• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.264-276
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to propose HACCP system implementation properly and to secure the food safety of school foodservices in Pohang city since the proper facilities and equipment should be key factors in food safety and production. So this study was designed to evaluate existing equipment in food production area, receiving and dining area, and employee facilities. Questionnaire was mailed to 107 school foodservice dietitians in Pohang area and 97 were responded (90.7% response rate). Approximately sixty percent of foodservices were not available separate receiving or polluted area, fifty one percent were installed screen door for insecticidal and temperature and humidity control, and these environmental conditions were hard to keep kitchen dry and sanitary condition. Usually public schools were better equipped than private schools. Forty three percent of school foodservice had initial use of non-foodservice, opened before 1994, and thirty three percent of elementary school foodservice. Among employee facilities, hand washing sanitation stand was prepared seventy nine percent (78.9%) of school foodservices. Dietitians chose outworn equipment and facilities (30.9%), difficulties of maintaining standard temperature and humidity for foodservice (20.6%), lacking separate receiving or polluted area (13.4%), indirect contamination of water hoss (10.3%), and lacking employee facilities (10.3%) as critical points to correct in school foodservice. Therefore governmental regulating agencies must review and approval of plans prior to new construction or extensive remodeling of school foodservice facilities. In addition to these requirement, plan must be set-up step by step to implement HACCP system properly.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.11 no.10
• /
• pp.287-298
• /
• 2020

Air pollution is a severe risk factor in public health. It is not only a cause of a variety of physical disorders but also attributable to mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate the differences on emotions, physical symptoms, future perspectives by perceived air pollution. Sixty-one university students were randomly allocated either to air pollution group (n = 30) or clean air group (n = 31). Participants watched a news video clip of a polluted city or a clean city according to their condition and were asked to imagine as if they were living in the city. Results showed that air pollution group reported increased depression, anxiety, anger and physical symptoms after the exposure. Meanwhile, clean air group showed no significant changes or decrease of them. In addition, air pollution group reported restrained future time perspectives and decreased plan of outdoor activities, while clean air group did not report significant changes after the exposure.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.1339-1347
• /
• 2009

This study tried to investigate and analyze the actual state such as the regional, classified, and material characteristics of the water quality in order to research the several factors by which the filtrated water of the total 250 cases can be polluted in the water tank. The 215 points (86%) clean the water tanks twice a year regularly and J-city has done the best job of cleaning the water tanks. The fifty points (20%) of the total 250 investigation points examine the water quality of the water tanks every year, however, the 175 investigation points (70%) do not execute the inspection of water quality. In the case of the regional characteristics in the water quality, the 23 points (46%) in H-county, the 17 points (34%) in S-county, and the 16 points (32%) in G-city are incongruent in the standard, and the incongruity ratio of the water quality in J-city is the lowest. The result of the classified incongruity shows that total coliforms were found at the 61 investigation points, mesophilic bacteria were found at the 27 points, and turbidity was found at the 12 points. In the case of the material incongruity, concrete was found at the 63 investigation points as the most distinguished factor, and FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic) at the 23 points, SMC (sheet molding compound) at the 12 points, and stainless steel was found at the 2 points.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2010

The main purpose of this study is to offer informations about the current conditions and basic data of sediments for the urban streams in the Busan city. Total 14 urban streams were selected and sediment samples were collected. Then, It was investigated the sediment qualities though the measurement of pH, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, COD, organic carbon content, volatile solid content and heavy metal concentration. Results show that COD, organic carbon content, volatile solid content and heavy metal concentration of sediment are determined in the range of $1.20{\sim}75.07mg\;L^{-1}$, 0.19~11.54%, 0.23~34.21% and $0.4{\sim}732.6mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Finally, Analysis data of sediments were compared with USEPA sediment quality standards and ontario sediment quality guidelines. As a result, when compared with USEPA sediment quality standards, total 9 samples were evaluated as heavily polluted and total 3 samples were evaluated as moderately polluted. But, when compared with ontario sediment quality guidelines, total 3 samples were evaluated as Severe effect level and total 10 samples were evaluated as lowest effect level.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
• /
• 2003.06a
• /
• pp.24-25
• /
• 2003

Lead is ubiquitous in the human environment as a result of industrialization. China's rapid industrialization and traffic growth have increased the potential for lead emissions. Lead poisoning in children is one of the most common public health problems today, and it is entirely preventable. Children are more vulnerable to lead pollution and lead in their bodies can affect their nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems. Children are exposed to lead from different sources (such as paint, gasoline, and solder) and through different pathways (such as air, food, water, dust, and soil). Although all children are exposed to some lead from food, air, dust, and soil, some children are exposed to high dose sources of lead. Significant sources of lead for China's children include industrial emissions (often close to housing and schools), leaded gasoline, and occupational exposure that occurs when parents wear lead-contaminated clothing home from work, burning of coal for home heat and cooking, contaminated food, and some traditional medicines. To assess the blood lead level in children in China, a large-scale study was conducted in 19 cities among 9 provinces during 1997 to 2000. There were 6502 children, aged 3-5 years, were recruited in the study The result indicates that the mean blood lead level was 8.83ug/dl 3-5 year old living in city area. The mean blood lead level of boys was higher than that of girls (9.1l ug/dl vs 8.73ug/dl). Almost 30 percent childrens blood lead level exceeded 10ug/dl. The average blood lead level was higher than that of in 1985 (8.83ug/dl vs 8.lug/dl). An epidemiological study was carried on the children living around the cottage industries recycling the lead from battery. Nine hundreds fifty nine children, aged 5-12 years, living in lead polluted villages where the lead smelters located near the residential area and 207 control children live in unpolluted area were recruited in the study. The lead levels in air, soil, drinking water and crops were measured. The blood lead and ZnPP level were tested for all subjects. The results show that the local environment was polluted. The lead levels both in the air and crops were much higher than that of in control area. In the polluted area, the average blood level was 49.6ug/dl (rang 19.5-89.3ug/dl). Whereas, in the unpolluted area, the average blood level was 12.4ug/dl (rang 4.6-24.8ug/dl). This study indicates that in some countryside area, some cottage industries induce seriously lead pollution and cause children health problem. For the introducing of unleaded gasoline in some large cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, the blood lead level showed a declined trend since 1997. By 2000, the use of leaded gasoline in motor vehicles has been prohibited in China. The most recent data available show that levels of lead in blood among children in Shanghai decreased from 8.3ug/dl in 1997 to 7.6ug/dl in 1999. The prevalence rate of children lead poisoning (blood lead >10ug/dl) was also decreased from 37.8% to 24.8%. In children living in downtown area, the blood lead level reduced dramatically. To explore the relationship between gene polymorphisms and individual susceptibility of lead poisoning, a molecular epidemiological study was conducted among children living in lead polluted environment. The result showed that the subjects with ALAD2 allele has higher ZPP level, and the subjects with VDR B allele has larger head circumference than only with b allele. In the present study, we demonstrated that ALAD genotypes modify lead effects on heme metabolism and VDR gene variants influence the skull development in highly exposed children. The polymorphism of ALAD and VDR genes might be the molecular inherited factor modifying the susceptibility of lead poisoning. Recently, Chinese government pays more attention to lead pollution and lead poisoning in children problem. The leaded gasoline was prohibited used in motor vehicles since 2000. The government has decided to have a clampdown on the high-polluted lead smelters for recycling the lead from battery in countryside. It is hopeful that the risk of lead poisoning in children will be decreased in the further

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.175-189
• /
• 2020

Municipal solid waste disposal is considered as one of the most important risks for environmental contamination which necessitates the development of strategies to reduce destructive consequences on the ecosystem as related especially to heavy metal accumulation. This study investigates heavy metal (i.e., As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) accumulation in the Tonekabon region, NW of Iran that is related to city waste disposal and evaluates the environmental impact in the Caspian Sea coastal region. For this purpose, after performing field studies and collecting 50 soil specimens from 5 sites of the study area, geochemical tests (i.e., inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence) were conducted on the soil specimens collected from the 5 sites (named as Sites A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5) and the results were used to estimate the pollution indices (i.e., geo-accumulation index, normalized enrichment factor, contamination factor, and pollution load index). The obtained indices were utilized to assess the eco-toxicological risk level in the landfill site which indicated that the city has been severely contaminated by Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. These levels have been developed along the stream towards the nearshore areas indicating uptake of soil degradation. The heavy metal contamination was classified to range from unpolluted to highly polluted, which indicated serious heavy metal pollution in the study area as related to municipal solid waste disposal in Tonekabon.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.83-91
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to develop the close-to nature construction technology for the stream which has been improved just for the flood control with artificially straightened and concrete covered, losing the various functions of the stream such as wild-life habitat, polluted water purification and waterscape. Jungpyung stream in youngin City, Kyunggi Province was selected as a case study site. The results were as follows; 1. Existing stream improvement planning could accept the close-to-nature techniques of the low-flow revetment, keeping the capability of flood control and water use. 2. The low-flow revetment was planned and executed to the bottom of the stream without damaging the existing bank, and the slope of the low-flow revetment was adjusted as 1:1.2∼1.5. Consequently it would not disturb the water flow when the flood occurred and it would keep the constant water flow even at the drought with providing a stable ecosystem and water purification. 3. Low-flow revetement was planted with Salix species and perennials naturally, and it would be a precious biotope for the diverse floras and faunas. 4. Some furnitures such as stepping stone bridge, wooden bridge and step were installed to the suitable locations for the convenience of users, and it will be ot only the sound stream environment but also easy access to the waterscape. 5. This case study site will be monitored for 3 years systematically after the construction was finished in September, 1999 to get the exact results for the scientific approvement

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2000

In order to characterize the genetic diversity of bacterial community in groundwater, samples were collected from used for drinking water and polluted with heavy metal wastewater in Seoul city and natural cave of Kangwondo. The DNA was amplified with 165 rDNA-based primers by use of the PCR, and then analysed ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis). Restriction endonuclease analysis patterns of amplified 165 rDNA in drinking water and wastewater relatively showed high genetic diversity in situ and drinking groundwater. The number of DNA fragments varied with in situ and drinking water. This method of ARDRA of bacterial communities in groundwater could be used for a quick assessment of genotypic changes between different locations reflecting different environmental conditions and the diversity reflected pollution of groundwater (natural cave water>drinking water>waste water, as in order of grade). [Genetic diversity, Groundwater, 165 rDNA, PCR, ARDRA].

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2005

An instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to measure the concentrations of about 24 elements associated with airborne particulates (PM10) that were collected in the most polluted urban region of Daejeon city, Korea from 2000 to 2002. Using the measurement data for various elements, both the extent of elemental pollution in the study area and the seasonality in their distribution characteristics were examined. Examinations of their distribution patterns indicated that most elements with crustal origin tend to exhibit seasonal peaks during spring, while most elements with anthropogenic origin tend to exhibit seasonal peaks during fall or winter. In order to explain the factors regulating their mobilization properties, the data were processed by a factor analysis. Results of the factor analysis suggested competing roles of both industrial and natural source processes, despite that the study site is located at a downwind position of the industrial complex. Based on the overall results of this study, it is concluded that the site may be strongly impacted by man-made sources but the general patterns of elemental distributions in the study area inspected over a seasonal scale are quite consistent with those typically observed from natural environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2009

This paper evaluate use on facilities of green tourism by participator's questionnaire and urban inhabitants' questionnaire. As the result of study, it shows follows; 1) To make town look more traditionally we should rebuild the buildings and the styles of roof with our own traditional rural system. And, we also change the block and brick style fence into soil or rock one instead to look rural path. The agricultural land and watercourse should be left naturally to be looked non-polluted environment. 2) The outdoor toilet, washing stand and distribute should be maintained and managed clearly every time. Residents' own housing also should be maintained to promote the home-stay lodging. 3) To improve the satisfaction of people's need of agricultural product, the special market building or place that could be packed and sold the product at the same time should be built or made. And, it should be located in the harmonious spot with the natural scenery and good parking lot.