• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.220-224
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• 1997

Background: The incidence of pain on injection of propofol varies between 30 and 100%. A variety of pretreatments have been tried to alleviate this problem such as a local anesthetics, cooling and opioids. However, none of these pharmacological maneuvers were satisfactory yet. In a recent study, subhypnotic doses of both thiopental sodium and propofol decrease the acute pain. We report a comparison of thiopental sodium, lidocaine and placebo on the incidence and severity of pain on injection of propofol. Method: A controlled, double-blind study was performed to compare the prior administration of intravenous saline 2 ml(n=30, group S), lidocaine 20 mg(n=30, group L) and thiopental sodium 50 mg(n=30, group T) in alleviating the pain by propofol. Injection pain was assessed with the four-point verbal categorical scoring system. Result: The incidence of injection pain during induction was lower in group L(30%) and T(17%) than group S(77%). The incidence of injection pain was lower in group T(17%) than group L(30%), but not significant statistically. The pain scores for recall of pain in the recovery room was simlar to those pain during propofol induction. Conclusion: The pretreatment of thiopental sodium can be effective in reducing both incidence and severity of propofol injection pain and has similar effect to lidocaine to prevent propofol injection pain.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2022

This work comes within the framework of the "Benchmark on the Aerodynamics of a Rectangular Cylinder" that investigates a rectangular cylinder of length-to-depth ratio equal to 5. The present study reports and discusses velocity fields acquired using planar Particle Image Velocitmetry for several angles of attack and Reynolds numbers. In particular, for a cylinder depth-based Reynolds number of 2 × 10⁴ and zero incidence angle, the flow features along the lateral (parallel to the freestream) upper and lower surfaces of the cylinder are reported. Using first and second order statistics of the velocity field, the main flow features are discussed, especially the size and location of the time-averaged flow structures and the distribution of the Reynolds stresses. The variation of the flow features with the incidence is also studied considering angles of attack up to 6°. It is shown that the time-averaged flow is fully detached for incidence higher than 2°. For an angle of attack of 0°, the effects of the Reynolds number varying between 5 × 10³ and 2 × 10⁴ are investigated looking at flow statistics. It is shown that the time-averaged location of the reattachment point and the shape and position of the time-averaged main vortex are mostly constant with the Reynolds number. However, the size of the inner region located below the time-averaged shear layer and just downstream the leading edge corner appears to be strongly dependent on the Reynolds number.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1127-1146
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• 2015

The excitation angle or angle of incidence is the angle in which the horizontal seismic components are applied with respect to the principal structural axes during a time history analysis. In this study, numerical simulations and parametric studies are performed for the investigation of the effect of the angle of seismic incidence on the response of adjacent buildings, which may experience structural pounding during strong earthquakes due to insufficient or no separation distance between them. A specially developed software application has been used that implements a simple and efficient methodology, according to which buildings are modelled in three dimensions and potential impacts are simulated using a novel impact model that takes into account the arbitrary location of impacts and the geometry at the point of impact. Two typical multi-storey buildings and a set of earthquake records have been used in the performed analyses. The results of the conducted parametric studies reveal that it is very important to consider the arbitrary direction of the ground motion with respect to the structural axes of the simulated buildings, especially during pounding, since, in many cases, the detrimental effects of pounding become more pronounced for an excitation angle different from the commonly examined 0 or 90 degrees.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.437-442
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• 2022

Background: Propofol is a short-acting intravenous sedative widely used for procedural sedation and general anesthesia. However, pain during propofol injection is a distressing adverse effect. This study was designed to investigate whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) could reduce pain during propofol injection compared to sham TENS. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 80 patients were allocated to two groups: the active TENS group received electrical stimulation via two electrodes on the venous cannulation site, whereas the sham TENS group received no stimulus. After 20 min following TENS, propofol 0.5 mg/kg pain was injected intravenously and pain was evaluated using a four-point score (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Adverse effects associated with TENS were also recorded. Results: The overall incidence of pain during propofol injection was 47.5% in the TENS group and 87.5% in the sham group (P < 0.001). The incidence of moderate pain was significantly lower in the TENS group (7.5%) than in the sham TENS group (42.5%) (P < 0.001). There were no complications associated with TENS. Conclusion: Pre-treatment with TENS significantly reduced the incidence and intensity of pain during propofol injection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3229-3232
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• 2012

In this study, cancer incidence data were assessed to provide various rates of five year age groups for a given year, lying between two census years. The individual exponential growth rate method is most useful in both population-based and non-population cased cancer registries in India to estimate the population by five yearly age groups and also find the rates of crude rates, age standard rates and cumulative rates. This method has been shown to endure from bias and often results sacrificing the overall growth rate and correction factor must be needful in five year age group population to maintain it. A second method, the difference distribution method is also able to maintain the overall growth rate and overcome the bias in estimation of five yearly age group populations. From this point of view these methods serving a new technique for population estimation by five yearly age groups for inter census years.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

In order to analyze the factors affecting incidence angle and incident point when conducting a general radiography using Sella Turcica, the length and width of the head bone according to age and gender, length and width of Sella Turcica, and the distance between the front and the top of EAM to Sella Turcica were measured. The subjects were 400 patients who underwent a Skull series. For statistical analysis, t-test and ANOVA analysis were conducted using SPSS Ver.22.0. For post-test, Duncan was conducted and if the results were 95% or more (p<.05), it was determined to be significant. As a result of this study, the average length of the head bone was 177.45 mm, where the males were 182.84 mm and the females were 172.05mm showing that males were measured longer (p<.001). The width of the head bone was 116.98mm on average, where the males were 119.18mm and the females were 114.77mm(p<.001) showing that males were measured longer. The average length of Sella Turcica was 4.59mm, where the males were 4.54mm(p<.001) and the females were 4.63mm(p<.001) showing that females were measured longer. The average length of Sella Turcica was 7.08mm, where the males were 7.01mm(p<.001) and the females were 7.16mm(p<.001) showing that females were measured longer. The general radiology examination of Sella Turcica at a medical facility should be conducted in consideration of age and gender in accordance with the characteristics of Koreans.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.30-34
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• 2001

In the present study, we studied the method of predicting the on-design and on-design point performance of axial flow fan with adjustable pitch blades. With the change of stagger angle of axial flow fan with adjustable pitch blade, flow rate and pressure can be changed. Because of this merit adjustable pitch fans are used in many industrial facility. When changing stagger angle or estimating the performance at a wide range of off-design condition, incidence angle changes greatly as the flow rate changes. Therefore, the deviation angle at the blade exit is estimated by the correlation considering the effects of blade design, incidence angle variation. In the loss model, we used known pressure loss model for blade boundary layer and wake, secondary flow, endwall boundary layer and tip leakage flow. The results of modified deviation angle model and experiment were compared for the usefulness of the modified model.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5839-5843
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• 2014

Objective: The Zhejiang Provincial Cancer Prevention and Control Office collected cancer registration data during 2000 to 2009 from 6 cancer registries in Zhejiang province of China in order to analyze the cancer incidence. Methods: Descriptive analysis included cancer incidence stratified by sex, age and cancer site group. The proportions and cumulative rates of 10 common cancers in different groups were also calculated. Chinese population census in 1982 and Segi's population were used for calculating age-standardized incidence rates. The log-linear model was used for fitting to calculate the incidence trends. Results: The 6 cancer registries in Zhejiang province in China covered a total of 60,087,888 person-years during 2000 to 2009 (males 30,445,904, females 29,641,984). The total number of new cancer cases were 163,104 (males 92,982, females 70,122). The morphology verified cases accounted for 69.7%, and the new cases verified only by information from death certification accounted for 1.23%. The crude incidence rate in Zhejiang cancer registration areas was $271.5/10^5$ during 2000 to 2009 (male $305.41/10^5$, female $236.58/10^5$), age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were $147.1/10^5$ and $188.2/10^5$, the cumulative incidence rate (aged from 0 to 74) being 21.7%. The crude incidence rate was $209.6/10^5$ in 2000, and it increased to $320.20/10^5$ in 2009 (52.8%), with an annual percent change (APC) of 4.51% (95% confidence interval, 3.25%-5.79%). Age-specific incidence rate of 80-84 age group was achieved at the highest point of the incidence curve. Overall with different age groups, the cancer incidences differed, the incidence of liver cancer being highest in 15-44 age group in males; the incidence of breast cancer was the highest in 15-64 age group in females; the incidences of lung cancer were the highest in both males and females over the age of 65 years. Conclusions: Lung cancer, digestive system malignancies and breast cancer are the most common cancers in Zhejiang province in China requiring an especial focus. The incidences of thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer and lymphoma have increased rapidly. Prevention and control measures should be implemented for these cancers.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.588-594
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• 2009

The maximum power point operation point(MPPOP) of photovoltaic(PV) power generation systems changes with varying atmospheric conditions such as temperature, solar radiation. For achieving a high efficiency in PV system, it is very important for PV system to track the MPPOP correctly according to operation condition. Although the MPPT(maximum power point tracking) algorithm which applied P&O(Perturbation & Observation) or IncCnd(Incremental Conductance) algorithm tracks the MPPOP efficiently, its efficiency drops noticeably in case that the incidence angle of PV panel on buoy changes rapidly. To solve this problem, this paper proposes maximum power point searching and tracking algorithm(MPPST). The proposed algorithm set the specific area and measures the PV voltage at the same interval. The proposed algorithm have been obtained high efficiency than P&O algorithm through ocean experiment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 1976

The author had observed 48 cases diagnosed as oral malignancies of the patients who visited to the infirmary of Dental College of Seoul National University from 1973 to July 1976. The following results were obtained. 1. 5 decades age group showed the highest incidence and there was hardly difference in sex. 2. From the histopathological view point, most of cases were squamous cell carcinoma. 3. Most of cases were considerably in advance and showed the bony destruction not only primary site, but of surrounding structures.