References
- Alves RN, CF Mariz, DVD Paulo and PSM Carvalho. 2017. Toxicity of effluents from gasoline stations oil-water separators to early life stages of zebrafish Danio rerio. Chemosphere 178:224-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.023
- Chiapusio G, S Pujol, ML Toussaint, PM Badot and P Binet. 2007. Phenanthrene toxicity and dissipation in rhizosphere of grassland plants (Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium pratense L.) in three spiked soils. Plant Soil 294:103-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9234-4
- DellaGreca M, A Fiorentino, M Isidori and A Zarrelli. 2001. Toxicity evaluation of natural and synthetic phenanthrenes in aquatic systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:1824-1830.
- Edwards NT. 1983. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in the terrestrial environment: a review. J. Environ. Qual. 12:427-441.
- Gallardo WG, Y Tomita, A Hagiwara, K Soyano and TW Snell. 1997. Effect of dimetgyl sullfoxide (DMSO), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), acetone and ethanol on the population growth, mitic frmale production, and body size of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Muller. Bull. Fac. Fish., Nagasaki Univ. 78:15-22.
- Heintz RA, SD Rice, AC Wertheimer, RF Bradshaw, FP Thrower, JE Joyce and JW Short. 2000. Delayed effects on growth and marine survival of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha after exposure to crude oil during embryonic development. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 208:205-216. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps208205
- Hodson PV. 2017. The toxicity to fish embryos of PAH in crude and refined oils. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 73:12-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-016-0357-6
- Hwang UK, HM Ryu, S Heo, SJ Chang, KW Lee and JW Lee. 2016. Effect of Heavy Metals on the Survival and Population Growth Rates of Marine Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. Korea J. Environ. Biol. 34:353-360. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2016.34.4.353
- Incardona JP, TK Collier and NL Scholz. 2004. Defects in cardiac function precede morphological abnormalities in fish embryos exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 196:191-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.026
- Incardona JP, HL Day, TK Collier and NL Scholz. 2006. Developmental toxicity of 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in zebrafish is differentially dependent on AH receptor isoforms and hepatic cytochrome P450 1A metabolism. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 217:308-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.09.018
- Incardona JP, MG Carls, HL Day, CA Sloan, JL Bolton, TK Collier and NL Scholz. 2009. Cardiac arrhythmia is the primary response of embryonic Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) exposed to crude oil during weathering. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43:201-207. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802270t
- Incardona JP, LD Gardner, TL Linbo, TL Brown, AJ Esbaugh, EM Mager, JD Stieglitz, BL French, JS Labenia, CA Laetz, M Tagal, CA Sloan, A Elizur, DD Benetti, M Grosell, BA Block and NL Scholz. 2014. Deepwater horizon crude oil impacts the developing hearts of large predatory pelagic fish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111:1510-1518. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320950111
- Jassen C, F Rodrigo and G Persoone. 1993. Ecotoxicological studies with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, I: conceptual framework and applications. Hydrobiologia 255:21-32.
- Janssen CR, G Persoone and TW Snell. 1994. Cyst-based toxicity tests. VIII. Short-chronic toxicity tests with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Aqua. Toxicol. 28:243-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(94)90036-1
- Johson BT and ER Long. 1998. Rapid toxicity assessment of sediments from estuarine ecosystems: A new tandem in vitro testing approach. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:1099-1106. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170616
- Kim M, MC Kennicutt II and Y Qian. 2008. Source characterization using compound composition and stable carbon isotope ratio of PAHs in sediments from lakes, harbor, and shipping waterway. Sci. Total Environ. 389:367-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.045
- Kim SK, JR Oh, WJ Shim, DH Lee, UH Yim, SH Hong, YB Shin and DS Lee. 2002. Geographical distribution and accumulation features of organochlorine residues in bivalves from coastal areas of South Korea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45: 268-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00279-X
- Kwon HO and SD Choi. 2014. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a multi-industrial city, South Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 470:1494-1501.
- Lee JW, HM Ryu, S Heo and UK Hwang. 2016. Toxicity Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cr and Pb) Using the Rates of Survival and Population Growth in Marine Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. Korea J. Environ. Biol. 34:193-200. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2016.34.3.193
- Lin DH. 2005. Assessment on the contamination and risk of PAHs in a metals melting area. Acta Ecol. Sin. 25:261-267.
- MaConkey BJ, CL Duxbury, DG Dixon and BM Greenberg. 1997. Toxicity of a pah photooxidation product to the bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum and the duckweed Lemna gibba: Effects of phenanthrene and its primary photoproduct, phenanthrenequinone. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:892-899. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160508
- Munoz MJ and JV Tarazona. 1993. Synergistic effect of twoand four-component combinations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene and acenaphthene on Daphnia magna. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50:363-368.
- Roberto RM, TW Snell and TL Shearer. 2013. Synergistic toxicity of Macondo crude oil and dispersant Corexit 9500A to the Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera). Environ. Pollut. 173:5-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.024
- Preston BL, TW Snell, TL Robertson and BJ Dingmann. 2000. Use of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus in screening assay for potential endocrine disruptors. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19:2923-2928. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620191212
- Sasaki JC, J Arey, DA Eastmond, KK Parks and AJ Grosovsky. 1997. Genotoxicity induced in human lymphoblasts by atmospheric reaction products of naphthalene and phenanthrene. Mutat. Res. 393:23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00083-1
- Shin KH and KW Kim. 2003. Enhanced bioremediation of phenanthrene using biosurfactant. Econ. Environ. Geol. 36:375-380.
- Snell TW and CE King. 1977. Lifespan and fecundity patterns in rotifers: the cost of reproduction. Evolution 31:882-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01082.x
- Sverdrup LE, J Jensen, PH Krogh and J Stenersen. 2002. Studies on the effect of soil aging on the toxicity of pyrene and phenanthrene to a soil-dwelling springtail. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21:489-492. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210303
-
Tourinho PS, PL Waalewijn-Kool, I Zantkuijl, K Jurkschat, C Svendsen, AMVM Soares, S Loureiro and CAM van Gestel. 2015.
$CeO_2$ nanoparticles induce no changes in phenanthrene toxicity to the soil organisms Porcellionides pruinosus and Folsomia candida. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 113:201-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.006 - Turcotte D, P Akhtar, M Bowerman, Y Kiparissis, RS Brown and PV Hodson. 2011. Measuring the toxicity of alkylphenanthrenes to early life stages of medaka (Oryzias latipes) using partition-controlled delivery. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 30:487-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.404
- Wilson SC and KC Jones. 1993. Bioremediation of soil contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. Environ. Pollut. 81:229-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90206-4
- Wolfe MF, GJB Schwartz, S Singaram, EE Miebrecht, RS Tjeerdema and ML Sowby. 1999. Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of phenanthrene to algae and rotifers. Aquat. Toxicol. 48:13-24.
- Won EJ, RO Kim, HM Kang, HS Kim, DS Hwang, J Han, YH Lee, UK Hwang, B Zhou, SJ Lee and JS Lee. 2016. Adverse effects, expression of the Bk-CYP3045C1 gene, and activation of the ERK signaling pathway in the water accommodated fraction-exposed Rotifer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50:6025-6035. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01306
- Wu S, X Xu, S Zhao, F Shen and J Chen. 2013. Evaluation of phenanthrene toxicity on earthworm (Eisenia fetida): n ecotoxicoproteomics approach. Chemosphere 93:963-971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.062
- Xie F, SA Koziar, MA Lampi, DG Dixon, WP Norwood, U Borgmann, XD Huang and BM Greenberg. 2006. Assessment of the toxicity of mixtures of copper, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and phenanthrene to Daphnia magna: Evidence for a reactive oxygen mechanism. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25:613-622. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-256R.1
- Yim UH, SH Hong and WJ Shim. 2007. Distribution and characteristics of PAHs in sediments from the marine environment of Korea. Chemosphere 68:85-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.032
- Yoshinaga T, A Hagiwara and K Tsukamoto. 2000. Effect of periodical starvation on the life history of Brachionus plicatilis O.F. Muller (Rotifera): a possible strategy for population stability. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 253:253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00268-9
- Yu F and YS Lin. 2005. Pollution characteristics of PAHs in the soils of typical urban industrial production areas and their neighboring residential areas. Ecol. Environ. 14:6-9.
- Zhang Y, L Huang, C Wang, D Gao and Z Zuo. 2013. Phenanthrene exposure produces cardiac defects during embryo development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) through activation of MMP-9. Chemosphere 93:1168-1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.056
- Zindler F, B Glomstad, D Altin, J Liu, BM Jenssen and AM Booth. 2016. Phenanthrene Bioavailability and Toxicity to Daphnia magna in the Presence of Carbon Nanotubes with Different Physicochemical Properties. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50:12446-12454. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03228