• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.405-415
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• 2006

Sixteen soil samples around six areas (residental area, traffic area, power plant area, incineration area and factory area) where the stationary and mobile sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are estimated to be emitted in Jeju City, were collected during Feburuary to March, 2004, and analyzed for 16 PAHs recommended by US EPA as primary pollutants to investigate their distribution characteristics. The concentrations of total PAHs (t-PAHs) and total carcinogenic PAHs $(t-PAH_{CARC})$ in soils of Jeju City were in the range of $21.7\sim264.2ng/g$ on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 87.2 ng/g and $6.3\sim118.0ng/g$ with a mean value of 33.4 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of t-PAHs were low in comparison with those in soils of other domestic and foreign countries. The mean concentrations of t-PAHs and $(t-PAH_{CARC})$ with area decreased in the following sequences: traffic area> incineration area > factory area > power generation area > harbor area enli residental area. The correlation between t-PAHs and $(t-PAH_{CARC})$ were very high $(\gamma^2=0.9701)$, indicating that $(t-PAH_{CARC})$ concentration increases in proportion with t-PAHs. Comparing the distribution ratio of ring PAHs with area among 16 PAHs, it decreased in the order of 4-ring > 5-ring > 6-ring > 3-ring > 2-ring in all the areas except for harbor area. whitens for harbor area it was similar among 3-, 4- and 5-ring with high value. Low and no correlations between t-PAHs and soil compositions (organic matter content and particle size distribution) were observed, which is considered to be caused by the complex factors, such as the loading and characteristics of PAHs and diverse soil environment change, etc. From the examination of the three PAH origin indices, such as LMW/HMW (low molecular weight $2\sim3$ ring PAHs over high molecular weight $4\sim6$ ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio and fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, it can be concluded that the soil PAH contaminations were ascribed to strong pyrogenic origin in ail areas except for harbor area and to both pyrogenic and petrogenic origins.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)의 인체에 대한 위해성 정도를 판단하기 위해 PAHs의 대표독성물질인 benzo(a)pyrene의 독성을 기준으로 하는 TEFs를 적용하여, PAHs의 주요노출식품에 의한 위해성 평가를 수행하였다. 숯불구이쇠고기, 숯불구이돼지고기, 숯불구이닭고기, 햄, 베이컨, 및 식용유지 등을 대상으로 PAHs 오염도를 모니터링 한 결과 숯불구이닭고기에서 총 PAMs농도가 9.3ppb로 가장 높게 검출되었으며 각각의 congener들 모두 다른 식품에서 보다 높게 나타났다. 반면에 숯불구이쇠고기, 베이컨, 숯불구이돼지고기, 햄 및 식용유지의 총 PAHs는 각각 0.2ppb, 0.3ppb, 0.7ppb, 0.8ppb 및 1.2ppb로 비교적 낮은 값을 나타냈다. TEFs값을 적용하여 환산된 오염도 값의 경우에서도 숯불구이닭고기가 가장 높은 값을 보였고, congener들의 농도를 비교했을 때 숯불구이닭고기, 숯불구이돼지고기, 베이컨, 숯불구이쇠고기 및 햄에서 모두 BaP의 농도가 각각 1.88 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg, 0.19 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg, 0.08 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg, 0.04 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg 및 0.02 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg로 congener들 중 가장 높게 나타났고 식용유지에서는 dibenzo(a,h)anthracene의 농도가 0.21 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg으로 가장 높은 값을 나타냈다. 우리나라 사람들의 PHAs 주요노출식품 섭취로 인한 만성1일 인체 노출량은 4.32${\times}$$10^{-4}$ $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day으로 산출되었으며 선정된 식품 중에서 숯불구이 닭고기의 노출기여도가 가장 높았다. PAMs의 초과발암 위해도는 만성1일 인체노출량과 BaP의 발암력인 7.3 (mg/kg/day)$^{-1}$을 고려하였을 때 3.44${\times}$$10^{-6}$ , 백만명당 3∼4명 수준이었다. 우리나라 대표식단을 통한 PAMs 노출량을 반영할 수 있는 위해성 평가가 추후 계속되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.86-90
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• 2014

Background: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was selected as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to explore the accumulation level in the bodies of workers at rubber smoke sheet factories in southern Thailand. Methods: Spot urine samples were taken from four groups of workers from June 2006 to November 2007. The nonexposure or control groups included habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. The other two groups were workers exposed to particle-bound PAHs from rubber wood smoke and they were nonsmokers. All spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-OHP and creatinine levels. Results: The mean${\pm}$standard deviation urinary 1-OHP in the control group of habitual smokers and the nonsmokers was $0.24{\pm}0.16{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine and not-detected to $0.14{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, respectively. In the workers, the 1-OHP levels on workdays had no significant difference from the 1-OHP levels on the days off. The yearly average 1-OHP level was $0.76{\pm}0.41{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine whereas the average 1-OHP level during 10 consecutive workdays was $1.06{\pm}0.29{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The urinary 1-OHP levels of workers exposed to PAHs were high. The accumulation of 1-OHP in the body was not clear although the workers had long working hours with few days off during their working experience. Therefore, a regular day off schedule and rotation shift work during high productive RSS should be set for RSS workers.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2014

We investigated soil contamination depending on the land use by examining the contamination levels and distribution characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the national soil. Total PAHs (the sum of 16 PAH concentrations) and carcinogenic PAHs (the sum of seven carcinogenic PAH concentrations) were $8.50{\sim}3,437.16{\mu}g/kg$ and $2.94{\sim}2,136.96{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The concentration of benzo(a)pyrene, one of the contaminants regulated by the soil quality standard in the nation, was $ND{\sim}924.73{\mu}g/kg$. Its maximum value of $924.73{\mu}g/kg$ was detected in railroad (Region 3) and is approximately 13% of the standard value for Region 3 (i.e., 7 mg/kg). We also investigated the characteristics of contamination sources of PAHs in soil of the upland, forests, roads, and railroads, examining the fraction distribution of PAHs concentration by the number of benzene rings against the total PAHs concentration. The results demonstrate that the mean fraction of 4~6-ring PAHs against total PAHs concentration in soil was in the range of 51.8~80.7% with relative abundance of high-molecular PAHs, showing that the origin of contamination is under the category of combustion sources. When the molecular indices (Flu/(Flu/Pyr), Ant/(Ant+Phe), InP/(InP+BP), and BaA/(BaA+Chr)) were applied, they were also categorized as petroleum-based combustion sources. The individual PAH concentrations in soil by the land use were grouped into Regions 1, 2, and 3, which are statistically treated and are the parts of the national category system of soil quality standard. As a result, the concentration level of 16 PAHs was $0.02{\sim}2.63{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 1, $0.05{\sim}4.26{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 2, and $2.36{\sim}178.27{\mu}g/kg$ in Region 3. The concentration level of 6 carcinogenic PAHs was 14.2~320.4% against that of benzo(a)pyrene in Region 3 and sites of recycling waste sleepers. Considering that there were similarities among PAHs in terms of structures and toxicities, it would be recommended to review other types of carcinogenic PAHs together with benzo(a)pyrene when developing the soil quality standards in the nation.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.366-377
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• 2021

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generated in petrochemical complexes, can spread to residential areas and affect the health of residents. Although harmful PAHs are mainly present in particle phase, gas phase PAHs can generate stronger toxic substances through photochemical reaction. Therefore, the risk assessment for PAHs around the petrochemical complex should consider both particle and gas phase concentrations. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the concentration characteristics of particle and gas phase PAHs by season in residential areas around petrochemical complexes, and to assess the risk of PAHs. Methods: Samples were collected for 7 days by seasons in 2014~2015 using a high volume air sampler. Particle and gas phase PAHs were sampled using quartz filter and polyurethane foam, respectively, analyzed by GC-MS. Chronic toxicity and probabilistic risk assessment were performed on 14 PAHs. For chronic toxicity risk assessment, inhalation unit risk was used. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed for probabilistic risk assessment using the mean and standard deviation of measured PAHs. Results: The concentration of particle total PAHs was highest in autumn. The gas phase concentration was highest in autumn. The average gas phase distribution ratio of low molecular weight PAHs composed of 2~3 benzene rings was 85%. The average of the medium molecular weight composed of 4 benzene rings was 53%, and the average of the high molecular weight composed of 5 or more benzene rings was 9%. In the chronic toxicity risk assessment, 7 of the 14 PAHs exceeded the excess carcinogenic risk of 1.00×10^-6. In the Monte-Carlo simulation, Benzo[a]pyrene had the highest probability of exceeding 1.00×10^-6, which was 100%. Conclusions: The concentration of PAHs in the residential area around the petrochemical complex exceeded the standard, and the excess carcinogenic risk was evaluated to be high. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the air environment around the petrochemical complex.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.339-344
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• 2009

본 실험은 밤가공품의 제조과정 중에 생성될 수 있는 PAHs 함량을 분석하기 위해 실시되었다. 밤가공품은 시중에서 유통되고 있는 7종을 구입하여 초음파 추출과정과 정제과정을 거친 후 HPLC/FLD를 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 8종류의 PAH는정성 정량분석에 만족할만한 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 첫째 PAHs를 농도범위에서 측정한 결과 상관계수($R_2$)가 0.997이상으로 분석에 양호한 직선성을 나타냈으며, 검출한계는 0.012-0.382 ${mu}g/kg$, 정량한계는 0.042-1.273 ${mu}g/kg$으로 만족할 만한 수준이었다. 둘째 PAHs와 공시료를 대상으로 회수율을 측정한 결과 평균회수율은 87.83-100.56%이고, 상대표준편차는 0.60-3.76%로 나타났다. 셋째 일내, 일간 정확성은 각각 81.95-125.44%, 79.89-116.53%이었고, 정밀성은 0.02-4.48%, 0.37-9.83%이었다. 넷째, 밤가공품을 대상으로 분석한 결과 PAHs 중 일부는 검출되었으나 모두 정량한계 이하로 나타났고, 대부분의 시료에서는 검출되지 않았다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

HOMO(the highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO(the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of four recalcitrant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were calculated by MOPAC program(CaChe Co). The previous papers which reported experimental results about radical reaction of PAHs were reviewed. The reported radical reaction positions of four PAHs corresponded with predicted positions in which ${\Delta}E$(HOMO-LUMO) was high. From these results, it appears that determining the ${\Delta}E$(HOMO-LUMO) of a PAH is a promising method for predicting the radical reaction position.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.574-582
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• 2012

이 연구에서는 우리나라에서 유기성 슬러지의 배출량이 많은 6개 주요 산업 업종의 54개 사업장에서 채취한 98개 폐수처리 슬러지에 대하여 PAHs 함량을 조사하였다. 슬러지에 대한 해양배출허용기준과 비교시 C업종의 슬러지는 Nap에 대하여 제1기준과 제2기준을 모두 초과하는 시료가 1건, PC업종의 슬러지에서 Ant와 Fla에 대하여 제2기준을 초과하는 시료가 1건 있었다. ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$는 PC> C > CD> PP >WS > FB업종의 순으로 높았다. 슬러지의 육상 이용시 ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$ 함량농도를 규제하는 EU와 덴마크의 기준과 비교하였을 때 EU의 기준은 PC업종에서 1건, 덴마크 기준은 C업종과 PC업종에서 각 1건의 시료가 초과하였다. 7종 발암성 PAHs에 대한 ${\Sigma}_7PAHs$은 상대적으로 PC, CD, C업종에서 높게, PP, WS업종에서 낮았으며, FB업종에서는 검출되지 않았다. 슬러지에서의 PAHs의 농도에 대한 ANOVA 분석결과 발생업종과 채취시기에 의한 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 개별 PAHs간 상관분석결과 4-ring 이상의 HMW PAHs 농도간에 상관성이 높았다. ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$와는 0.7 이상의 높은 상관성을 갖는 PAHs는 Acy, Ant, Fla, B(a)A, B(f)F, B(a)P 이었다. 주성분분석의 결과 98개의 슬러지는 전체 데이터의 약 70%의 설명력을 갖는 두 개의 주성분에 의해 세 개의 그룹으로 특성별로 분리될 수 있었다. 국내/외 선행연구와의 비교 결과 ${\Sigma}_{16}PAHs$는 스위스의 연구 결과와 비슷하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.81-92
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• 1993

A purpose of this study was carried out to investigate the concentrations of four elements of PAHs(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in suspended particulate matters of underground shopping stores in Seoul city. The particulate matters were collected at five underground shopping stores(Yongdungpo, Myongdong, Ulchiro, Express Terminal, Chamshil) in the Seoul area during February-October, 1992. Samples were collected using cascade impactor of low volumn air sampler and were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) with fluorescence detector. Calibration on HPLC analyse is nearly accord with retention time between the standard solution and the samples. Analysed results obtained favorable analysing recovery rate of 97.3% and coefficient of variation of 1.60%. Mean concentrations of suspended particulate matters in five underground shopping stores wre 216.3 g/$m^3$ and observed higher at fine particles(117.2 g/$m^3$) which is respirable particulates than coarse particles(99.2 g/$m^3$). Concentrations of four species PAH were determined with anthracene of 16.8ng/$m^3$, fluoranthene of 72.3ng/$m^3$, benzo(a)pyrene of 0.54ng/$m^3$, and benzo(k)fluoranthene of 0.29ng/$m^3$, respectively. Fluoranthene levels were significantly higher than those levels in other components. PAHs concen-tration at shopping areas showed 21.3ng/$m^3$ in Yongdungpo, 35.1ng/$m^3$ in Myongdong, 23.4ng/$m^3$ in Ulchiro, 11.1ng/$m^3$ in Express Terminal, and 21.4ng/$m^3$ in Chamshil, respectively. Particularly, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(k)-fluoranthene were detected over 83 percentage in fine particles, while fluoranthene wre highly detected in coarse particles. Also, higher concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene were found in winter while levels of anthracene and fluoranthene were found higher in summer than other seasons.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of PAHs in atmosphere and soil, and their relationship, accumulation tendency in soil, and its contain burden ratio (%) the PM$_{10}$ and soil were sampled adjacent to a roadside and analysed by HPLC from August 25th 1996 to September 22nd 1996 in Seoul and Kunggido area. The main results are summarized below 1. The concentration of PM$_{10}$ in the ambient air was showed in order of industrial region ($142.70\pm 21.77 \mu g/m^3$), commercial region ($136.51\pm 31.62 \mu g/m^3$), residential region ($110.12\pm 14.98 \mu g/m^3$), greenbelt region ($77.44\pm 12.12 \mu g/m^3$), respectively. 2. Distribution of PAHs concentration level in PM$_{10}$ and soil was showed in order of industrial region, commercial region, residential region, greenbelt region, respectively in all components. 3. The contain burden ratio (%) in PM$_{10}$ was attested that BbF was the highest contain burden component (21.7-32%) and An was the lowest contain burden component (0.35-1.95%) in all region. 4. The contain burden ratio (%) in soil was attested that Pb (20.5%) was the highest and An (0.8%) was the lowest contain burden component in industrial region and BbF (21.9%) and An (0.45%) were the same tendency in commercial region and Py (21.6%) and BkF (3.5%) were in residential region, Py (29%) and An (2.6%) were in greenbelt region. 5. The relationship between concentration of PAHs in PM$_{10}$ and soil was attested that the component of BbF (r=0.514) was very highly correlated, and there were significant in Fl and BaA in soil between industrial region and commercial region (P<0.05).