• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2017

Recently, the earth has shown the limit of environmental capacity. It is also experiencing an environmental crisis with rising energy prices and depletion of coal. Therefore, development of renewable energy is very important solution. However, waste fuel solid are renewable fuels, but they cause environmental problems. In this study, the emission characteristics of hazardous air pollutants were analyzed through measurements at the facilities using solid fuels (SRF, BIO-SRF). Analysis method of PAHs are based on the Korea Standard Methods for Examination. The analysis of PAHs showed that the concentration much higher in Naphthalene, and Benzo(a)pyrene showed at a higher concentration incertain sources. As a result of gas phase and particle phase PAHs, most of Benzo(a)pyrene appeared to be particulate. Through the results of this study will provide basic data for atmospheric environmental management.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.132-134
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• 2016

The Study mainly focused on bioremediation of 16 types PAHs and heavy metals in contaminated marine sediments at filed scale study using slow release biostimulant ball (BSB) was investigated. In our experiment, filed scale study ($1m{\times}1m$) was performed and the effect of BSB on PAHs and heavy metals were analysed. BSB size and distance were determined and optimum size and distance were 3cm and 5.5cm respectively. BSB containing nutrients of acetate, nitrate and sulphate which can enhance the activity of microorganism to increase degrading capacity of PAHs and enhance the heavy metals stabilization also to decrease bioavailability. PAHs containing 16 types of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 rings compound PAHs were found and to degrade upto 100% in 2, 3 rings, upto 90 to 94% in 4 and 5 rings and 6 ring compound was degrade up to 70%. For heavy metals stabilization percentage was increased using BSB sediment and exchangeable portion was decreased and residual portion was increased in all analysed heavy metals. BSB enhance the PAHs degradation and stabilization of heavy metals percentages. BSB is a promising method for remediation of PAHs and heavy metals in contaminated marine sediments.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 제26회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.137-142
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• 2003

In order to investigate the effect of fuel mixing on PAH and soot formation, four species of methane, ethane, propane and propene have been mixed in counterlfow ethylene diffusion flame. Laser-induced incandescene and laser-induced fluorescene techniques were employed to measure soot volume fraction and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration, respectively. Results showed that the mixing of ethane (or propane) in ethylene diffusion flame produces more PAHs and soot than those of propene, even though the propene diffusion flame produces more PAHs and soot than that of propane and ethane. Considering that propene directly dehydrogenates to propargyl radical, this behavior implied that the enhancement of PAH and soot formation by the fuel mixing of ethylene and ethane (or propane) cannot be explained by propargyl radical directly dehydrogenated from ethane (or propane).

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1998년도 공동 심포지엄 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.174-177
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• 1998

The effects of surfactants affecting polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon(PAHs) solubility and biodegradation in soil slurry were investigated. The critical micelle concentration(CMC) values of surfactants used in this study were 12.7mg/L(Brij 30), 13.4mg/L(Tween 80), 13.6mg/t(Triton X-100). The solubility of PAH increased as the Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance(HLB) value of surfactant decrease. At surfactant biodegradation and toxicity experiement using respirometer, Brij 30 did not show any toxic effect and substrate inhibition upon the level of 1.5g/L. Also, biodegradation of Brij 30 gave no reduction on the phenanthrene biodegradation rate. When the desorption rate of phenanthrene between sand and clay is compared, lower percentage of phenanthrene was desorbed at clay because of the larger surface aera and higher organic content of clay. At the biodegradation experiments of phenanthrene in soil slurry phase, more than 90% of initial phenanthrene adsorbed onto both sand and clay were biodegraded by phenanthrene- acclimated cultures.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)의 인체에 대한 위해성 정도를 판단하기 위해 PAHs의 대표독성물질인 benzo(a)pyrene의 독성을 기준으로 하는 TEFs를 적용하여, PAHs의 주요노출식품에 의한 위해성 평가를 수행하였다. 숯불구이쇠고기, 숯불구이돼지고기, 숯불구이닭고기, 햄, 베이컨, 및 식용유지 등을 대상으로 PAHs 오염도를 모니터링 한 결과 숯불구이닭고기에서 총 PAMs농도가 9.3ppb로 가장 높게 검출되었으며 각각의 congener들 모두 다른 식품에서 보다 높게 나타났다. 반면에 숯불구이쇠고기, 베이컨, 숯불구이돼지고기, 햄 및 식용유지의 총 PAHs는 각각 0.2ppb, 0.3ppb, 0.7ppb, 0.8ppb 및 1.2ppb로 비교적 낮은 값을 나타냈다. TEFs값을 적용하여 환산된 오염도 값의 경우에서도 숯불구이닭고기가 가장 높은 값을 보였고, congener들의 농도를 비교했을 때 숯불구이닭고기, 숯불구이돼지고기, 베이컨, 숯불구이쇠고기 및 햄에서 모두 BaP의 농도가 각각 1.88 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg, 0.19 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg, 0.08 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg, 0.04 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg 및 0.02 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg로 congener들 중 가장 높게 나타났고 식용유지에서는 dibenzo(a,h)anthracene의 농도가 0.21 $\mu\textrm{g}$-TEQ$_{BaP}$/kg으로 가장 높은 값을 나타냈다. 우리나라 사람들의 PHAs 주요노출식품 섭취로 인한 만성1일 인체 노출량은 4.32${\times}$$10^{-4}$ $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day으로 산출되었으며 선정된 식품 중에서 숯불구이 닭고기의 노출기여도가 가장 높았다. PAMs의 초과발암 위해도는 만성1일 인체노출량과 BaP의 발암력인 7.3 (mg/kg/day)$^{-1}$을 고려하였을 때 3.44${\times}$$10^{-6}$ , 백만명당 3∼4명 수준이었다. 우리나라 대표식단을 통한 PAMs 노출량을 반영할 수 있는 위해성 평가가 추후 계속되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2679-2683
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• 2015

Background: Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), the most comprehensively studied aromatic isothiocyanate, has been shown to act as an anti-cancer agent mainly through modulation of biotransformation enzymes responsible for metabolizing carcinogens in the human body. Humans are often exposed to carcinogenic factors, some of which through the diet, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene via the consumption of over-cooked meats. Inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of this carcinogen, for example CYP1A1, the major enzyme required for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioactivation, is recognized as a chemoprevention strategy. Objective: To evaluate the inhibitory effects of PEITC against benzo[a]pyrene-induced rise in rat liver CYP1A1 mRNA and apoprotein levels. Materials and Methods: Precision cut rat liver slices were treated with benzo[a]pyrene at 1 and $5{\mu}M$ in the presence of PEITC ($1-25{\mu}M$) for 24 hours, followed by determination of CYP1A1 mRNA and apoprotein levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Results: Findings revealed that PEITC inhibited benzo[a]pyrene-induced rise in rat liver CYP1A1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner as well as the apoprotein levels of CYP1A. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that PEITC can directly inhibit the bioactivation of benzo[a]pyrene, indicating chemopreventive potential.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2004

We exposed juvenile puffer fish, Takifugu obscurus(30 days after hatching) to various aqueous pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), 2 organotin compound.; (tributyltin ［TBT］ and triphenyltin［TPhT］) and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (chrysene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of each pollutant after the 96-hour acute exposure. Among the inorganic metals, Hg (52 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L; 96-h LC50) was most toxic to test animals and followed by Ag (164 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L), Cu (440 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) and Cd (1180 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). Aqueous TBT was more toxic between the two organotins; the 96-h LC50 for TBT (5.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) was 3 times lower than that of TPhT (17.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). The acute toxicity of PAH compounds was highest for chrysene (1.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L; 96-h LC50) and decreased in the order of pyrene (65 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > fluoranthene (158 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > phenanthrene (432 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > naphthalene (8690 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). The toxicity of PAH compounds wat closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_{ow}$ and water solubility, and well explained by simple QSAR relationship. The sensitivity of puffer fish to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to various fish species widely used as standard test species in previous studies and further evaluation should be conducted to develop adequate testing procedure for T. obscurus when used in various toxicity tests.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.153-162
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• 2000

A field study was performed to test effectiveness of a bloluminescent genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) for bioremediation process monitoring and control. The study employed Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 that was the first strain approved for field application in the U.S. for bioremediation purposes. HK44 contains lux gene fused within a naphthalene degradative pathway, allowing this GEM to bioluminesce as it degrades naphthalene as well as substituted naphthalenes and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , Results showed that HK44 was maintained in both PAH-contarninated and uncontaminated soils even 660 days after inoculation. HK44 was able to produce bioluminescence in response to PAHs in soil. Although effectiveness of chemical remediation was not assessed due to heterogeneous distribution of contaminants, decreased concentration of naphthalene was shown in the soils, Taken together, HK44 was useful for in situ bioremediation process monitoring and control. This work is so far the only field release of a GEM for bioremediation purposes.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.261-266
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• 2014

Environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been implicated in cancer development and progression. However, the effects of PAHs on carcinogenesis are still poorly understood. Here, we characterized a mouse cancer cell line BNL 1ME A. 7R.1 (1MEA) derived by transformation of non-tumorigenic liver cell line BNL CL.2 (BNL) using 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), a carcinogenic PAH. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis were used to determine the expression level of mRNA and proteins, respectively. To determine functionality, cell motility was assessed in vitro using a transwell migration assay. Both mRNA and protein levels of E-cadherin were significantly decreased in 1MEA cells in comparison with BNL cells. While the expression levels of mesenchymal markers and related transcription factors were enhanced in 1MEA cells, which could lead to increase in cell motility. Indeed, we found that 7-day exposure of BNL cells to 3-MC reduced the level of the adhesion molecule and epithelial marker E-cadherin and increased reciprocally the level of the mesenchymal marker vimentin in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be activated during premalignant transformation induced by 3-MC. A mechanism study to elucidate the relation between 3-MC exposure and EMT is underway in our laboratory.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

Pseudomonas rhodesiae KK1은 이미 주요한 환경오염물질인 anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene과 같은 다환성 방향족 화합물(PAHs)을 분해할 수 있음을 보고한 바 있다. 흥미롭게도, superoxide dismutase를 비롯한 항산화 유전자는 환경오염물질에 반응하여 다른 수준으로 발현됨이 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 균주 KK1에서 PAHs 분해에 간접적으로 관계될 것으로 여겨지는 superoxide dismutase 유전자의 존재를 동정하고 세 가지 PAHs를 기질로 하여 생장한 세포에서 superoxide dismutase 유전자의 발현 양상을 조사하고자 수행하였다. P. rhodesiae KK1에서 항산화 기작에 관여하는 두 가지지 형의 superoxide dismutase인 Mn-superoxide dismutase (sodA)와 Fe-superoxide dismutase (sodB) 유전자를 동정하고 그 특성을 규명하였다. 균주 KK1에서 발견된 sodA 유전자는 141개의 아미노산 유전자를 기준으로 P. fluorescens Pf-5의 Mn-sod와 95%, sodB 유전자는 135개 아미노산을 기준으로 P. fluorescens Pf-5의 Fe-sod와 99%의 가장 높은 상동성을 나타내었다. sod 유전자 단편을 탐침자로 사용한 Southern 혼성화 반응 결과 적어도 두 개 이상의 superoxide dismutase 유전자가 균주 KK1에 존재함을 규명하였다. RT-PCR 분석을 통해 sodA 및 sodB 유전자들은 anthracene보다 naphthalene과 phenanthrene에 반응하여 더 강하게 발현함을 보여주었다. 포도당과 PAHs를 기질로 사용하여 생장한 세포에서 sodA와 sodB 유전자는 활성 상태로 존재함이 밝혀졌다.