• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.367-383
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• 2024

Purpose - This study theoretically analyzes how the level of political protection (tariff rate) is determined by political processes with conflicting interests and how it changes according to changes in global prices. Design/methodology/approach - For the purpose of the paper, against the backdrop of the apple market, which has recently become a major issue in our society due to the soaring price, we construct a mathematical model that assumes two pressure groups claiming pro-tariff and anti-tariff on the import of apples. Unlike data-based empirical studies, theoretical study has the advantage of generalization to expand related discussions and can derive policy implications from a new perspective. Findings - The analysis shows us that the equilibrium political tariff could rise or fall depending on the degree of risk aversion of the lobbyists. However, what has been clearly shown in our analysis is that domestic apple prices will fluctuate in the same direction as global prices. In other words, it is clear that even though there is a lobby for protection trade, when global prices fall, domestic prices also fall. This fact implies that apple-producing farms can decline even if tariffs on apples increase. Research implications or Originality - As long as the equilibrium political tariff rates are determined through competitive lobbying by interest groups, productive resource use is wasted from the perspective of society as a whole. Due to this waste, it can be inferred that the tariff rate determined endogenously by lobbying activities can lead to loss of welfare compared to the case of the tariff rate level, which is highly determined by the government's unilateral decision.

• 웰빙융합연구
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2020

Purpose: This research, based on the tariff reduction table negotiated by South Korea and China free trade area, the specific tariffs of the two countries in the implementation of the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement are calculated, and the global equilibrium model, the global trade analysis project (GTAP) model, is used to simulate and analyze the impact of the Korea-China free trade area on the output and trade of the two countries. Research design, data and methodology: The study conducted a survey on 2018 year GTAP 9.0data. After empirically analyzing the data, we believe that the Major industry in Korea and China will maintain its growth momentum. Results: This study shows that under the assumption that the average tariff of China and South Korea at the beginning of FTA was reduced to 20%, two scenarios were simulated. Two scenarios are simulated under the assumption that the average tariff of China and South Korea FTA will be reduced to 10%. Conclusions: This paper assumes that the average tariff of China-Korea FTA is set at 20%, 10% and zero tariff respectively in the early, middle and long term of the FTA construction. It considers the impact of China-Japan-Korea FTA on China- Korea FTA.

• 한국산업정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산업정보학회 1999년도 추계공동학술대회 논문집:21세기지식경영과 정보기술
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• pp.623-637
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• 1999

This study firstly aims to review the discussions among major nations and international organizations on removal of tariff wall in EC. Secondly, it is analyzed how the trend of tariff reduction of removal will affect an individual economy in a partial balance analysis model on an assumed small-size economy. In closing, political implication for removal of tariffs in EC will be presented. The study concluded that tariff removal on Internet EC has both positive and negative effects on the importing economy. It can improve the efficiency in utilization of economic resources by the importing economy in the long term while cut the financial revenue and aggravate the trade balance of importing country. It is inferred from such a conclusion that tariff removal can lead to trade imbalance between the Information haves and the have-nots.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2011

As is the case in Korea, the expansion of renewable energy dissemination is an essential matter in Ukraine when considering its energy consumption and dependence on energy import. While Korea has set about promoting the new and renewable energy industry on the back of the national policy on green growth, Ukraine expects a virtuous circle of renewable energy industry with green tariffs and the attraction of foreign capital in association with carbon emission trade. Utilizing its well-developed heavy industrial sector including the shipbuilding and automobile industries, Korea expects wind turbine manufacturing to become one of its next-generation growth engines. Ukraine is also trying to enter the wind turbine system or parts manufacturing industry based on its automobile industry and advanced aerospace technology. Although the Crimean region in Ukraine seems to have excellent wind resources, and thus shows great potential as a location for wind farm development, political instability has been a major obstacle to the attraction of foreign capital, leading to delayed investment.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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• pp.20-20
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• 2011

The purpose of this research aims to evaluate the emergence of new business mode in the Chinese water market since the mid-2000s - Transfer-Operate-Transfer(TOT) Projects. The study pays special attention to the case of the Hefei Wangxiaoying Wastewater Treatment TOT Project, which was awarded to the consortium of Berlin Water International and its Chinese partner in late 2004. The consortium secured an exclusive operating right for 23 years on the basis of a TOT scheme and would take responsibility of all the profits and losses in the operation of the plant. The total investment for the transfer amounted to RMB 491 million(US$70 million). The price was more than 288% of the original value, RMB 170 million (US$24 million). The project can be regarded as a successful case because of the following three causes. First, the Hefei government followed a series of standardized procedures in the international bidding, which ignited best-performed international players' competition for the project. Second, the project will bring in cutting-edge operation skills and management know-how. Third, the government succeeded in raising public asset values, and thanks to this, the government is able to consider other similar projects not only in the water sector but also other sectors in public utility services. Nevertheless, Berlin Water's point of view, there are several challenges. First, the company took a risk to pay such a large amount of cash to the Hefei government. Although such premium can be recouped in the operation period of 23 years, whether or not the company would be able to recover the initial investment and realize profits is in question due to an uncertainty of socio-political circumstances in China. Second, Berlin Water should expect a steep rise of water tariffs over the contract period in order to get the investment back. Water pricing is still a sensible matter to Chinese authorities, and therefore, it is uncertain if such rise of water tariffs would be possible. Third, the TOT mode leads to creation of a large amount of cash to government officials, which might have caused corruption between those who are involved in TOT deals. Then, the final contract fee would soar, which often results in the burden of normal customers. As discussed, the TOT mode has drawn much attention of foreign investors as a new alternative to enter into the Chinese water market. But it is important to note that foreign investors should be aware of possible risks in water TOT projects, which reflects some features of the Chinese political economy landscape and social norms. The Hefei case indicates that benefits can overshadow risks in TOT projects, which will continue to attract foreign investors that are dedicated to establishing their strongholds in the Chinese water market.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.111-141
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• 2018

By the middle of 2018 there are signs of China's entry into a new period of development, characterized by a change in the old model: "market reforms-inner-party democratization - moderate foreign policy" to another: "market reforms - Xi Jinping personality cult - offensive foreign policy." This model contains the risks of arising of the contradiction between economic freedom and political-ideological rigidity which can lead to destabilization of the political life. However, in the current positive economic dynamics, these risks may come out, rather, in the medium and long term. Today, the political situation in China remains stable - despite growing dissatisfaction in scientific expert and educational circles due to increased control over the intellectual sphere by the authorities. The need for a new redistribution of power between central and provincial authorities could potentially disrupt political stability in the medium term, but, at the moment, is not a critical negative factor. The economic situation is positive-stable. Forecasts indicate a possible increase in China's GDP in 2018 at 6.5%. At the same time, there are negative expectations in connection with the Sino-US and potentially Sino-European "trade war". In the Chinese foreign policy, as a response to Western pressure, China increasingly uses the Russian direction of its diplomacy in the expanded version of Russia + SCO. The nuance here is seen in China's adjusted approach to the SCO: first of all, not as a mechanism for cooperation with Russia, but as an organization that allows using Russia's potential for pressure on the US in the Sino-US strategic rivalry. In the second half of 2018, the Chinese economy will continue to develop steadily, albeit with unresolved traditional problems (debts of provinces and state-owned enterprises, ineffective state sector, risks on the financial and real estate market). In politics, discontent with the cult of Xi will accumulate, but without real threats to its power. Weakening in economic opposition between China and the United States is possible due to Beijing's search for compromises on tariffs, intellectual property, trade deficit. To find such trade-offs, Xi will use the so-called. "Personal diplomacy" of direct contacts with Trump.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.195-211
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• 2006

무역과 관세에 관한 일반협정의 우루과이 라운드 교섭 하에 통과된 '무역관련 지적재산권에 관한 협정'은 지적재산권을 국제통상 분야에 도입시켰을 뿐만 아니라 지적재산권의 대상을 생물다양성에까지 확장시켰다는 중요성을 가진다. 본 연구는 지리학적 관점 (장소와 스케일의 중요성)이 생물다양성과 지적재산권에 관련된 다양한 이슈들을 분석하는데 있어 얼마나 중요성을 가지며, 환경윤리학, 환경경제학, 정치경제학과 같은 다른 학문분야의 접근방법을 통합하고 보완하는지 고찰하였다. 자연, 인문현상의 지역적 차이와 다양한 스케일을 중요시하는 지리학적 관점은 개별적 이슈들로 인식되고 다루어져 왔던 생물다양성, 지적재산권, 이의 국제 통상기구에의 도입이 어떻게 임의적으로 관련지어줬는지 밝혀내는데 공헌한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2010

세계경제 및 환경의 변화에 따라 농산물의 불안정적인 수급으로 인한 문제점이 노출되고 있으며, 우리나라의 경우 농산물의 안정적인 확보를 위하여 국가 전략적 차원에서의 해외농업투자의 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 하지만 정부차원의 지원 미진, 해외 농업에 대한 정보 및 기술 미비, 개발자금 확보의 어려움, 장기간의 투자금 회수기간, 사후관리 미흡 등의 이유로 성과를 이루지 못하고 있는 실정이며, 특히 해외 농산물의 국내 반입 시 관세의 장벽, 물류 유통비용 등으로 가격 경쟁력이 떨어지고 있어 국내에 반입되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 우리나라의 해외농업투자의 기본개념 및 실태를 살펴보고 해외농업투자의 필요성과 고려사항, 문제점 등을 도출하여 해외에서 재배된 농산물의 경쟁력을 위한 유통 측면에서의 개선방안을 정부의 간접적인 지원, 유통 현대화 및 유통정보기능 강화, 유통시설, 수송루트, 하역업무개선, 경쟁력 확보를 위한 정부의 정책적 지원, 교육 훈련을 통한 전문인력 양성 등 다섯 가지 측면에서 제시하였다.