• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2005

Particulate materials (PM) less than 10 ${\mu}m$ in diameter are of special interest in air pollution because they are respirable and responsible for the increasing mortality rate of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These particles are often referred to as $PM_{10}$ and they are divided into a coarse fraction and a fine fraction which is also often referred to as $PM_{25}$. In this study, we monitored the TSP, $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}$ concentration of ambient air collected in northern part of Seoul in early spring and measured the concentration of heavy metals; Cr, Mn, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb. All the heavy metals were found in the collected particles and the concentrations were variable in the $PM_{10},\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ respectively. The detected concentration ranges were Cr: $ND\~2,889ng/m^3,\;Mn:2.4\~257.9ng/m^3,\;Zn:ND\~353.7ng/m^3,\; As:ND\~22.3ng/m^3,\;Cd:0.1\~2.9ng/m^3,\;and\;Pb:ND\~392.2ng/m^3$ in fine particles. Heavy metal toxicity of the particles were also tested in $H_9C_2$ cell line derived from rat cardiomyocytes. As for the results of health risk assessment calculated by unit risk of IRIS, heavy metals in ambient air of Seoul metropolitan area were found to be responsible for the increase of total excess cancer risk. Among them, chromium (hexavalent) was found to be the most risky in fine particles of ambient air collected in the northern part of Seoul in early spring.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.35-37
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• 2001

This study has investigated the chemical characteristics and the contamination of groundwater in relation to land use in Daejeon Metropolitan City. An attempt was made to distinguish anthrophogenic inputs from the influence of natural chemical weathering on the chemical composition of groundwater at Taejon. Groundwater samples collected at 170 locations in the Taejon area show very variable chemical composition of groundwater, e.9. electrical conductance ranges from 65 to 1,290 S/cm. Most groundwater is weakly acidic and the groundwater chemistry is more influenced by land use and urbanization than by aquifer rock type. Most of groundwater from green areas and new town residential districts has low electrical conductance, and is of Ca-HC $O_3$ type, whereas the chemical composition of groundwater from the old downtown and industrial district is shifted towards a Ca-Cl (N $O_3$+S $O_4$) type with high electrical conductance. A number of groundwater samples in the urbanized area are contaminated by high nitrate and chlorine, and exhibit high hardness. The Ep$CO_2$, that is the $CO_2$ content of a water sample relative to pure water, was computed to obtain more insight into the origin of $CO_2$ and bicarbonate in the groundwater. Factor analysis of the chemical data shows that the HC $O_3$ and N $O_3$ concentrations have the highest factor loadings on factor 1 and factor 2, respectively. Factors 1 and 2 represent major contributions from natural processes and human activities, respectively. The results of the factor analysis indicate that the levels of $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, N $a^{+}$, Cl and SO4$^2$ derive from both pollution sources and natural weathering reactions.ons.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.183-186
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of air pollution on respiratory health in children, we conducted a longitudinal study in which children were asked to record their daily levels of peak expiratory flow rate using potable peak flow meter (mini-Wright) far 4 weeks. The relationship between daily PEFR and ambient air particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, age in you, weight, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and relative humidity as an extraneous variable. The daily mean concentrations of PM$\_$10/ and PM$\_$2.5/ over the study period were 64.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 46. l$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. The range of daily measured PEFR in this study was 170-481 l/min. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour. average PM$\_$10/ (or PM$\_$2.5/) levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including sex, weight, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of air particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. We estimated that the IQR increment of PM$\_$10/ or PM$\_$2.5/ were associated with 1.5 l/min (95% Confidence intervals -3.1, 0.1) and 0.8 l/min (95% Cl -1.8, 0.1) decline in PEFR. Even though this study shows negative findings on the relationship between respiratory function and air particles, it is worth noting that the findings must be interpreted cautiously because exposure measurement based on monitoring of ambient air likely results in misclassification of true exposure levels and this is the first Korean study that PM$\_$2.5/ measurement is applied as an index of air particle quality.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.615-623
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• 2012

Humanity is facing a number of serious issues associated with increased energy consumption and environmental pollution. Various studies/guidelines concerning sustainable building construction have suggested solutions to these disastrous problems, including: net-zero energy buildings, the green building certification system, and others. Sustainability pursues three expected effects: environmental, social, and economic merits. Korean Green Building Council (K-GBC) has also announced the Korean Green Building Certification System (K-GBCS) since 2003 based on sustainability. Some positive social and environmental aspects of the K-GBCS have already been reported. However, it is somewhat difficult to verify its economic merits, which are crucial to ensuring the validity of the K-GBCS. This research aims to verify the economic merits of the eco-friendly Korean-style condominiums accredited by K-GBCS. Following this, the expected economic effectiveness of K-GBCS will be examined in terms of sustainability. The underlying assumption is that the potential economic effect should reflect the actual economic merits, and should reflect the value of the housing in particular. According to the analysis of the variance, it can be concluded the value of green certified buildings is statistically higher than the value of non-certified buildings. Furthermore, it was also observed that this tendency was more dominant in Gyeonggi Province than in the City of Seoul. This may be caused by one of the variables: the proximity to downtown. In future studies, this variable should be studied in greater detail.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2017

To determine the effect of air pollution reduction policies, the long-term trend of air pollutants should be analyzed. Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter is a low-pass filter, produced through repeated iterations of a moving average to separate each variable into its temporal components. The moving average for a KZ(m, p) filter is calculated by a filter with window length m and p iterations. The output of the first pass subsequently becomes the input for the next pass. Adjusting the window length and the number of iterations makes it possible to control the filtering of different scales of motion. To break down the daily mean $PM_{10}$ into individual time components, we assume that the original time series comprises of a long-term trend, seasonal variation, and a short-term component. The short-term component is attributable to weather and short-term fluctuations in precursor emissions, while the seasonal component is a result of changes in the solar angle. The long-term trend results from changes in overall emissions, pollutant transport, climate, policy and/or economics. The long-term trend of the daily mean $PM_{10}$ decreased sharply from $59.6ug/m^3$ in 2002 to $44.6ug/m^3$ in 2015. This suggests that there was a long-term downward trend since 2005. The difference between the unadjusted and meteorologically adjusted long-term $PM_{10}$ is small. Therefore, we can conclude that $PM_{10}$ is unaffected by the meteorological variables (total insolation, daily mean temperature, daily mean relative humidity, daily mean wind speed, and daily mean local atmospheric pressure) in Busan.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.67-82
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• 2017

The study intends to examine the effects of the fishing license system on fisheries resources in order to reduce the adverse effects of recreational fishing, such as fishery resource reduction and environmental pollution. In doing so, the research question of the study is to determine what factors influence anglers' willingness to support fishing licenses. Based on the extended theory of planned behavior, we further included explanatory variables such as recreation specialization and motivations besides anglers' attitudes, norms and self-efficacy towards the environment and proposed six research hypotheses. The data were collected through on-site and online surveys in Gwangju and Cheonnam province and a total of 337 effective questionnaires were collected for data analysis. Three different binary logit models were employed with the dependent variable of anglers'willingness to support fishing licenses to assess the effects of explanatory variables. Study results show that social norms, the level of recreation specialization, motivation factors related to environmental experiences positively affected anglers'willingness to support fishing licenses. However, anglers'consumptive orientation attitudes such as catching big fish, motivation factors related to activity general experience preferences and previous fishing experience had negative effects on the dependent variables. Study results indicate that public outreach and education programs are essential to successfully introduce the fishing license system. Managerial and policy-related implications are further discussed to make recreational fishing a more environment-friendly recreational activity. This study investigated the effects of diverse variables derived from anglers' social-psychological characteristics on their support for fishing licenses and suggest diverse policy-related and managerial implications.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.97-122
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• 2013

우리나라의 1971년~2009년 시계열자료를 이용하여 소득 및 에너지소비와 $CO_2$ 배출량 간 동태적 관계를 분석한다. 자기시차분포(ARDL: Autoregressive Distributed Lag) 방법을 이용하여 소득 및 에너지소비와 $CO_2$ 배출량의 장 단기적 관계를 분석하고, Toda and Yamamoto 방법을 사용하여 주요 변수들 간 인과성을 분석한다. 추정 결과 에너지소비 및 소득과 $CO_2$ 배출량 간 장기균형관계가 존재하고 일시적 외생충격에 의해 불균형이 발생하더라도 빠르게 균형으로 회복되는 것으로 나타났다. 소득과 $CO_2$ 배출량은 장 단기적으로 N자형의 관계로 EKC 가설은 성립하지 않았다. $CO_2$ 배출량에 대한 에너지소비 장 단기탄력성은 양(+)이고, 에너지소비 장기탄력성이 단기탄력성보다 크게 나타났다. 인과성 측면에서 에너지소비량과 $CO_2$ 배출량은 쌍방향의 인과성이 존재하고, $CO_2$ 배출량 및 에너지소비는 소득에 일 방향의 인과성이 존재하는 반면에 그 역은 성립하지 않았다. 에너지소비가 직 간접적으로 소득보다 $CO_2$ 배출의 예측에 중요한 변수일 가능성을 제시한다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2008

국가의 저수지를 효율적으로 운영할 수 있는 체계를 확립하고 각종 신기술의 적용을 통한 다양한 관리 방안을 모색하는 것은 향후 대국민 서비스의 질 향상 및 관련 기술들의 활용도 증대를 위해 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 저수지에 장기간 축적되어 수질악화 및 저수용량의 감소를 야기하는 퇴적물 정보를 GPS, 음향측심기, 음파탐사기의 조합을 통해 신속 정확하게 구축하고 이러한 자료들을 2차원 및 3차원 공간정보 처리 기술의 적용을 통하여 객관적이고 효율적으로 퇴적량 산출을 수행할 수 있는 시스템을 설계하였다. 이를 토대로 저수지의 퇴적물 관리를 위해 필요한 여러 기능을 수행할 수 있는 퇴적량 산출 시스템을 개발하였으며 이의 적용을 통하여 건설된 지 오래된 저수지들에 대한 관리 기반 자료를 제시하고자 하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.665-670
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• 2010

Pollutants from urban pavement consists various kinds of substances which are originated from dry deposition, a grind out tire, corrosive action of rain to pavement and facilities and raw materials of the road etc.. These are major pollutants of urban NPS (Non-point source) during rainfall period. However there is not enough information to control such pollutants for appropriate management of natural water quality. In this study of transportation areas, three monitoring stations were set up at trunk road, urban highway and national road in Gyeongnam province. Runoff flow rate was measured at every 15minutes by automatic flow meters installed at the end of storm sewer pipe within the road catchment area for water quality analysis. Data was collected every 15 minutes for initial two hours of rainfall. Additional samples were collected 1-4 hours interval till the end of rainfall. The monitoring parameters were $COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N & T-P and heavy metals. The average EMCs of TSS and $COD_{Mn}$ were 62.0 mg/L and 24.2 mg/L on the city trunk road, which were higher than those of urban highway and national road, indicating higher pollutant loads due to activities in the city downtown area beside the vehicle. On the other hand, the average EMC of T-N and T-P were in the range of 2.67-3.23 mg/L and 0.19-3.21 mg/L for all the sampling sites. Heavy metals from the roads were mainly Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn, showing variable EMCs by the type of road. From the TSS wash-off analysis in terms of FF(first flush) index, first flush phenomenon was clearly observed in the trunk road(FF : 0.89-1.43). However, such mass delivery behavior was not apparently shown in urban highway(FF : 0.90-1.11) and national road(FF : 0.81-1.41).

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.111-134
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• 2004

The purpose of this dissertation is firstly to examine the level of pro-environmental behavior of urban employed wives depending on their life style type and secondly to identify effective ways to promote their pro-environmental behavior. A structured questionnaire interview was conducted with 700 urban employed wives who lived in the Seoul Metropolitan area, and 566 of the responses were valid for analysis. For statistical analysis, this research reviewed the frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation(SD), Pearson's correlations, Cronbach's u, factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, $\chi$$^2$-test, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, and multiple regression using SPSS/PC WIN. The findings of analysis of the study are as follows: 1. Among life style types of employed wives, the order of ecological value was orientation type (37.3%), followed by economical value orientation type (25.8%), uninterested type (18.7%), and convenience-centric value orientation type (18.2%).Pro-environmental behavior scored relatively highly at 3.45 in average. 2. In the analysis of the relationship between life style and background variations, every variation except environmental knowledge was meaningful. 3. In the relationship between pro-environment behavior and background variations, every variation was meaningful except housing types, having helper or not, and environmental knowledge. 4. The recognition level of environmental pollution was important among the variations affecting pro-environmental behavior. 5. There was a difference in pro-environmental behaviors by the following life style types: ecological value orientation, economical value orientation, convenience centric orientation and uninterested. 6. For the relative contribution comparison of background variations (socio-economic variation and environmental variation) and life style variations to the pro-environmental behavior of urban empolyed wives, this research additionally applied each independent variable group. As a result, the explanation level drastically increased in the third step that analyzed the relationship with life style.