• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.501-512
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• 2016

The study evaluated methods to measure condensable fine particles in flue gases and measured particulate matter by fuel and material to get precise concentrations and quantities. As a result of the method evaluation, it is required to improve test methods for measuring Condensable Particulate Matter (CPM) emitted after the conventional Filterable Particulate Matter (FPM) measurement process. Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) based on the evaluated analysis process showed that RSD percentages of FPM and CPM were around 27.0~139.5%. As errors in the process of CPM measurement and analysis can be caused while separating and dehydrating organic and inorganic materials from condensed liquid samples, transporting samples, and titrating ammonium hydroxide in the sample, it is required to comply with the exact test procedures. As for characteristics of FPM and CPM concentrations, CPM had about 1.6~63 times higher concentrations than FPM, and CPM caused huge increase in PM mass concentrations. Also, emission concentrations and quantities varied according to the characteristics of each fuel, the size of emitting facilities, operational conditions of emitters, etc. PM in the flue gases mostly consisted of CPM (61~99%), and the result of organic/inorganic component analysis revealed that organic dusts accounted for 30~88%. High-efficiency prevention facilities also had high concentrations of CPM due to large amounts of $NO_x$, and the more fuels, the more inorganic dusts. As a result of comparison between emission coefficients by fuel and the EPA AP-42, FPM had lower result values compared to that in the US materials, and CPM had higher values than FPM. For the emission coefficients of the total PM (FPM+CPM) by industry, that of thermal power stations (bituminous coal) was 71.64 g/ton, and cement manufacturing facility (blended fuels) 18.90 g/ton. In order to estimate emission quantities and coefficients proper to the circumstances of air pollutant-emitting facilities in Korea, measurement data need to be calculated in stages by facility condition according to the CPM measurement method in the study. About 80% of PM in flue gases are CPM, and a half of which are organic dusts that are mostly unknown yet. For effective management and control of PM in flue gases, it is necessary to identify the current conditions through quantitative and qualitative analysis of harmful organic substances, and have more interest in and conduct studies on unknown materials' measurements and behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2004

This study was carried out to determine impacts of burning of barley straw produced from rice-barley double cropping paddy field on air quality by investigating emissions of greenhouse gases ($CO_2$, $CH_4$ and $N_2O$), air pollution gases (CO, $SO_2$, $H_2S$, $NH_3$ and NO) and particulate matters (PM 10 and PM 2.5). When the barley straw at a rate of 4.5 t/ha was burned at open status, the emitted GHGs amounts were $CO_2$ 376.8 kg/l0a, $CH_4$ 1.56 and $N_2O$ 0.06. The amount of CO emission was the largest among air pollution gases. These results showed that the range of $45{\sim}55%$ of total C in barley straw was emitted as $CO_2-C$, followed by CO-C ($6.4{\sim}5.9%$) and $CH_4-C$ ($0.5{\sim}0.7%$). As far as moisture content in barley straw is concerned, the higher moisture content that the barley straw contains, the larger amount of air pollution gases and the higher portion of PM 2.5 in PM 10 were emitted when it burned. In case of harvesting time of barley straw, emission amounts of greenhouse, air pollution gases and PM 2.5 portion in PM 10 had tendency to increase when earlier harvested barley straw was burned.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2019

In order to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce atmosphere pollutants, it is essential to measure carbon monoxide (CO) concentration precisely in combustion exhaust. CO is the important gas species regarding pollutant emission and incomplete combustion because it can trade off with NOx and increase rapidly when incomplete combustion occurs. In the case of a steel annealing system, CO is generated intentionally to maintain the deoxidation atmosphere. However, it is difficult to measure the CO concentration in a combustion environment in real-time, because of unsteady combustion reactions and harsh environment. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS), which is an optical measurement method, is highly attractive for measuring the concentration of certain gas species, temperature, velocity, and pressure in a combustion environment. TDLAS has several advantages such as sensitive, non-invasive, and fast response, and in-situ measurement capability. In this study, a combustion system is designed to control the equivalence ratio. Also, the combustion exhaust gases are produced in a Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)/air flame. Measurement of CO concentration according to the change of equivalence ratio is confirmed through TDLAS method and compared with the simulation based on Voigt function. In order to measure the CO concentration without interference from other combustion products, a near-infrared laser at 4300.6 cm^-1 was selected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.488-496
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• 2017

Emissions of pollutants from ship-based sources are controlled by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Since pollutants emitted from ship may be dispersed to the land, controlling emissions from ships is necessary for efficient air quality management in Incheon, where exposure to ship-based pollution is frequent. It has been noted that the ratios of air pollutant emissions from coastal areas to inland areas are about 14% for NOx and 10% for SOx. The air quality of coastal urban areas is influenced by the number of ships present and the dispersion pattern of the pollutants released depending on the local circulation system. In this study, the dispersion of pollutants from ship-based sources was analyzed using the numerical California Puff Model (CALPUFF) based on a meteorological field established using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Air pollutant dispersion modeling around coastal urban regions such as Incheon should consider point and line sources emitted from both anchored and running ships, respectively. The total average NOx emissions from 82-84 ships were 6.2 g/s and 6.8 g/s, entering and leaving, respectively. The total average SOx emissions from 82-84 ships, entering and leaving, were 3.6 g/s and 5.1 g/s, respectively. The total average emissions for NOx and SOx from anchored ships were 0.77 g/s and 1.93 g/s, respectively. Due to the influence of breezes from over land, the transport of pollutants from Incheon Port to inland areas was suppressed, and the concentration of NOx and SOx inland were temporarily reduced. NOx and SOx were diffused inland by the sea breeze, and the concentration of NOx and SOx gradually increased inland. The concentration of pollutants in the area adjacent to Incheon Port was more influenced by anchored ship in the port than sea breezes. We expect this study to be useful for setting emission standards and devising air quality policies in coastal urban regions.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2013

The concentration and composition of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere can directly reflect the environmental pollution. The atmospheric pollution in some Cameroonian cities is increasing with the industrial development and urbanization. Air pollution is inherently complex, containing PM of varied size and composition. This PM exists as a dynamic cloud interacting with sunlight and is modified by the meteorology. The reflectometer and the EDXRF spectrometry are applied to determine the concentration of some specific elements at four sites in the city of Yaound$\acute{e}$. The particular aim of the present work is to put in place data base on air pollution in urban area and elaborate regulations on the emissions issued to industrial and vehicle activities. This study provides an overview of the concentration of black carbon and some specific elements in the air, which have impacts on human health. The measurement was done by distinguishing the size of particle. So that, the particle with aerodynamic diameter between $2.5-10{\mu}m$ (so-called coarse particle) and aerodynamic diameter < $2.5{\mu}m$ (so-called fine particle) were considered to obtain more information about levels of the inhalable fraction of the location. The results obtained in four locations of the city of Yaound$\acute{e}$ show that the black carbon concentration is very considerable, the element sulfur is a major pollutant and the concentration of fine particle is very greater. The results obtained of fine and coarse filters range from $5-17{\mu}g/m^3$ and $10-18{\mu}g/m^3$ for the black carbon. S, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Se and Hg are the specific findings of this work. The pollutants with a greater concentration are S, Pb, and Zn. These later seem to be non-uniformly, non-regular in some location and high compared to other countries. This work allows us to make a potential relation between pollutants and emission sources. In this framework, some suggestions have been proposed to reduce emissions for an improvement of the air quality in the environment and thus, the one of the city of Yaound$\acute{e}$.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2015

Recently the water quality management policy gives priority to management the point source. Point pollution sources have definite emission points and are discharged to one point through a pipe. But Nonpoint pollution source (NPS) has uncertain pathway, pollutant load and runoff characteristics unlike point pollution sources, making them difficult to manage. Thus, the Korea government plans to develop and equip facilities that help reduce NPS so as to manage them more easily. But removal efficiency of Best Management Practice (BMPs) is in influenced by rainfall, hydrologic condition like natural phenomenon, so factors of removal efficiency are difficult. Thus there is a need for multilateral research about many factors that affect removal efficiency for removal facility design of proper non-point pollution. In this research, mapping, vegetation coverage and retention time were investigated in the case of factors that affect removal efficiency in grassed swale, a nature-type non-point removal facility. Grassed swale obtained changed of coverage using Braun-Blanquet within swale and retention time was obtained from point that rainfall effluent enters into swale to the time that first outflow starts. Besides, correlation analysis was obtained using pearson correlation analysis method. As a result, it was shown that removal efficiency increases as retention time is longer in grassed swale and that retention time increases as vegetation coverage is higher.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.3740-3747
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• 2009

To protect the citizens' health of Gyeongju and to secure basic data for the assessment of health and environmental risk, distribution characteristics of meteorological elements were investigated and numerical simulation of wind field using RAMS model was carried out. In addition, measurement and analysis of air pollutants, forecasting the behavior air pollutants using ISC-AEROMOD view, and health and environmental risk-influenced zones were defined through managing air polluting materials to prevent health damage and property damage. According to the survey results of air pollution in Gyeongju and surroundings, average annual concentration of air pollutants in Gyeongju was slightly lower than that in Pohang and Ulsan areas, but concentration of particulate matters and nitrogen dioxide at Gyeongju Station Square and Yonggang Crossing were sometimes higher than that in Pohang and Ulsan areas. Results of the modeling of moving and diffusion of air pollutants that affect citizens' health showed that parts of the 1st through 4th industrial complexes together with POSCO were included in particulate matters and sulfur dioxide influenced areas in Pohang Steel Complex area, and that Haedo-dong, Sangdae-dong, Jecheol-dong and Jangheung-dong in Pohangnam-gu represented locally worsened air quality due to a quantity of air pollutant emission from dense steel industries and large scale industrial facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.557-565
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• 2010

Recently, regulations on toxic compounds in aquatic environment have been strengthened in korea due to the increasing public awareness of the water quality. Typically, these regulations include introduction of emerging toxic compounds and stricter effluent limitations for the already regulated compounds. However, too strict regulations may cause excessive burden on the industry. Therefore it is also important to assess the economic impacts when the new effluent limitation guidelines are introduced. The estimation of the additional cost for the wastewater dischargers to meet the new guidelines are based on the selected treatment technology to handle the hazardous substances and the regulatory levels for effluent limitations. To explore the procedures for cost estimation in enforcing new effluent limitations, a case study was performed specially for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The pollutants of concern are surveyed for different industrial categories and various treatment technologies. For a given pollutant, the general performances of the treatment technologies are surveyed and a representative technology is selected. For a given technology, the capital cost and annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost was calculated. The calculation of baseline costs to operate ordinary treatment technologies is also important. The ratio between the cost for introducing new treatment process and the baseline cost required for conventional technology was used to evaluate the economic impact on the industry. For 1,4-dichlorobenzene, steam stripping and activated carbon processes were selected as the specific treatment technologies. The cost effects to the regulation of the compound were found to be 6.4% and 14.5% increase in capital cost and O&M cost, respectively, at the flow rate over $2,000m^3/d$ for the categories of synthetic resin and other plastics manufacturing industry. For the case of petrochemical basic compounds manufacturing industry, the cost increases were 5.8% and 12.4%, respectively. It was suggested that cost effect analysis to evaluate the economic impacts of new effluent limitations on the industry is crucial to establish more balanced and reasonable effluent limitations to manage the industrial wastewater containing emerging toxic compounds in the wastewater.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.651-656
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• 2005

Toluene, which is emitted from textile process, is considered as an important hazardous air pollutant. In this study, the catalytic activity of transition metal oxides(Cu, Mn, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ce, Sn, Fe, Sr, Cs, Mo, La, W, Zn)/${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ catalysts was investigated to carry out the complete oxidation of toluene. The metal catalysts were characterized by XRD-ray diffraction), FE-SEM(Field Emission Scanning Electron Micrograph), BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller) method and TPR(Temperature Programmed Reduction). Among the catalysts, Cu/${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ was highly promising catalyst for the oxidation of toluene. From the BET results, it seems that the catalytic activity is not correlated to the specific surface area. XRD results indicated that most of catalysts exist as amorphous phase. From the FE-SEM results, it was observed that copper on ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ surface was well dispersed among catalysts. The catalytic activity for the toluene oxidation could be explained with that metal oxide catalyst was dispersed well over supports and was attributed to reduction activity in surface of catalysts.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.20-31
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to provide planning criteria for the thalassotherapy facility. Among the various contents of the planning criteria, the crucial parts of the thalassotherapy facility planning are the location, facility environment, and room space. To do this, we first examined the characteristics of the thalassotherapy facility and inquired about the thalassotherapy resources and treatments that are the basis of the thalassotherapy facility planning. And then, the overseas qualification criteria related to thalassotherapy facility were analyzed. Based on the above research results, the criteria for the thalassotherapy facility planning on location, facility environment, and spaces of rooms are presented. The location is within 1km of the coastline, where there is no pollutant emission facility, and the climate conditions are maintained more than 80% throughout the year below 'caution' level of the thermal sensation index and sensory temperature. The water quality of the facility environment meets the stricter criteria among the domestic standards or ISO 17680 standards, and the air quality is 60% of the atmospheric environment standard of the 「Framework Act on Environmental Policy」 and SO₂, NO₂, O₃ and PM10 concentration shall ensure that the annual number of exceeding standards meets the EU standard, and noise is less than 50dB per daytime, 40dB per night. Therapy spaces have to meet the standards of the 「Building Act」, the working standards of architectural planning and international standards according to their function and use.