58 ${\mu}mol$/L/h, respectively). Burkholderia sp. D5 can degrade Phe and Pyr contained in soil, and the PAH degradation rates in soil were 20.03 ${\mu}mol$/L/h for Phe and 1.09 ${\mu}mol$/L/h for Pyr.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2012

Stable carbon isotope ratio of oil components are known to be unaffected by weathering processes and thus has been widely used to determine the origin of spilled oil. In this study, molecular index and composition of stable carbon isotope in 15 crude oils and petroleum product were analyzed and used as oil fingerprints to determine the discriminating power of each fingerprinting method among target crude oils. Through the fingerprints of alkane distribution only Bintulu and B-C(1%) were distinguishable from other crude oils. The pristane/phytane ratio can classify the crude oils into three groups but differentiation of crude oils within a group was impossible using the ratio. The crude oils of A.L., A.S.L., Foroozan and B-C(1%) were differentiated from the other oils using PAH source recognition indexes of C2D/C2P and C3D/C3P. The usage of 4-mD/1-mD and 2/3-mD/1-mD ratio was able to distinguish A.S.L., Bintulu and Oman from the other crude oils. However the PAH source recognition ratios in the other crude oils were similar and thus they were impractical to be used for source identification among the target crude oils. Stable carbon isotope ratios of alkanes were able to uniquely specify each crude oil in the plot of ${\delta}^{13}C_{C21}$ and ${\delta}^{13}C_{C25}$ except A.L., A.M., Qatar-Marine, B-C(1%). The oil fingerprinting method using stable carbon isotope ratios of individual alkane compounds showed more discriminating power among the target crude oils than the conventional source recognition indexes of PAHs or alkanes.