• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 1997

Since the advent of chemotherapy, certain types of cancer have been particularly resistant to chemotherapeutic treatment. One of the most well-studied types of resistance is resistance to multiple struc-turally dissimialr hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agents, or multidrug resistance (MDR). We found that MDR cells (KBV20C, KB7D) being highly resistant to colchicine, etoposide, and vincristine were found to have very low level of putrescine and low level of spermidine than the drug sensitive parental cells (KB) but they had almost same level of spermine as the drug sensitive cells. Although both MDR and drug sensitive cells had almost same rate of polyamine uptake, MDR cells were much more sensitive to an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis, methylglyoxal-bis guanylhydrazone (MGBG), suggesting that MDR cells might be defective in polyamine synthesis. These results also suggest that HGBG can be used for treatment of MDR in vivo.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 1989

The intracellular localizations of polyamines and their related enzymes were investigated from young spinach leaves. Polyamines were present in all parts of plant cells, both in the subcellular organelles and in the soluble fraction of cytoplasm, however, polyamines were mainly located in the cytosolic fraction. Most activities of L-arginine decarboxylase(ADC) and L-ornithine decarboxylase(ODC), two important enzymes of putrescine and polyamine biosynthesis, were detected in cytosol fraction, while in subcellular organelles the activities were very low. Activities of diamine oxidase(DAO) and polyamine oxidase(PAO), the catabolic enzyme of diamine and polyamine, were not detected in spinach leaves. It was suggested that polyamines and their related synthetic enzymes were located in the soluble fraction of cytoplasm.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.243-251
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• 1990

Polyamine titers and the activities of arginine decarboxylase(ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), enzymes which catalyze rate-limiting steps in polyamine biosynthesis, were investigated during polar regeneration of Populus leaf segments. The polar regeneration occurred at the basal cut end of Populus leaf segments through cell division around the vascular bundle. In the process of polar regeneration, the titers of putrescine and spermidine increased rapidly but the content of spermine remained constant. The leaf segments were then divided into three separte part ; the proximal, middle and distal. Spermidine titers showed an increase mainly in the proximal parts where polar regeneration occurred. On the other hand, putrescine titers showed an increase in the other two parts. In the course of polar regeneration, the activities of ADC and ODC increased, the ADC activities being higher than those of ODC. However, ODC activity was higher in the proximal part. Therefore, the spermidine contents and ODC activities are suggested to be related to polar regeneration in Populus leaf segments.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 1993

As a part of the study on the relation between exogenous polyamines and various components necessary for protein biosynthesis in the germinating maize seeds, the effects of the polyamines on protein biosynthesis and irbosome activity were investigated. The protein biosynthesis activity by S-30 containing all components necessary for protein biosynthesis was increased by exogenous polyamines, spermidine, spermine and putrescine. As the concentration of polyamine treated was increased, the optimal Mg2+ concentration of in vitro poly U-dependent protein synthesis system was gradually reduced. However, the optimal Mg2+ concentration of poly U-dependent system containing optimal polyamine was 10 mM regardless of the sort of polyamine. It could be infered that polyamines play an important part in protein biosynthesis in the higher plant, and that the role of polyamines take partially the place of Mg2+ action. The activities of ribosome and S-100 in protein biosynthesis were increased by 46.7% and 17.7% with spermidine, and by 44.1% and 16.2% with spermine, and by 29.1% and 19.3% with putrescine. It could be concluded that the increase of protein biosynthesis by polyamines in mainly owing to the ribosome activation.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 1995

Exogenous putrescine of 0.5 mM or higher concentratons applied during a 16 h inductive dark period could elevate putrescine content in cotyledons of Pharbitis nil Choisy cv. Violet, a short-day plant, resulting in complete blocking of photoperiodic floral induction. Titers of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in the cotyledons were traced throughout a 16 h dark period. While non-induced cotyledons under continous light slightly increased levels of polyamines, induced tissue maintaiend its putrescine, spermidine and spermine levels as low as 66.4%, 60.9% and 84.9% of non-induced levels respecitvely. Endogenous polyamines kept at lower levels in the inductive dark period were found to upsurge by a night break treatment of 10 min light in the middle of the dark and consequently the inductive dark effect was canceled. Elevation of polyamine titers could also be induced by 100 $\mu$L/L ethylene treatment which completely suppressed floral induction. Compared to untreated cotyledons, ehtylene-treated tissues increased putrescine content by as much as 136.5% in 12 h and spermidine level by up to 130.1% in 8 h. Ethylene-treated cotyledons not only increased endogenous polyamine content but also liberate ethylene in the second half of the inductive dark period accumulating up to three to fourfold level supporting a hypothesis that ethylene-treated tissues are stimulated to produce ethylene which in turn accelerates polyamine biosynthesis in the tissues. It is postulated that substantially low polyamine titers in the inductive dark period would be one of the necessary factors controlling photoperiodic induction of flowering in Pharbitis nil and the inhibitory effects of night break and exogenous ethylene treatment may be atributed to their action to stimulate endogenous polyamine production.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are ubiquitous in living cells and are essential for eukaryotic cell growth. These polycations interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, acidic proteins and phospholipids and modulate various cellular functions including macromolecular synthesis. Dysregulation of the polyamine pathway leads to pathological conditions including cancer, inflammation, stroke, renal failure and diabetes. Increase in polyamines and polyamine synthesis enzymes is often associated with tumor growth, and urinary and plasma contents of polyamines and their metabolites have been investigated as diagnostic markers for cancers. Of these, diacetylated derivatives of spermidine and spermine are elevated in the urine of cancer patients and present potential markers for early detection. Enhanced catabolism of cellular polyamines by polyamine oxidases (PAO), spermine oxidase (SMO) or acetylpolyamine oxidase (AcPAO), increases cellular oxidative stress and generates hydrogen peroxide and a reactive toxic metabolite, acrolein, which covalently incorporates into lysine residues of cellular proteins. Levels of protein-conjuagated acrolein (PC-Acro) and polyamine oxidizing enzymes were increased in the locus of brain infarction and in plasma in a mouse model of stroke and also in the plasma of stroke patients. When the combined measurements of PC-Acro, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated, even silent brain infarction (SBI) was detected with high sensitivity and specificity. Considering that there are no reliable biochemical markers for early stage of stroke, PC-Acro and PAOs present promising markers. Thus the polyamine metabolites in plasma or urine provide useful tools in early diagnosis of cancer and stroke.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.233-240
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• 1988

A simple and selective isocratic HPLC method for the analysis of tissue polyamine contents is described and applied on the study of the changes of the hepatic polyamine contents after partial hepatectomy in male rats. The hepatic polyamines are extracted with 0.4 M perchloric acid containing 2 mM disodium EDTA, and then the extract is redissolved in 100 ul of 1 M sodium carbonate and incubated with 300 ul of FNBT-dimethylsulfoxide (1: 100) mixture. The N-2'-nitro-4'-trifluoromethylphenyl drivatives of polyamines are separated through a ERC-ODS column in an isocratic mode with an acetonitrile-water (80:20) mobile phase within 20 min. per a sample, while monitoring the effluent at 242 nm. This improved method which could detect subnanogram of each polyamines is highly specific and reproducible as evidenced by the application of it on the study of the changes of polyamine contents in the regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.542-547
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• 1998

Polyamine type polymer flocculants were synthesized and their characterization, viscosity and flocculation studies were conducted. In order to increase the molecular weight of polyamine flocculant which was prepared by polycondensation reaction from dimethylamine and epichlorohydrin, a small amount of 1,6-hexanediamine was employed. The incorporation of 1,6-hexanediamine up to 5.5 mole % replacing corresponding part of dimethylamine gave a branched type polyamine sample with increased intrinsic viscosity ([${\eta}$]=0.46 in 1 wt % aqueous NaCl solution). The amount of 1,6-hexanediamine above 5.5 mole %, however, resulted in gelation during polymerization. Utilizing raw water from Maegok potable water treatment plant, it was found that the addition of polyamine flocculant at a concentration of 1 mg/L level could reduce the amount of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) inorganic flocculant by half (15 mg/L). It was also observed that the incoporation of polyamine flocculant at 1 mg/L level was effective in the higher pH raw water, while PAC inorganic flocculating agent alone was not effective.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.224-233
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• 2014

We prepared polyester-polyamines to improve the effect of carbon black dispersibility for use in thermal transfer ink, and synthesized polymeric dispersing agents by two-step reactions. In the first step, we made polyester by polycondensing 1,6-hexanediol and adipic acid. The resulting polymers had carboxylic acid, which was linked with polyamine via an acid-base reaction. We then characterized the polyester-polyamine structure by NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). We also determined the basic characterizations such as total acid numbers (TAN) (5.0-67.5 mgKOH/g), hydroxyl values (27.1-67.5 mgKOH/g), and molar masses ($M_n=1.6-8.4kg\;mol^{-1}$) for the polyester and total base numbers (TBN) (15.3-57.1 mgKOH/g), hydroxyl values (33.0-79.8 mgKOH/g), and nitrogen contents (1.02-3.48%) for the polyester-polyamine polymers. We thus prepared thermal transfer ink using carbon blacks and the polyester-polyamine dispersing agents, and evaluated the resulting mixtures for printability, adhesive force, storage stability, ink appearance, ink gloss, and processability. These mixtures showed significant dispersibility for carbon black in the ink. Thus, we concluded that the dispersibility of the polymeric materials depended on the polyamine structure and the hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity distribution of the polymeric dispersants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.437-444
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• 2003

Objective of this experiment was to investigate the role of strontium in intracellular processes in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Diamine oxidase (DAO) induction by $Sr^{2+}$ appeared to a decrease in putrescine levels correspondently. DAO activities in the hypocotyls were in a range of 0.5 to $1.8unit{\cdot}mg^{-1}\;protein{\cdot}min^{-1}$. The decrease in Put levels in the cotyledons might be partly resulted from Put degradation by DAO. It was observed that the accumulation of spermidine and spermine by $Sr^{2+}$ was in the range of 1 mM to 10 mM. Spermidine levels were 2 to 3 fold higher than in the absence of strontium. The increase in polyamine levels was observed not only on a basis of g fresh weight but also a RNA basis. These results demonstrated that the inhibitory action of $Sr^{2+}$ may be closely related with polyamine metabolism as well as diamine oxidation and polyamine accumulation.