• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1031-1041
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• 2016

Interests in the Polar Regions have been growing due to various factors such as depletion of natural resources and advanced resource development technologies, accelerated rate of polar ice melting as a result of global warming, etc. In particular, demand for the workforce related to vessel passage using the Northern Sea Route and polar studies is still expanding. The International Maritime Organization adopted the Polar Code in 2015 for the safety of ship operation in polar waters and it will enter into force from 2017. But education and training section in the code has been prescribed only for the safe navigation in the ice covered waters intended for navigational offices. There is no basic safety training requirement that applies commonly for all personnel exposed to the risk of the polar regions and the relevant study or discussion has not been made so far. Therefore, this study provides basic data for developing safety training courses for crew and other personnel by analyzing relevant regulations on polar safety training and the contents of relevant safety training in offshore industry required by the costal states adjacent to arctic ocean.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 1997

Depth profiles of organic carbon (C), biogenic silica (Si), and inorganic phosphorus (P) in Maxwell bay sediments were determined to investigate paleoclimatic changes during Holocene. Organic C and biogenic Si contents generally show a down-core decrease trend, which appears to be mostly controlled by their vertical fluxes through productivity in the surface waters, but it is uncertain that inorganic P contents are directly influenced by productivity changes with time. Before 4000 yr B.p. marine productivity seemed to be almost zero because ice permanently covered the surface waters of the study area. As the climate started to become relatively warm at 4000 yr B.p., ice was sporadically melted in the surface waters and thereby marine productivity gradually increased until 1500 yr B.p. For the last 1500 year, marine productivity must be high enough to overcome the dilution by high terrigenous sedimentation, thus that period was the warmest during the last 6000 year.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.419-424
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• 2001

The Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica, is one of the most representative benthic invertebrates in the Antarctic nearshore waters. Endemic to the Antarctic, L. elliptica is widely distributed around the Antarctica occurring as dense patches in shallow sheltered areas and exhibits high biomass. Despite its apparent ecological importance, L. elliptica has rarely been studied until recently probably due to difficulties in sampling in the ice-impacted waters. Recent studies have revealed various aspects of its ecology and physiology. In this review, some physiological and ecological characteristics of this species are discussed in relation to some prevailing features of its habitat environment, in particular physical instability of habitat substrates and extreme seasonality of food availability.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2017

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.625-631
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• 2003

While phytoplankton diversity and productivity in the Southern Ocean has been widely studied in recent years, most attention has been given to elucidating environmental factors that affect the dynamics of micro-plankton (mainly diatoms) and nano-plankton (mainly Phaeocystis antarctica). Only limited effects have been given to studying the occurrence and the potential risks associated with the blooming of dinoflagellates in the relevant waters. This study focused on the appearance and toxicological characteristics of a toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense, identified and isolated from the Drake Passage in a research cruise from November to December 2001 The appearance of A. tamarense in the Southern Ocean indicates the risk of a paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreak there and is therefore of scientific concern. Results showed that while the overall quantity of A. tamarense in water samples from 30meters below the sea surface often comprised less than 0.1% of the total population of phytoplankton, the highest concentration of A. tamarense (20 cells $L^{-1}$) was recorded in the portion of the Southern Ocean between the southern end of South America and the Falkland Islands. Waters near the Polar Front contained the second highest concentrations of 10-15 cells $L^{-1}$. A. tamarense was however rarely found in waters near the southern side of the Polar Front, indicating that cold sea temperatures near the Antarctic ice does not favor the growth of this dinoflagellate. One strain of A. tamarense from this cruise was isolated and cultured for further study in the laboratory. Experiments showed that this strain of A. tamarense has a high tolerance to temperature variations and could survive at temperatures ranging from $5-26^{\circ}C$. This shows the cosmopolitan nature off. tamarense. With regard to the algal toxins produced, this strain of A. tamarense produced mainly C-2 toxins but very little saxitoxin and gonyailtoxin. The toxicological property of this A. tamarense strain coincided with a massive death of penguins in the Falkland Islands in December 2002 to January 2003.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2000

There are increasing evidences of climate change in the Antarctic and Arctic Oceans, especially elevated temperature due to the continuous burning of the fossil fuels and ultraviolet B(UV-B) flux within the ozone hole. Light-dependent, temperature-sensitive, and fast-growing organisms respond to these physical and biogeochemical changes. Polar marine phytoplankton, which are pioneer endemic species and important carbon contributors in the polar waters, are therefore highly suitable biological indicators of such changes. By virtue of light requirement, the primary producers are exposed to extreme seasonal fluctuations in temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and UV radiation. Local environmental warming and increased UV-B radiation during ozone depletion may have profound effects on the primary producers that are primary carbon producers in the polar water. Small changes in climate temperature and solar radiation may have profound effects on the activity threshold of the polar phytoplanktion. To demonstrate biological response to the environmental changes, standardized representative natural and biological parameters are needed so that replicate samples (including controls) can be taken over extended periods of time. In this paper, we review general characteristics of polar phytoplankton, their environment, environmental changes in the polar waters, the effects on the environmental changes to the polar phytoplankton, and the importance of the polar phytoplankton to understand the global environmental changes. [Biological indicators, Global environmental change, Polar phytoplankton, UV].

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.31-52
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• 1998

In this paper, we analyzed the relationships between the fishing ground formation and the sea condition information, surface, mid and bottom layer temperature that is necessary for fishing point selection of angling to catch squid in the East Sea. There was a little differences between temperature measured by every fishing boat on fishing operating and prompt reports of fishing and sea condition about fishing ground formation of angling. And then the result examined by using SST that is a important information of sea condition for the fishing position selection follows as ; We knew, even if the differencs of sea condition each year, SST with a lot of fishing boats was generally within the extnet of $2^{\circ}C$. But the result examined by the limit time about the temperature of mid and bottom layer for the groups of fishing boats not to measure and for the near sea measurement to be done only within EEZ waters follows as ; About the temperature of 50m layer on early in June and July in operating waters of the group of fishing boats, the fishing ground was formed from $10^{\circ}C$ to $12^{\circ}C$ between warm waters and cold waters, afterwards we can seize that the fishing ground was moving to waters from $5^{\circ}C$ to $8^{\circ}C$ at near of polar front. In the coastal waters, we knew that fishing ground is formed to waters from $10^{\circ}C$ to $12^{\circ}C$ at the southern of polar front about the temperature of 50m layer.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2013

The European Common Barnacle Balanus perforatus Brugiere (Crustacea, Cirripedia) has been introduced into the east coast of Korea, presumably via the ballast water of ships. The species has since been spreading along both the northern and southern coast to the east, most likely due to alongshore currents. We predicted the potential range expansion of Balanus perforatus in Korean waters using Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP), an environmental niche modeling technique. The results show that much of the southern coastal waters of Korea could be colonized by the spread of the nonindigenous species, but that the west coast is unlikely to be invaded. More sampling on the west coast would enhance the predictability of the model. To our knowledge, this is the first report of its kind for predicting marine nonindigenous species in Korean waters using GARP modeling.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.235-246
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• 2014

The thalassinidean upogebiid Upogebia yokoyai Makarov, 1938 was first collected and described based on the specimens from the upper tidal flat of sandy shores of Jeju Island, Korea. Although this species was already reported in Japan and Russia, this is the first report of its occurrence in Korea. Upogebia yokoyai differs clearly from other upogebiid species previously recorded in Korean waters, U. major and U. issaeffi, by spinulation of the dactylus and propodus of pereiopod 1. In addition, some morphological comparisons are provided for identification of the three Upogebia species in Korean waters.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

The abundance, biomass and distribution of phytoplankton, bacterioplankton and heterotrophic protists in the Bering Sea were investigated from July to August 1999. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the surface waters ranged from 0.16 to $3.79{\mu}g\;l^{-1}$ Nano-phytoplankton were found to constitute from 63 to 98% of the total phytoplankton biomass, and were clearly the dominant primary producers. The biomass of bacterioplankton in the surface layers varied from 1.46 to $20.2{\mu}g\;C\;l^{-1}$ and accounted for 30% of the total phytoplankton biomass. The biomass of bacterioplankton integrated over a depth of 0 to 100m averaged 65.4% of the total phytoplankton biomass. The surface biomass of heterotrophic protists ranged from 1.2 to $27.4{\mu}g\;C\;l^{-1}$, and was within the same order of magnitude as that of bacterioplankton. Of the total biomass of heterotrophic protists in the upper 100m of the water column, 65% was attributed to protists in the nano-size class. The results of this study suggest that bacteria and nano-protists are important components of the planktonic community in the Bering Sea during the summer season. The abundance of bacterioplankton and planktonic protists decreased from the western to northeastern and eastern regions of the Bering Sea. The abundance of these organisms also decreased with depth. The available evidence suggests that variation in the abundance and distribution of these organisms may be affected by water currents and vertical temperature variation in the Bering Sea.